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HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Features of the Judicial System of England in the Anglo-Saxon Period

DROZDOVA Kristina Vyacheslavovvna

Postgraduate Student of the Department of History of State and Law of Law Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 13, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the development of the judicial system of England within the Anglo-Saxon period. The problems of that era related to the issues of the kingdom’s judicial system are considered. The author studies judicial authorities of that time, as well as their distinctive features. The article examines some problems and prospects for the courts’ further development. The author makes the conclusion about whether the features of the judicial system within the Anglo-Saxon period influenced the establishment of the foundations of the future England judicial system.

Keywords: judicial system of England, courts of England, judiciary, history of the judicial system of England, legal history of England, Anglo-Saxon period

References

1.Peter Brownlow and Mark Hilton look at the advantages of the English Courts as a forum for deciding International IP disputes [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2021/uk/advantages-of-the-english-courts-as-a-forum-for-deciding-international-ip-disputes.

2.Jurisdiction of the English Courts over foreign disputes: how wide will the net now be cast? [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.shlegal.com/news/jurisdiction-of-the-english-courts-over-foreign-disputes-how-wide-will-the-net-now-be-cast.

3.Xalifaeva A.K., Agamagomedova S.S., Ibragimov M.N. Korolevskie sudy` i sudebny`e resheniya v Anglii // Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba i kadry`. 2024. № 2. S. 49–52.

4.Guk P.A. Sudebnoe normotvorchestvo: voprosy` teorii i praktiki // Lex Russica. 2016. № 7 (116). S. 14–27.

5.Kicha M.V. Sudebnoe pravotvorchestvo v kontekste anglosaksonskoj yuridicheskoj tradicii (chast` 1) // Severo-Kavkazskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2020. № 2. S. 37–42.

6.Vick R.W., Shoolbred C.F. The Administration of Civil Justice in England and Wales. Elsevier Science, 2014.

7.Thompson G.J. Development of the Anglo-American Judicial System, 17 Cornell L. Rev. 9. 1931. P. 9–42

8.Forsyth W., Morgan A. History of Trial by Jury. J.W. Parker, 1852.

9.Hudson J. The Formation of English Common Law: Law and Society in England from the Norman Conquest to Magna Carta. Taylor & Francis, 2014.

10.Baker J.H. An Introduction to English Legal History. Oxford University Press, 2019.

11.Potter H. Law, Liberty and the Constitution: A Brief History of the Common Law. Boydell Press, 2015.

12.Lyon B. A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (2nd ed.). W.W. Norton & Company, 1980.

13.Zapadnaya tradiciya prava: e`poxa formirovaniya: perev. s angl. / G.D. Berman. M.: Izd-vo MGU, 1994.

14.Hudson J. The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 871-1216 // The Oxford History of the Laws of England. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 2012.

15.Blair H.P. An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

16.Sudebnaya reforma kak e`tap pravovoj reformy`: vnutrigosudarstvenny`j, nadnacional`ny`j i mezhdunarod-ny`j urovni: monografiya / pod red. A.A. Dorskoj. SPb: Centr nauchno-informacionny`x texnologij «Asterion», 2020.

17.Zinkeisen F. The Anglo-Saxon Courts of Law. Political Science Quarterly, Mar., 1895, Vol. 10. № 1. P. 132–144.

18.Warren W.L. «The Anglo-Saxon Legacy». The Governance of Norman and Angevin England, 1086–1272. The Governance of England. Vol. 2. Stanford, CA, US: Stanford University Press, 1987. P. 25–55.

19.Hostettler J. A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales. Waterside Press, 2009.

20.Jolliffe J.E.A. The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485. 4th ed. Adams and Charles Black, 1961.

HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Evolution of the Concept of «Public Authority» in Domestic Legal Doctrine

SURHAIKHANOV Shamil Saygidalamovich

Postgraduate Student of Karachaevo-Cherkessk Branch of the Moscow Financial-Industrial University «Synergy»

369000, Cherkessk, Lenina Ave, 83, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the development of the concept of «public power» in Russian legal doctrine from the pre-revolutionary period to the present. The relevance of the topic is determined by the 2020 constitutional reforms, which gave the notion of «public power» normative significance, and the need for theoretical understanding of these changes. The purpose of the study is to trace the evolution of the content of public power in Russian theory of state and law.

Keywords: public power, state authority, local self-government, Soviet power, constitutional reform

References

1.Publichnaya vlast` // Bol`shaya rossijskaya e`nciklo-pediya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://bigenc.ru/c/publichnaia-vlast.

2.Vinogradova E.V., Kobzar`-Frolova M.N. Ispolnitel`naya vlast` v sisteme publichnoj vlasti v svete novy`x konstitucionny`x realij // Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn`. 2021. № 1 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ispolnitelnaya-vlast-v-sisteme-publichnoy-vlasti-v-svete-novyh-konstitutsionnyh-realiy.

3.Ivanov I.V. Publichnaya vlast` VS sovetskaya vlast`: konstitucionno-pravovaya retrospektiva // Gosudarstvennaya vlast` i mestnoe samoupravlenie. 2023. № 7. S. 41–44.

4.Uporov I.V. Publichnaya vlast` v monarxicheskoj Rossii: politiko-pravovy`e osnovy` i doktrinal`noe tolkovanie // Teoriya i praktika obshhestvennogo razvitiya. 2021. № 8 (162) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/publichnaya-vlast-v-monarhicheskoy-rossii-politiko-pravovye-osnovy-i-doktrinalnoe-tolkovanie.

5.Xabrieva T.Ya., Klishas A.A. Tematicheskij kommentarij k Zakonu RF o popravke k Konstitucii RF ot 14 marta 2020 g. № 1-FKZ «O sovershenstvovanii regulirovaniya otdel`ny`x voprosov organizacii i funkcionirovaniya publichnoj vlasti». M.: Norma, 2021.

6.European Charter of Local Self-Government (Strasbourg, 15 Oct. 1985) // European Treaty Series. № 122. Ratified in Russian Federation 05.04.1998 (Federal`ny`j zakon ot 11.04.1998 № 55-FZ).

HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Towards a System of Unjustified Enrichment Claims

LUDANIN Dmitry Andreevich

Postsraduate Student of Department of Civil Law of Law Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Associate of Dispute Resolution and Intellectual Property Practice of «ALUMNI Partners» Law Firm

119234, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 51, Russian Federation

Abstract: In the article the author analyses the problem of constructing the system of obligations arising from unjustified enrichment on the example of comparative and historical experience. The author believes that in the modern legal discourse two potential variants of the construction of the system may be distinguished: (1) the unitary model (where for any claim the same grounds for its emergence are stipulated) and (2) the particularistic model (where the conditions for the emergence of the obligation depend on the origin of enrichment). The article concludes that the particularistic model is the best option.

Keywords: unjustified enrichment claim, unitary model, particularistic model, unjust enrichment

References

1.Dawson J.P. The Self-Serving intermeddler // Harvard Law Review. Vol. 87.7. 1974. P. 1445.

2.Du Plessis J. Basic Features and Problems of Unjustified Enrichment // Iurium itinera. Beitrage zum auslandischen und internationalen Privatrecht. P. 563.

3.Enneccerus L. Das bürgerliche Recht. Allgemeiner Teil; Schuldverhältnisse. Marburg, 1900. S. 741–742.

4.Gordley J. Foundations of private law: property, tort, contract, unjust enrichment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.

5.Kaser M. Roman Private Law / translated by R. Dannenbring. Pretoria, 1984. P. 244–245.

6.Kupish B. Rechtspositivismus im Bereicherungsrecht: Nachlese zu einem alten Thema // JuristenZeitung, 1997. № 5. S. 213–215.

7.Matthiass B. Lehrbuch des Bürgerlichen Rechtes. Berlin, 1900. S. 622–623.

8.Meier S. Unjustified enrichment // Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law / ed. by J. Basedow, K.J. Hopt, R. Zimmermann, A. Stier. Vol. II. Oxford, 2012.

9.Mugdan B. Die Gesamten Materialien zum burgerlichen Gesetzbuch fur das Deutsche Reich. Bd. 2: Recht der Schuldverhaltnisse. Scientia, 1979. S. 1170.

10.Saiman C. The Reemergence of Restitution: Theory and Practice in the Restatement (Third) of Restitution // Villanova Law Review. № 52. 2006. P. 24–26.

11.Schrage E.J.H. On Obligations that arise from unjustified enrichment. Digest, 2005. P. 380–388.

12.Visser D.P. Unjustified Enrichment. Cape Town, 2008. P. 3–54.

13.Wilburg W. Die Lehre von der ungerechtfertigten Bereicherung nach osterreichischem und deutschem Recht. Graz, 1934. S. 28.

14.Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. P. 852.

15.Dzhimbeeva D.V. Obyazatel`stva iz neosnovatel`-nogo obogashheniya v kollizionnom prave. Dis. …kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2017. S. 90–93.

16.Dozhdev D.V. Rimskoe chastnoe pravo: uchebnik / pod obshh. red. V.S. Nersesyancza. 3-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2023. S. 546–547.

17.Kammerer E`. Obogashhenie i nedozvolennoe dejstvie // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2010. № 2, 3.

18.Luncz L.A. Kurs mezhdunarodnogo chastnogo prava: Mezhdunarodnoe chastnoe pravo: Osobennaya chast`: v 3 t. T. 2. M.: Yurid. lit., 1975.

19.Savin`i F.K., fon. Sistema sovremennogo rimskogo prava: v 8 t.: per. s nem. M., 2013. T. 3. S. 651–670.

20.Shapp Ya. Sistema germanskogo grazhdanskogo prava / per. s nem. S.V. Koroleva. M.: Mezhdunarodny`e otnosheniya, 2006. S. 117–118.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
«Property Censorship» in the Russian Legal Profession and New Multidirectional Movements of Non-Democratically Elected Managers from the Legal Profession

RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich

Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian advocacy» journal

450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article analyses the problem of the «property threshold», which violates the principles of equal access to the profession and the need for reforms to meet international standards. Examines the impact of the governance of Federal Chamber of Advocates and lawyer chambers on the development of the profession and the need for reforms to meet international standards.

Keywords: Initiative 2018, advocacy, lawyer, lawyer's rights, Federal Chamber of Advocates, Advocate`s Chamber

References

1.https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/role_lawyers.shtml.

2.Ragulin A.V. Ya – za otkry`ty`j dostup v advokaturu! Interv`yu s prezidentom Palaty` advokatov Respubliki Altaj Aleksandrom Petrovichem Ganzhoj // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 3 (46) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ya-za-otkrytyy-dostup-v-advokaturu-intervyu-s-prezidentom-palaty-advokatov-respubliki-altay-aleksandrom-petrovichem-ganzhoy.

3.Obrashhenie Aleksandra Petrovicha Ganzhi k Prezidentu Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 6 (71) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-aleksandra-petrovicha-ganzhi-k-prezidentu-rossiyskoy-federatsii.

4.Gasparyan N. Opravdan li vstupitel`ny`j vznos [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/polemic/opinions/opravdan-li-vstupitelnyy-vznos/.

5.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/the-decision-about-an-entrance-fee-prior-to-the-exam.

6.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya / predisl.: G.B. Mirzoev, poslesl.: A.V. Vorob`ev. M.: Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2410-monografiya-doktora-yuridicheskikh-nauk-prorektora-rossijskoj-akademii-advokatury-i-notariata-vitse-prezidenta-gildii-rossijskikh-advokatov-glavnogo-redaktora-zhurnala-evrazijskaya-advokatura-a-v-ragulina-traktat-ob-obrashchenii-32-kh-printsipakh.

7.Ragulin A.V. Sudebny`e spory` i social`ny`e modeli sovremennoj rossijskoj advokatury`: otvety` i voprosy` vice-prezidentu Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 5 (48) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sudebnye-spory-i-sotsialnye-modeli-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvety-i-voprosy-vitse-prezidentu-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov.

8.Ragulin A.V. Reshenie suda po «sekretnomu isku» advokata A.R. Ramaldanova k Federal`noj palate advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii: «nezakonnost`» i «pozitivnoe soderzhanie» // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 3 (46) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reshenie-suda-po-sekretnomu-isku-advokata-a-r-ramaldanova-k-federalnoy-palate-advokatov-rossiyskoy-federatsii-nezakonnost-i.

9.Baldancze`re`n A. K voprosu o konflikte interesov i diskriminacii advokatov organami korporativnogo upravleniya rossijskoj advokatury` // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 4 (53) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-konflikte-interesov-i-diskriminatsii-advokatov-organami-korporativnogo-upravleniya-rossiyskoy-advokatury.

10.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX8-qpLh9QM.

11.https://mail.kz/ru/news/kz-news/ubrat-vstupitelnye-vznosy-v-kollegiyu-advokatov-predlozhil-minyust.

12.https://tobolinfo.kz/minjust-prosit-soobshhat-o-nezakonnyh-istrebovanijah-vznosov-kollegijami-advokatov/?ysclid=m86nlifc8h804689813.

13.Ragulin A.V. Novy`j Kazaxstan – novaya advokatura! Interv`yu s predsedatelem Respublikanskoj kollegii advokatov Respubliki Kazaxstan Ajdy`nom Zholshievichem Bikebaevy`m // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 2 (57) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/novyy-kazahstan-novaya-advokatura-intervyu-s-predsedatelem-respublikanskoy-kollegii-advokatov-respubliki-kazahstan-aydynom.

14.Ragulin A.V. Skazhem «net!» diskriminacii advokatov vnutri advokatury`! Interv`yu s advokatom Amgalan Baldancze`re`n // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 1 (60) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/skazhem-net-diskriminatsii-advokatov-vnutri-advokatury-intervyu-s-advokatom-amgalan-baldantseren.

15.Baldancze`re`n A. Ob «E`ffekte vrashhayushhixsya dverej» kak maloizuchennoj forme diskriminacii advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 3 (58) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ob-effekte-vraschayuschihsya-dverey-kak-maloizuchennoy-forme-diskriminatsii-advokatov.

16.Diskriminaciya prav zashhitnikov po naznacheniyu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/law-chambers/diskriminatsiya-prav-zashchitnikov-po-naznacheniyu-/.

17.Rudenko O. Diskriminaciya li? [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/mneniya/diskriminatsiya-li/.

18.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 05.02.2009 № 277-O-O «Ob otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhaloby` grazhdanina Xajrutdinova Il`dara Magarifovicha na narushenie ego konstitucionny`x prav podpunktom 5 punkta 1 stat`i 7 i podpunktom 4 punkta 2 stat`i 30 Federal`nogo zakona «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/doc/opredelenie-konstitutsionnogo-suda-rf-ot-05022009-n-277-o-o-ob/.

19.https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/soveshchanie-s-prezidentami-advokatskikh-palat-tsfo/?fbclid=IwY2xjawI_MqxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHTexiUpN7ojIBNNcdyZFjTpNjjO5S35DOp88CIewVfh0rLBuVqejfPYrfQ_aem_LNc6VwG0rwV3iXO-l98azQ.

20.https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/665000.

21.Strel`chuk T. Stat` advokatom budet dorozhe, no KIS AR tut ni pri chem [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/stat-advokatom-budet-dorozhe-no-kis-ar-tut-ni-pri-chem/.

22.https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/sovet-fpa-rf-odobril-proekt-popravok-v-kpea.

23.Sistema organov samoupravleniya advokatury` v Rossii nuzhdaetsya v reformirovanii. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk Andreem Viktorovichem Raguliny`m // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2025. № 1 (200). S. 15–23 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eurasialaw-journal.ru/intervyu-s-andreem-viktorovichem-ragulinym.html.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
The Representative Function of the Russian Federal Bar Association as an Element of the Corporate Self-government Principle

MURYLEV Ilya Mikhailovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Advocacy O.E. Kutafin University (MGUA)

125993, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya str., 9, building 2, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the content of the representative function of the Russian Federal Bar Association. It is indicated that its content in general can be defined as the interaction of the Russian Federal Bar Association with all state authorities and local governments, foreign and international organizations on issues affecting the rights and interests of the advocacy. Based on an analysis of the Russian Constitutional Court practice, the author notes that the Russian Federal Bar Association has only public interest in its activities, part of which is the representation of the interests of advocacy institute. In addition, the Russian Federal Bar Association, as a body of advocacy self-government, «heads» the institute of advocacy and at the same time is not part of the system of state bodies. The author concludes that the representative function of the Russian Federal Bar Association, on the one hand, is an integral part of the corporate self-government principle, and on the other, a guarantee of its implementation.

Keywords: advocacy, corporate self-government principle, the Russian Federal Bar Association, representative function, independence

References

1.Bol`shoj tolkovy`j slovar` russkogo yazy`ka / pod red. S.A. Kuzneczova. SPb.: NORINT, 2000 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://gramota.ru/poisk?query=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&mode=slovari&dicts[]=42.

2.Evstigneeva I.S. O nekotory`x aspektax reformy` rossijskoj advokatury` v kontekste gosudarstvennoj programmy` «Yusticiya» // Advokatskaya praktika. 2014. № 3. S. 12–17.

3.Mury`lev I.M. Korporativnost` i samoupravlenie ili korporativnoe samoupravlenie? // Advokatskaya praktika. 2024. № 1. S. 7–10.

4.Semenov D.A. Rejtingovy`e ocenki sistemy` korporativnogo upravleniya // Pravovoj al`manax. 2022. № 3(16). S. 28–36.

5.Sovet FPA obsudil dolgi pered advokatami po naznacheniyu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.ru/news/238511/.

6.Sovet FPA RF obratilsya v Pravitel`stvo RF [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/sovet-fpa-rf-obratilsya-v-pravitelstvo-rf/.

7.FPA RF. Vzaimodejstvie i partnerstvo [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/fpa-rf/partner/.

8.FPA napravila v MVD svoyu pravovuyu poziciyu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/fpa-napravila-v-mvd-svoyu-pravovuyu-pozitsiyu/.

9.Ustav «Obshherossijskoj negosudarstvennoj nekommercheskoj organizacii «Federal`naya palata advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii». Utverzhden I Vserossijskim s``ezdom advokatov 31.01.2003, protokol № 1. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

10.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 22.04.2024 № 83-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2024. 29 aprelya. № 18. St. 2396.

11.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 02.06.2016 № 160-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 5.39 i 13.14 Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativny`x pravonarusheniyax i Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2016. 6 iyunya. № 23. St. 3284.

12.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 08.02.2011 № 192-O-O «Ob otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhaloby` Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii na narushenie konstitucionny`x prav i svobod punktom 2 stat`i 35 Federal`nogo zakona «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

13.Opredelenie Chetvertogo kassacionnogo suda obshhej yurisdikcii ot 20.06.2024 po delu № 88-20071/2024. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
The Analysis of the Accordance of Russian Federation`s Legal Profession with United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers

BALDANTSEREN Amgalan

Advocate of Advocate`s Chamber of Moscow, Independent Researcher of Problems of Legal Profession

119002, Moscow, Sivtsev Vrazhek lane, 43, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article devoted to comparison between norms of United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers and principles and norms of the legislation regulated the advocacy and bar in Russian Federation. The author`s conclusions from their research are following: without guarantees of independence of judges and advocates, including freely exercise professional duties, and also without executing of principle of separation of powers cannot achieve the task of access to qualified legal assistance. At the duration of their research the author also takes analysis of essence and implementation of international principles on the legal profession, associations of lawyers, their executive bodies, disciplinary practice into the legislation, code of professional ethics and practice of Russian bar and advocacy.

Keywords: the United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, the accordance with international law standards, the independence and impartiality of executive bodies of state, the improper interference, the hindrance, the intimidation, guarantees of legal profession, the principle of separation of powers

References

1.О zashite prav advokatov na ploshadke Soveta Federacii //Аdvokatskaya palata. № 3. Маrch. 2019.

2.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya. (predislovie: G.B. Mirzoev, posleslovie: A.V. Vorob`ev) – Moskva.: Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019. – 584 s. // URL: http://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2410.

3.Institut prava i publichnoj politiki* Doklad «Ternisty`j put` stanovleniya rossijskoj advokatury`: zashhita professional`ny`x prav advokatov» 2020 // URL: https://advdefence.ilpp.ru/#about.

4.S``ezd. Glavnoe // Advokatskaya ulicza* URL: https://advstreet.ru/online/sezd-glavnoe/.

5.Volosova N.Yu. Advokatskaya tayna: utrata cennostey ili evolucia zashitnykh mekhanizmov? // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 3. (58). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/advokatskaya-tayna-utrata-tsennostey-ili-evolyutsiya-zaschitnyh-mehanizmov.

6.Аdvokatskaya deyatelnost i advokatura. Sbornik normativnykh aktov I dokumentov / Pod obshey redakciyey Ye.V. Semenyako, Yu.S. Pilipenko. – М.: «Yurist», 2005.

7.Коdeks professionalnoy etiki advokata (prinyat I Vserossiyskim s'ezdom advokatov 31/01/2003) // Vestnik Federalnoy palaty advokatov RF. 2005. № 2. // URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-of-the-congress/the-code-of-professional-ethics-of-lawyer/.

8.Оpredelenye KS RF po zhalobe grazhdanina Parshutkina V.V. na narusheniye yego konstitucionnykh prav I svobod punktom 1 chasti 2 statyi 72 UPK RSFSR i statyami 15 I 16 Polozheniya ob advokature RSFSR ot 06.07.2000 g.№ 128-О // URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28055/?.

9.Оpredelenye KS RF оb otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhalob grazhdan Goldmana Alexandra Leonidovicha I Sokolova Sergeya Anatolyevicha na narusheniye ikh konstitucionnykh prav statyey 29, punktom 3 chasti 2 statyi 38, punktami 2 i 3 chasti 3 statyi 56 I punktom 1 chasti 1 statyi 72 UPK RF ot 29.05.2007 # 516-О-О. // URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_71493/.

10.The Federal Law «On the Advocacy and the Bar of the Russian Federation» (63-FZ). Federalny Zakon ot 31.05.2002 г. №63-ФЗ // URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_36945/.

11.Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers A/71/348 // URL: https://docs.un.org/en/A/71/348.

12.Mezhdunarodnye principy, kasayushiyesya nezavisimosti i podotchetnosti sudey, advokatov i prokurorov – Prakticheskoye rukovodstvo № 1 (vtoraya redakciya). Geneva. 2007. Russian. Geneva. 2013.

13.Institut prava i publichnoj politiki*. Оpros advokatov o situacii s sobludenyem ikh professionalnykh prav operativno-rozysknymi organami, organami sledstviya, prokuratury, FSIN i sudami, a takzhe organami advokatskogo soonshestva v period s marta 2020 po mai 2021 // URL: https://clck.ru/3Jva6v.

14.Appeal of the Board of the Interregional Public Organization of Advocates and Lawyers «Initiative 2018» to the United Nations Bodies, International Bar Associations And Human Rights Organizations // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 6 (65). // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-v-organy-organizatsii .

15.Baldantseren A. Kompleksnaya informacionnaya sistema advokatury` Rossii i drugie idei zakonoproekta № 301952-8: e`ffektivny`j put` realizacii prava na kvalificirovannuyu yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` ili ugroza advokatskoj tajne i nezavisimosti advokatury`? // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61). // URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompleksnaya-informatsionnaya-sistema-advokatury-rossii-i-drugie-idei-zakonoproekta-301952-8-effektivnyy-put-realizatsii-prava-na.

16.KIS AR – e`to popy`tka soxranit` samostoyatel`nost` // Advokatskaya ulicza* URL: https://advstreet.ru/columns/kis-ar-eto-popytka-sokhranit-samostoyatelnost/ .

17.Baldantseren A. Ob "e`ffekte vrashhayushhixsya dverej" kak maloizuchennoj forme diskriminacii advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 3 (58). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ob-effekte-vraschayuschihsya-dverey-kak-maloizuchennoy-forme-diskriminatsii-advokatov.

18.Baldantseren A. K voprosu o konflikte interesov i diskriminacii advokatov organami korporativnogo upravleniya Rossijskoj advokatury` // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 4 (53). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-konflikte-interesov-i-diskriminatsii-advokatov-organami-korporativnogo-upravleniya-rossiyskoy-advokatury.

19.Baldantseren A. Diskriminaciya advokatov (na primere reshenij organov advokatskogo samoupravleniya, prinyaty`x pomimo voli advokatov) // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 3(52). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/diskriminatsiya-advokatov-na-primere-resheniy-organov-advokatskogo-samoupravleniya-prinyatyh-pomimo-voli-advokatov.

20.Zayavlenie o proekte Federal`nogo zakona № 301952-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» // URL: Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67). https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-proekte-federalnogo-zakona-301952-8-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.

21.Zayavlenie Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o polozhenii v oblasti prav cheloveka v rossijskoj federacii i Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o nezavisimosti sudej i advokatov v otnoshenii proekta popravok k zakonu «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» (№ 301952-8)// Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2. (67). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-spetsialnogo-dokladchika-oon-po-voprosu-o-polozhenii-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-spetsialnogo.

22.Boshno S.V. Razvitie priznakov normativnogo pravovogo akta v sovremennoj pravotvorcheskoj praktike // The Russian law journal. 2004. № 2.

23.Chinnova M.V. Priznaki normativnogo pravovogo akta// Biznes v zakone. 2010. № 3.

24.ICJ Practical Guide № 1 «International principles linked the independence and accountability of judges, lawyers and prosecutors» // URL: https://www.icj.org/resource/no-1-international-principles-on-the-independence-and-accountability-of-judges-lawyers-and-prosecutors/.

25.The Beijing Principles. Passed by APSAT region`s Supreme court`s chairmen and other Asian-Pacific region`s judge`s chairmen in Beijing in 1995 year, and also be passed by APSAT`s Council in 2001.

26.The UN human rights committee`s Final remarks for Slovakia, doc. UN ССPR/CO/79/Add.79.

27.UN human rights committee`s Final remarks for Romania, UN doc. ССPR/CO/111.

28.UN human rights committee`s Final remarks for Peru, UN doc. ССPR/CO/70.

29.UN human rights committee`s Final remarks for Azerbaijan, UN doc. ССPR/CO/73/AZE.

30.UN human rights committee`s Final remarks for Belarus, UN doc. ССPR/CO/79/Add.86.

31.The Report of the Special rapporteur oh the UN Committee of human rights on the issue of independence of judges and lawyers. Doc. 1995/39.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES
Amendments to the Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer in Russia – 2025: Rejection of European Values and Final Submission to the Dictates of the State

RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich

450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article analyzes the amendments proposed by the Federal Chamber of Lawyers in 2025 to the Lawyer’s Code of Professional Ethics. It is concluded that the proposed changes are aimed at strengthening control over lawyers by the Chambers of advocates and the state. They dilute international standards of professional ethics, create new mechanisms of pressure on lawyers and increase the risk of arbitrary deprivation of their status. These changes contradict international standards for the independence of the legal profession and may negatively affect the quality and accessibility of legal aid in Russia.

Keywords: Initiative 2018, advocacy, lawyer, lawyer’s rights, Federal Chamber of Advocates, Advocate`s Chamber

References

1.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya / predisl.: G.B. Mirzoev, poslesl.: A.V. Vorob`ev. M.: Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2410-monografiya-doktora-yuridicheskikh-nauk-prorektora-rossijskoj-akademii-advokatury-i-notariata-vitse-prezidenta-gildii-rossijskikh-advokatov-glavnogo-redaktora-zhurnala-evrazijskaya-advokatura-a-v-ragulina-traktat-ob-obrashchenii-32-kh-printsipakh .

2.https://apspb.ru/upload/iblock/a05/a05cda07ff97eb7d428fa9c1ab0202fb.pdf?ysclid=m8dyb6fsyd104215183.

3.https://apur.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=994&catid=9&Itemid=18.

4.Ragulin A.V. Kodeks professional`noj e`tiki advokata kak sredstvo bor`by` s kritikoj v advokature // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 6 (49) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kodeks-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata-kak-sredstvo-borby-s-kritikoy-v-advokature.

5.Nezavisimoe e`kspertnoe zaklyuchenie na proekt Federal`nogo zakona «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» № 301952-8 // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy.

6.Obrashhenie Pravleniya Mezhregional`noj obshhestvennoj organizacii advokatov i yuristov «Iniciativa 2018» v Organy` Organizacii Ob``edinenny`x Nacij, k mezhdunarodny`m associaciyam advokatov i pravozashhitny`m organizaciyam [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-v-organy-organizatsii?ysclid=m8s9utge2x700092249.

7.https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-zaschitim-rossiyskuyu-advokaturu-2023.

8.Ragulin A.V. Predlozheniya ob izmeneniyax Kodeksa professional`noj e`tiki advokata dolzhny` obsuzhdat`sya vsem soobshhestvom! Interv`yu s prezidentom advokatskoj palaty` Udmurtskoj Respubliki Dmitriem Nikolaevichem Talantovy`m // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 5 (48) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/predlozheniya-ob-izmeneniyah-kodeksa-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata-dolzhny-obsuzhdatsya-vsem-soobschestvom-intervyu-s-prezidentom.

9.Zayavlenie Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o polozhenii v oblasti prav cheloveka v Rossijskoj Federacii i Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o nezavisimosti sudej i advokatov v otnoshenii proekta popravok k zakonu «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» (№ 301952-8) // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-spetsialnogo-dokladchika-oon-po-voprosu-o-polozhenii-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-spetsialnogo.

10.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-commissions/razyasnenie-komissii-fpa-rf-po-etike-i-standartam%20otvod.

11.oprosam-primeneniya-punkta-3-stati-21-kodeksa-professionalnoy-etiki-advok/.

12.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-of-the-congress/the-code-of-professional-ethics-of-lawyer/.

13.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/dokumenty-kes/razyasnenie-komissii-po-etike-i-standartam-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-rossiyskoy-federatsii-05.03.25/?.

14.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/rekomendatsii-po-rassmotreniyu-distsiplinarnykh-del-v-otnoshenii-advokatov/?ysclid=m8sm764l2v368580811.

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18.https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/neprostoy-dlya-analiza-pretsedent/.

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23.https://pravo.ru/news/200759/.

24.https://pravo.ru/story/230974/?ysclid=m8snxwrozy539736801.

25.https://rapsinews.ru/judicial_news/20180912/287526530.html.

26.https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/cd2LE40DUN5V/?ysclid=m8dz4hlsm9257893237.

27.https://t.me/initiative2018/25.

28.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/9603203.

29.https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/opublikovany-rekomendatsii-kes-po-rassmotreniyu-distsiplinarnykh-del-v-otnoshenii-advokatov/.

30.https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/sud-priznal-zakonnym-prekrashchenie-statusa-advokata-za-nekorrektnye-vyskazyvaniya-v-internete/.

31.https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5469566.

32.https://www.law.ru/article/23205-perechen-nedrujestvennyh-inostrannyh-gosudarstv.

33.https://www.rbc.ru/society/14/04/2021/6076e7ef9a79477587dd613a?ysclid=m8f5371rbp330724948.

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ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The Legal Basis and Tactics for Reaching Compromises Between the Prosecution and the Defense in Criminal Cases of Bribery

GARMAEV Yuri Petrovich

Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Procedure and Forensic Science of the Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University

670000, Ulan-Ude, Smolina St., 24a, Russian Federation

POLYAKOV Igor Mikhailovich

Advocate of the Bar Association «Legal Guarantee» of the Bar Association of Primorsky Krai, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of Vladivostok State University

690002, Vladivostok, Ostryakova Ave., 5, office 510, Russian Federation

Abstract: Based on a brief analysis of the level of scientific sophistication of criminalistic compromises in criminal proceedings, the article offers generalized examples of compromises in bribery cases, describes the grounds, limits of their admissibility and the advantages received by the parties to the prosecution and defense. Compromises are especially important for the prosecution to expose corrupt accomplices, uncover new episodes of criminal activity, and search for criminally acquired property.

An approximate algorithm for reaching a compromise is presented, consisting of two stages: preparatory and working. So, for a lawyer, the preparatory stage consists of 6 points: from analyzing evidence, errors and violations of the law by the prosecution, putting forward defensive versions, to choosing the place and time of negotiations with the investigator.

The working stage of compromise for both sides of the process consists of 5 points-steps: 1) verification of the admissibility and legality of a compromise; 2) verification of a number of ethical and tactical criteria; 3) clarification of all grounds and conditions to the defendant; 4) clarification of whether the suspect (accused) agrees to compromise; 5) actions aimed at its implementation.

Keywords: compromises between the prosecution and the defense, investigative tactics, defense tactics in criminal cases of bribery, investigation of corruption crimes, mutual concessions, investigation of bribery, illegal compromises, changing the qualification of crimes, changing the preventive measure

References

1.Popova E.I. Kriminalisticheskoe obespechenie deyatel`nosti sledovatelya po primeneniyu norm ob osobom poryadke prinyatiya sudebnogo resheniya pri soglasii obvinyaemogo s pred``yavlenny`m emu obvineniem po ugolovny`m delam o xishheniyax: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ulan-Ude`, 2013.

2.Alikperov X.D. Aktual`ny`e problemy` dopustimosti kompromissa v bor`be s prestupnost`yu // Aktual`ny`e problemy` prokurorskogo nadzora. Vy`p. 4. Kompromiss kak e`ffektivnoe sredstvo v bor`be s prestupnost`yu: sb. statej. M., 2000. S. 7–35.

3.Obrazczov V.A. Vy`yavlenie i izoblichenie prestup-nika. M., 1997.

4.Garmaev Yu.P. Nezakonnaya deyatel`nost` advokatov v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve, sredstva preduprezhdeniya i nejtralizacii: monografiya. M.: TilKom, 2019.

5.Polyakov I.M. Vy`dvizhenie i proverka zashhitny`x versij po ugolovny`m delam o vzyatochnichestve: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ulan-Ude`, 2024.

6.Protivodejstvie rassledovaniyu prestuplenij i mery` po ego preodoleniyu: uchebnik dlya vuzov / B.Ya. Gavrilov i dr.; pod obshh. red. B.Ya. Gavrilova, V.P. Lavrova. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M., 2023.

7.Kriminalistika: uchebnik / pod red. I.M. Komarova. M.: Yurlitinform, 2023.

8.Baev O.Ya. Dosudebnoe soglashenie o sotrudnichestve: pravovy`e i kriminalisticheskie problemy`, voz-mozhny`e napravleniya ix razresheniya: monografiya. M., 2013.

9.Popova E.I. Kriminalisticheskoe obespechenie upro-shhenny`x form ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: metodo-logiya, teoriya, praktika: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. Ulan-Ude`, 2020.

10.Popova I.A. Taktiko-kriminalisticheskoe obespechenie kompromissny`x procedur v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2011.

11.Gorban` A.S. Osobennosti organizacii rassledovaniya pri proizvodstve doznaniya v sokrashhennoj forme: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Krasnodar, 2021.

12.Kak vy`brat` advokata / Yu.P. Garmaev i dr.; pod obshh. red. Yu.P. Garmaeva. Kn. 1. Osnovy` vy`bora advokata v ugolovnom processe. Ulan-Ude`, 2021.

13.Lubshev Yu.F. Advokatura v Rossii: uchebnik. M., 2001.

14.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 12.12.2023 № 43 «O nekotory`x voprosax sudebnoj praktiki po ugolovny`m delam o dlyashhixsya i prodolzhaemy`x prestupleniyax». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

15.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 09.07.2013 № 24 «O sudebnoj praktike po delam o vzyatochnichestve i ob iny`x korrupcionny`x prestupleniyax». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

16.Kassacionnoe opredelenie Chetvertogo kassacionnogo suda obshhej yurisdikcii ot 22.01.2020 № 77-33/2020.

17.Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Rostovskogo oblastnogo suda ot 12.03.2020 № 22-947/2020.

18.Ugolovnoe delo № 12302050003000006 SU SK RF po Primorskomu krayu.

19.Arxiv Pervorechenskogo rajonnogo suda g. Vladivostoka.

20.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 28.06.2022 № 20 «O nekotory`x voprosax sudebnoj praktiki po ugolovny`m delam o prestupleniyax protiv pravosudiya». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tant-Plyus».

21.Kommentarij k Ugolovnomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii. Postatejny`j / pod red. G.A. Esakova. 9-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Prospekt, 2021.

22.Yanina Ya.Yu. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie aspekty` primeneniya kompromissov dlya razresheniya konfliktov predvaritel`nogo sledstviya: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Kaliningrad, 2007.

23.Popova E.I. Negativny`e faktory` zainteresovannosti sledovatelya v rassmotrenii ugolovnogo dela sudom v poryadke glavy` 40 UPK RF // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2011. № 4. S. 12–15.

24.Alikperov X.D., Zejnalov M.A. Kompromiss v bor`be s prestupnost`yu. M., 1999.

25.Zashhita po ugolovnomu delu: posobie dlya advokatov / pod red. E.Yu. L`vovoj. M., 2000.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
On the Execution or Nullification of Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation Using the Example of the Execution of the VimpelCom case

SULTANOV Aydar Rustemovich

Candidate of Law, Advocate, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Tatarstan Head of Representative Office «Руреliaev group» in Tatarstan

125047, Moscow, 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., 39, building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: In this article, we will return to the topic of the execution of the Resolutions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Using one case as an example, we will consider how the «execution» took place by the legislator and the courts. In our opinion, the court must be aware of its function as a body that must restore violated rights and freedoms, including those violated by the application of an unconstitutional law. At the same time, the legislator must show a proper example of seeking justice, and not only when it comes to the execution of Resolutions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: execution of decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, award for improving the legal field, retroactive effect, fairness, revision

References

1.Sultanov A.R. Problemy` ispolneniya reshenij Konstitucionnogo Suda RF // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2009. № 9(153). S. 65–77.

2.Sultanov A.R. Ispolnenie Postanovleniya Konstitucionnogo Suda RF – zerkalo spravedlivosti sudebnoj sistemy` // Vestnik Gumanitarnogo universiteta. 2018. № 3(22). S. 73–81.

3.Sultanov A.R. Bor`ba za pravovuyu opredelennost` ili poisk spravedlivosti. M., 2015. (Zapiski sudebnogo yurista).

4.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 14.07.2023 № 41-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti abzacza pervogo punkta 2 stat`i 105.17 Nalogovogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj publichnogo akcionernogo obshhestva «Vy`mpel-Kommunikacii».

5.Sultanov A.R. Obnulenie srokov dlya nalogovoj proverki: Konstitucionno-pravovoe ispy`tanie // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 6(65). S. 23–32.

6.Litvinova K.Yu., Kuzneczov A.B. Iskazhenie Minfinom pozicii KS RF po voprosu ob ogranichenii sroka proverki // Nalogoved. 2023. № 11. S. 45–52.

7.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 26.02.2024 № 39-FZ «O vnesenii izmeneniya v stat`yu 105.17 chasti pervoj Nalogovogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii».

8.Reshenie Arbitrazhnogo suda g. Moskvy` ot 07.02.2024 po delu № A40-36350/21-140-1024.

9.Sultanov A.R. Ocherk o primenenii norm Konstitucii RF i ispolnenii reshenij Konstitucionnogo Suda RF v arbitrazhny`x sudax i sudax obshhej yurisdikcii // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2012. № 2. S. 283–313.

10.Postanovlenie Devyatogo arbitrazhnogo apellyacionnogo suda ot 27.05.2024 № 09AP-16729/2024 po delu № A40-36350/2021.

11.Sultanov A.R. Za legalizaciyu pravovy`x pozicij Konstitucionnogo Suda // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2024. T. 14. № 3. S. 277–294.

12.Koncepciya sudebnoj reformy` v RSFSR, predstavlennaya Prezidentom RSFSR, odobrena Postanovleniem Verxovnogo Soveta RSFSR ot 24 oktyabrya 1991 g. № 1801-1.

13.Sultanov A.R. O negativny`x posledstviyax ispol`zovaniya «klishe» dlya sudebny`x aktov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 3(68). S. 80–87.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Organization of a Corporate Investigation by an Advocate: Principles of Planning

GUSYATNIKOV Petr Petrovich

Postgraduate Student of Russian University of Advocacy and the Notary named after G.B. Mirzoev, Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, Senior Managing Partner of «PG Partners» law firm

127521, Moscow, Sheremetyevskaya str., 47, office 133, Russian Federation

Abstract: The paper examines the problem of low qualifications of investigators solving corporate crimes in Russia, and suggests a solution in the form of corporate investigations independently conducted by victim organizations before applying to law enforcement agencies with a statement of a crime. Special attention is paid to the role of a lawyer in conducting such investigations and the possibility of using forensic knowledge to increase their effectiveness and achieve the main goal of initiating a criminal case based on information and documents collected during the investigation. The main stages and principles of corporate investigation planning are described: dynamism, consistency, completeness, reality, individuality, concreteness, timeliness and legality.

Keywords: corporate investigation, advocate’s investigation, investigation planning, corporate crime, corporate detective, forensic support, organizational support of investigation, corporate criminalistics

References

1.Gusyatnikov P.P. Sistema kriminalisticheskogo obespecheniya korporativnogo rassledovaniya // Ucheny`e trudy` Rossijskogo universiteta advokatury` i notariata im. G.B. Mirzoeva. 2024. № 4 (75). C. 99–106.

2.Upolnomochenny`j pri Prezidente RF po zashhite prav predprinimatelej. Prilozhenie k dokladu Prezidentu Rossijskoj Federacii. 2021. Ugolovnoe presledovanie predprinimatelej. Rezul`taty` sociologicheskogo oprosa «Mnenie e`kspertov o zashhite prav predprinimatelej». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://doklad.ombudsmanbiz.ru/2021/4.pdf.

3.Upolnomochenny`j pri Prezidente RF po zashhite prav predprinimatelej. Prilozhenie k dokladu Prezidentu Rossijskoj Federacii. 2021. Ugolovnoe presledovanie predprinimatelej. Rezul`taty` sociologicheskogo oprosa «Mnenie e`kspertov o zashhite prav predprinimatelej» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://doklad.ombudsmanbiz.ru/2022/5-22.pdf.

4.Davletov A.A. Advokatskoe rassledovanie: mif ili real`nost`? // Sudebnaya vlast` i ugolovny`j process. 2020. № 1. S. 71–77.

5.Advokatskoe rassledovanie v ugolovnom processe Rossii: teoreticheskij vzglyad na prakticheskoe dejstvie // Advokatskaya praktika. 2025. № 1. S. 37–41.

6.Belkin R.S. Kurs kriminalistiki: v 3 t. T. 1: Obshhaya teoriya kriminalistiki. M.: Yurist``, 1997.

7.Baev O.Ya. Osnovy` kriminalistiki: kurs lekcij. M., 2003.

8.Baxteev D.V. Situacionny`j xarakter processa rassledovaniya prestuplenij: problemny`e situacii i podxody` k ix razresheniyu // Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2013. № 1 (88). S. 106–112.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
A Character as an Object of Copyright

VILGONENKO Irina Mikhailovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) North Caucasus Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Prospect 40 let Oktyabrya, 56, Russian Federation

АRUTYUNYAN Radmila Eduardovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of Pyatigorsk State University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin ave., 9, Russian Federation

DYACHENKO-KHANANIEVA Olga Viktorovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Acting Head of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) North Caucasus Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Prospect 40 let Oktyabrya, 56, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the character as an object of copyright. The authors analyzed the concept of a character, investigated the place of the character in relation to the work of art, of which he is a part, and considered the opinions of researchers on this issue. The conclusion is made about the possibility of specifying the concept of «character» in civil legislation and a corresponding proposal is made.

Keywords: сharacter, intellectual property rights, authorship, recognition, work

References

1.Vitko S.V. Mozhno li uzhe skazat`: «my` znaem, chto takoe personazh»? // Patenty` i licenzii. 2020. № 9. S. 36–40.

2.Direktiva № 2001/29/ES Evropejskogo parlamenta i Soveta Evropejskogo Soyuza «O garmonizacii nekotory`x aspektov avtorskix i smezhny`x prav v informacionnom obshhestve». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

3.Ivanov N.V. Pravovaya oxrana chasti proizvedeniya // Vestnik e`konomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossijskoj Federacii. 2021. № 1. S. 99–113.

4.Kopy`lov A.Yu. Personazh proizvedeniya kak samostoyatel`ny`j ob``ekt avtorskogo prava: teoriya i praktika // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2019. № 449. S. 235–240.

5.Kopy`lov A.Yu. Personazh proizvedeniya kak ob``ekt avtorskix prav: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Tomsk, 2021.

6.Markova K.A., Amichba L.R., Butorina T.N. Specifika personazha proizvedeniya kak ob``ekta avtorskix prav // Moya professional`naya kar`era. 2024. T. 3. № 60. S. 241–246.

7.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki po delam, svyazanny`m s razresheniem sporov o zashhite intellektual`ny`x prav: utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 23 sent. 2015 g. P. 9. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

8.Pozdeeva V.S. Personazh kak ob``ekt avtorskogo prava // Voprosy` rossijskoj yusticii. 2021. № 16. S. 272–278.

9.Proekt FZ № 166704-3 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Zakon Rossijskoj Federacii «Ob avtorskom prave i smezhny`x pravax: (v chasti privedeniya v sootvetstvie s dejstvuyushhim zakonodatel`stvom i mezhdunarodny`mi aktami)» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/166704-3.

10.Sevost`yanova V.V. Personazh proizvedeniya kak ob``ekt pravovoj oxrany` avtorskogo prava: ponyatie i sposoby` zashhity` // Matricza nauchnogo poznaniya. 2021. № 11-2. S. 258–264.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Participation of Third Parties Who do not Statement Independent Claims Regarding the Subjects of Dispute in Civil Proceedings

LIMAREVA Marina Vladimirovna

Candidate of Political Sciences, Acting Dean of the Faculty of Law of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) of the North Caucasus Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Prospect 40 let Oktyabrya, 56, Russian Federation

STEPANOVA Lyudmila Petrovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) North Caucasus Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Prospect 40 let Oktyabrya, 56, Russian Federation

VILGONENKO Irina Mikhailovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) North Caucasus Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Prospect 40 let Oktyabrya, 56, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article analyzes some current issues related to the participation of third parties who do not make independent claims regarding the subjects of the dispute in civil proceedings. The authors emphasize that the current legislation does not sufficiently regulate the participation of third parties in civil proceedings and there are a number of problems that require solutions.

Keywords: participation of third parties, civil proceedings, legislation, institution, independent claims, legal proceedings

References

1.Argunov V.N. Razmy`shleniya o grazhdanskom processe. Izbranny`e trudy`. M.: Gorodecz, 2023.

2.By`chkov A.I. Aktual`ny`e problemy` sudebnogo razbiratel`stva M.: Infotropik, 2016.

3.Grazhdanskij process: uchebnik / pod red. M.K. Treushnikova. 7-e izd., pererab. M.: Izdatel`skij Dom «Gorodecz», 2020.

4.Konovalova D.O. Processual`noe pravo v sisteme rossijskogo prava // Vestnik nauchnoj my`sli. 2021. № 4. S. 85–88.

5.Ry`zhkov K.S. Uchastie tret`ix licz, ne zayavlyayushhix samostoyatel`ny`e trebovaniya otnositel`no predmeta spora, v grazhdanskom processe: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2017.

6.Tariverdieva K.N., Stepanova L.P. Processual`ny`e prava i obyazannosti tret`ix licz, ne zayavlyayushhix samostoyatel`ny`x trebovanij otnositel`no predmeta spora // Studencheskie issledovaniya, idei i innovacii. Sbornik statej III Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Penza, 2024. S. 128–130.

7.Xalilulin D.Sh., Kapcinel` M.V. Aktual`ny`e problemy` uchastiya tret`ix licz v grazhdanskom processe // Novy`j yuridicheskij vestnik. 2023. № 3 (42). S. 47–55.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ЕURASIAN SPACE
On the issue of the legal nature of the principle of priority of human and civil rights and freedoms

ZARIPOVA Lucia Nailevna

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Retired Judge

420008, Kazan, Kremlevskaya st., bldg. 18, 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the legal nature of the principle of priority of human, civil rights, and freedoms. The conducted research required the resolution of several tasks, including the specifics of its normative consolidation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in the constitutions (charters) of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is a general description of the principle of priority of human and civil rights and freedoms. The practical aspect of the work carried out is that the mechanism of its implementation in the system of constitutional legislation of the Russian Federation is revealed. The novelty of the research is expressed in the fact that the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms simultaneously acts as a worldview idea, a moral and ethical category, an element of the social and subjective value system, and a constitutional principle of the relationship between the state and the individual.

Keywords: principle, principle of priority of human and civil rights and freedoms, constitution (charter) of the subjects of Russian Federation.

References

1.Alekseev S.S. Obshhie dozvoleniya i zaprety` v sovetskom prave. M.: Yurid. lit., 1998. S. 227.

2.Semitko A.P. O prioritete prav i svobod cheloveka kak pravovom principe liberalizma v rossijskoj i zarubezhnoj literature // Nauch. ezhegodnik In-ta filosofii i prava Ural. otd-niya Ros. akad. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2017. T. 17. Vy`p. 1. S. 85.

3.Nemy`kina O.E. Rol` pravovogo gosudarstva v sfere soblyudeniya mexanizma realizacii i zashhity` prav cheloveka // Severo-Kavkazskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2022. № 4. S. 33.

4.Majorov A.S. Soderzhanie yuridicheskogo konstrukta «prava cheloveka kak vy`sshaya cennost` gosudarstva»: teoretiko-pravovoj analiz // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2023. № 7. S. 36.

5.St. 2 Konstitucii Respubliki Tatarstan ot 6 noyabrya 1992 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/406473992.

6.St. 3 Konstitucii Respubliki Dagestan ot 10 iyulya 2003 goda.

7.St. 2 Konstitucii Kabardino-Balkarskoj Respubliki ot 1 sentyabrya 1997 goda № 28-RZ [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/720705883.

8.St. 8 (chast` 1) Ustava (Osnovnogo Zakona) Amurskoj oblasti ot 13 dekabrya 1995 goda № 40-OZ [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/961701970.

9.St. 2 Konstitucii Respubliki Ty`va ot 6 maya 2001 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/906705011.

10.St. 2 (chast` 1) Ustava Smolenskoj oblasti ot 15 maya 2001 goda № 37-z [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/939001665.

11.St. 16 (chast` 1) Ustava Pskovskoj oblasti ot 12 aprelya 2001 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/924005501.

12.Konstituciya Respubliki Bashkortostan ot 24 dekabrya 1993 goda № VS-22/15 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/935100256.

13.Axundova Sh.Dzh. Uvazhenie, ego osnova i tipy` // Vestnik TGPU (TSPU Bulletin). 2013. № 1 (129).S. 188.

14.Slovar` po e`tike / pod red. A.A. Gusejnova i I.S. Kona. 6-e izd. M.: Politizdat, 1989. S. 362.

15.Bobrova N.A., Iskandarov Sh.F., Ivent`ev S.I. Prava cheloveka i grazhdanina na uvazhenie kak duxovno-nravstvennaya i pravovaya cennost` // Teoreticheskie voprosy` formirovaniya kul`tury` prav cheloveka v Tadzhikistane: materialy` mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-teoreticheskoj konferencii (5 dekabrya 2023 goda) / pod red. d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. P.Z. Mirzozoda. Dushanbe: Tipografiya TNU, 2023. S. 136–148.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
On the Issue of the Need for Changes to the Legislation on Responsible Treatment with Animals: General Legal and Criminological Analysis of Draft Law No. 853484-8

GALETSKY Vitaly Sergeevich

Candidate of Law, Head of the Legal Department of State Government Institution Moscow City «Moscow Expert Bureau for Quality Control of Works at Municipal Facilities»

105066, Moscow, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya st., 13, building 1, Russian Federation

KLYUZHEV Sergey Mikhailovich

Advocate of Moscow Advocate Chamber

119002, Moscow, Sivtsev Vrazhek lane, 43, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article discusses issues related to the regulatory legal regulation of the sphere of human interaction with the animal world, provides a general legal and criminological analysis of draft Law No. 853484-8 «On Amendments to Articles 16 and 18 of the Federal Law «On Responsible Treatment of Animals and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation» (regarding the treatment of animals without owners)».

Keywords: Regulatory regulation of the sphere of human interaction with the animal world, criminological and general legal analysis of the draft law, legislative changes, neglected and ownerless animals, responsible treatment of animals

References

1.Araslanov F.S., Alekseev A.A., Shigorin V.I. Dressirovka sluzhebny`x sobak: ucheb. posob. / Glavnoe upravleniya pogranichny`x vojsk KGB SSSR [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://bookscafe.net/read/araslanov_filimon-dressirovka_sluzhebnyh_sobak 153667.html?ysclid= ltcqyjfx2h134378112#p1.

2.De Sent-E`kzyuperi A. Malen`kij Princz [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://onlajn-chitat`.rf/e`kzyuperi-malen`kij-princz.

3.Zakonoproekt № 853484-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 16 i 18 Federal`nogo zakona «Ob otvetstvennom obrashhenii s zhivotny`mi i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii» (v chasti obrashheniya s zhivotny`mi bez vladel`cev)» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/853484-8#bh_note.

4.V 2024 godu sobaki pokusali 237 000 chelovek // Onlajn-gazeta «Vedomosti» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2025/02/25/1094190-v-2024-godu-sobaki-pokusali-237-000-chelovek.

5.Reshenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.07.2024 № 38-P/24 «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti chasti 4 stat`i 7, abzacza pervogo chasti 1 i chasti 7 stat`i 18 Federal`nogo zakona «Ob otvetstvennom obrashhenii s zhivotny`mi i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://doc.ksrf.ru/decision/KSRFDecision771970.pdf.

6.https://lynx-ia.ru/2024/04/14/statistika-po-napadeniyam-zhivotnyh-v-regionah-rossii-2023-godu.

7.Samy`e chasty`e DTP v Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/336/75010/?ysclid=m871l573lj934209256.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
On Some Legal and Organizational Aspects of Preventing Cyber Extremism

AKIMENKO Marina Alekseevna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Pyatigorsk State University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin ave., 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the legal and organizational aspects of preventing cyber extremism as one of the primary threats to the digitalization of modern society. The author analyzes the existing regulatory legal acts regulating the fight against cyber extremism, and also suggests measures to improve legislation and organizational mechanisms to counter this antisocial phenomenon.

Keywords: cyber-extremism, information security, legal aspects, organizational measures, prevention of extremism, Internet space, law enforcement agencies

References

1.Vy`sokotexnologichny`j xaking: Rossiya voshla v top indeksa kiberprestupnosti [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/672471259a794794c6b77e87?from=copy.

2.Determining the Role of the Internet in Violent Extremism and Terrorism: Six Suggestions for Progressing Research. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 40(1). R. 77–98.

3.Kiberprestupnost`: kriminologicheskij, ugolovno-pravovoj, ugolovno-processual`ny`j i kriminalisticheskij analiz: monografiya / I.G. Smirnova i dr.; nauch. red. I.G. Smirnova. M.: Yurlitinform, 2016.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Several Aspects of the Research of Regional Features of Corruption Crime (on the Example of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol)

MAKAROV Alexander Petrovich

Prosecutor of the Department for Supervision of Observance of the Rights of Entrepreneurs of the Office for Supervision of Observance of Federal Legislation of the Prosecutor's Office of Sevastopol, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Law of the Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (Branch) of the Crimean Federal University named after V.I. Vernadsky

299028, Sevastopol, Shelkunova, 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the work is to study certain aspects of the regional specifics of the detection and investigation of corruption–related crimes in the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. The following methods were used: analytical, formal legal, comparative legal, sociological measurements, analysis and assessments of corruption in the regions of Crimea, expert assessments in the field of combating corruption, content analysis of publications in periodicals and in the Internet; the state of legality and the level of combating corruption were analyzed; ways to identify characteristic signs of regional corruption crime were determined.

The article has a high scientific value, as it is one of the first attempts to consider the issues of combating corruption crimes at the regional level, to identify the most corrupt areas of public and state activity within the borders of a particular region, with the aim of further developing an effective comp.

Keywords: corruption, bribery, regional corruption crime, regional features of anti-corruption

References

1.Garmaev Yu.P. E`ffektivnoe, nee`ffektivnoe i nezakonnoe rassledovanie korrupcionny`x prestuplenij // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 4 (59). S. 52–55.

2.Makarov A.P. Problemy` ispol`zovaniya rezul`tatov ORD po ugolovny`m delam o vzyatochnichestve v Kry`mskom regione: analiz rezul`tatov anketirovaniya grazhdan, prozhivayushhix na territorii Respubliki Kry`m i goroda Sevastopolya // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2020. № (4). S. 83–87.

3.Garmaev Yu.P. Nastupatel`ny`j podxod k vy`yavleniyu i rassledovaniyu korrupcionny`x prestuplenij // Obshhestvo i pravo. 2020. № 2 (72). S. 82–87.

4.Filippova O.V. Metody` izucheniya regional`noj prestupnosti // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo. 2023. № 48. S. 75–83.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Cryptocurrency as a Challenge for Law Enforcement. Improvement of Normative Regulation

KAMENETS Andrei Viktorovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Judiciary, Civil Society and Law Enforcement of the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba

117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article describes the general problematics of the investigation of offences involving cryptocurrency. It considers the problematics of substantive and procedural aspects of the investigation of crimes involving cryptocurrency.

Keywords: law enforcement agencies; cryptocurrency; digital currency; investigation of crimes involving cryptocurrencies; crypto ruble; digital assets

References

1.Dolgieva M.M. Mesto kriptovalyuty` v sisteme finansovy`x prestuplenij // YuP. 2022. № 4 (103).

2.Dyatlova A.F., Bondar` N.I. O nekotory`x aspektax regulirovaniya cifrovoj valyuty` // Rossiya v global`ny`x mirovy`x processax: istoriya i aktual`ny`e problemy` sovremennosti: materialy` vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem. Dzerzhinsk, 2023. S. 245–248.

3.Mirzabekov N.R. Mezhdunarodny`j opy`t normativno-pravovogo regulirovaniya oborota virtual`ny`x aktivov: tendencii i perspektivy` // Mezhdunarodnoe sotrudnichestvo v celyax ustojchivogo razvitiya: sbornik statej Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj assamblei / pod red. I.V. Il`ina. M., 2023. S. 203–210.

4.Nady`seva E`.X. Problemy` rassledovaniya prestuplenij v sfere oborota kriptovalyut // Vestnik e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti. 2019. № (3).

5.Yankovskij R.M. Kriptovalyuty` v rossijskom prave: surrogaty`, «inoe imushhestvo» i cifrovy`e den`gi // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2020. № 4.

6.Patrikeev V.E., Fok S.V., Terty`chnaya I.V. Otdel`ny`e problemy` rassledovaniya prestuplenij, sovershenny`x s ispol`zovaniem komp`yuterny`x i telekommunikacionny`x texnologij // Voprosy` rossijskogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2021. T. 11. № 8A. S. 179–185.

7.https://cryptonews.net/ru/news/blockchain/5555673/.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Criminal Law Assessment and Qualification of Crimes in Operational Investigative Activities

VERDIYAN David Arsenovich

Postgraduate Student of Department of Fundamentals of Law Enforcement at the M.M. Speransky of Faculty of Law of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, Vernadsky Ave., 84, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the controversial aspects of the relationship between criminal law assessment and qualification of crimes in the activities of employees engaged in operational investigative activities. The author analyzes the existing points of view on the nature of these concepts, emphasizing their differences in terms of procedural and functional roles.

Keywords: law enforcement intelligence operations, corpus delicti, qualification of crimes, criminal legal assessment of the act, crime

References

1.Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti» ot 12.08.1995 № 144-FZ (red. ot 29.12.2022) // Rossijskaya gazeta. 1995. № 160. 18 avgusta.

2.Baulin Yu.V. Obstoyatel`stva, isklyuchayushhie prestupnost` deyaniya. Xar`kov: Osnova, 1991.

3.Bondar` T.I. Soderzhanie ugolovno-pravovoj ocenki deyaniya pri osushhestvlenii operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti // Ugolovnoe i operativno-rozy`sknoe zakonodatel`stvo: problemy` mezhotraslevy`x svyazej i perspektivy` sovershenstvovaniya. 2019. S. 109–114.

4.Gauxman L.D. Kvalifikaciya prestuplenij: zakon, teoriya, praktika. M.: AO «Centr YurInfoR», 2001. .

5.Zacepin A.M. Pravil`naya ugolovno-pravovaya kvalifikaciya: ee znachenie v sovremennoj Rossii // Economics, law, society: resume of 2016. 2016. S. 301–306.

6.Kudryavcev V.N. Obshhaya teoriya kvalifikacii prestuplenij. M.: Yurist``, 2001.

7.Maksimenko A.V. Ponyatie ugolovno-pravovoj ocenki i kvalifikacii prestuplenij // Obrazovanie. Nauka. Nauchny`e kadry`. 2014. № 3. S. 69–74.

8.Markunczov S.A. O sushhnosti kvalifikacii prestuplenij v kontekste ugolovno-pravovy`x zapretov // Vestnik Akademii Gen. prokuratury` RF. 2014. № 3 (41). S. 74–80.

9.Osnovy` operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti: v 2 t. T. 1: Obshhaya chast`: uchebnik / S.P. Zhdanov, O.G. Karpovich, E.S. Nedosekova i dr.; predisl. V.B. Mantusova; pod red. A.Yu. Shumilova. M.: RIO Rossijskoj tamozhennoj akademii, 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://znanium.com/catalog/product/1844400.

10.Osnovy` operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti: v 2 t. T. 2: Osobennaya chast`: uchebnik / A.V. Agarkov, V.I. Kozlov, K. Yu. Pantyuxin i dr.; predisl. V.B. Mantusova; pod red. A.Yu. Shumilova. M.: RIO Rossijskoj tamozhennoj akademii, 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://znanium.com/catalog/product/1844401.

11.Osnovy` operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti: uchebnik / pod red. d-ra yurid. nauk, professora A.Yu. Shumilova, kand. yurid. nauk, professora N.E. Simonova. M.: Izd-vo Rossijskoj tamozhennoj akademii, 2012.

12.Teoriya i praktika kvalifikacii prestuplenij: ucheb. posob. / A.A. Knyaz`kov; Yarosl. gos. un-t im. P.G. Demidova. Yaroslavl`: YarGU, 2018.

13.Safonov V.N. K diskussii o naimenovanii processa ugolovno-pravovoj ocenki deyaniya // Zakon. Pravo. Gosudarstvo. 2020. № 3(27). S. 207–213.

14.Smolin V.V., Mixajlova O.A. Pravil`naya kvalifikaciya obshhestvenno opasny`x deyanij – vazhnoe uslovie raskry`tiya prestuplenij operativny`mi apparatami organov, osushhestvlyayushhix operativno-rozy`sknuyu deyatel`nost` // Pravo i obshhestvo. 2016. № 5. S. 186–191.

15.Rarog A.I., Gracheva Yu. Zakonodatel`ny`e konstrukcii i kvalifikaciya prestuplenij // Ugolovnoe pravo. 2003. № 2. S. 62–64.

16.Tarxanov I.A. Ugolovno-pravovaya kvalifikaciya: ponyatie i vidy` // Ucheny`e zapiski KFU. Gumanitarny`e nauki. 2009. T. 151. № 4. S. 191–198.

17.Tolkachenko A.A. Teoreticheskie osnovy` kvalifikacii prestuplenij. M.: YuNITI-DATA, 2004.

18.Novoselov G.P. Ponyatie, sistema i znachenie Osobennoj chasti pri kvalifikacii // Ugolovnoe pravo. Osobennaya chast`: uchebnik dlya vuzov. Gl. 1 / otv. red. I.Ya. Kozachenko, Z.A. Neznamova. M.: Infra, 1998. S. 5–28.

19.Kurinov B.A. Nauchny`e osnovy` kvalifikacii prestuplenij. M.: Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta, 1984.

20.Kadnikov N.G. Kvalifikaciya prestuplenij i voprosy` sudebnogo tolkovaniya: ucheb. posob. M.: Norma, 2003.

21.Plotnikov A.I. Teoreticheskie osnovy` kvalifikacii prestuplenij: ucheb. posob. Orenburg: Izd-vo: OI MGYuA, 2001.

22.Vlasenko V.V. Problemny`e aspekty` ponyatiya «kvalifikaciya prestuplenij» // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2016. № 5. S. 59–62.

23.Alekseev S.S. Pravo: azbuka – teoriya – filosofiya. Opy`t kompleksnogo issledovaniya. M., 1999.

24.Dolya E.A. Rezul`taty` operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti ne mogut stat` soderzhaniem dokazatel`stv v ugolovnom processe // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2013. № 5. S. 24–39.

25.Kaznachej I.V., Tixonov V.V. Operativno-rozy`sknaya xarakteristika prestuplenij kak e`lement teorii ugolovno-pravovy`x nauk (po materialam rassledovaniya deyatel`nosti organizovanny`x grupp, sovershayushhix xishheniya avtotransporta) // Vestnik Volgogradskoj akademii MVD Rossii. 2018. № 2 (45) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/operativno-razysknaya-harakteristika-prestupleniy-kak-element-teorii-ugolovno-pravovyh-nauk-po-materialam-rassledovaniya.

26.Shkabin G.S. Ugolovnoe i operativno-rozy`sknoe zakonodatel`stvo: problemy` mezhotraslevy`x svyazej i perspektivy` sovershenstvovaniya: Obzor V Mezhvedomstvennoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2020. № 7. S. 144–150.

27.Shumilov A.Yu. Edinstvo i razlichiya kvalifikacii prestupleniya i ugolovno-pravovoj ocenki sy`sknoj informacii // Problemy` formirovaniya ugolovno-rozy`sknogo prava (Pravo i sy`sk): avtorskij sbornik nauchny`x rabot. M.: IP I.I. Shumilova, 2001. S. 72–86.

28.Shumilov A.Yu. Osnovy` ugolovno-pravovoj ocenki sy`sknoj informacii: monografiya. M.: Individual`ny`j predprinimatel` Irina Ivanovna Shumilova, 2000. (Biblioteka operativnika (otkry`ty`j fond)).

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Procedural Actions During the Verification of Crime Reports: Features of Production and Recording

TKHABISIMOV Azamat Khusenovich

Postgraduate Student of Law Institute of Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave. 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the system of procedural actions carried out during the verification of a crime report, their legal nature and features of production. The purpose of the study is to systematize procedural actions and develop scientific and practical recommendations to improve the efficiency of their production and recording of results.

Keywords: verification of a crime report, procedural actions, pre-investigation check, recording of evidence

References

1.Grigor`ev V.N., Zinchenko I.A., Popov A.P. Komparativistskie zametki ob institute sledstvennogo sud`i v dosudebnom ugolovnom proizvodstve // Mezhdunarodnoe ugolovnoe pravo i mezhdunarodnaya yusticiya. 2016. № 1. S. 13–19.

2.Bulatova B.B., Baranova A.M. Ugolovny`j process: uchebnik dlya srednego professional`nogo obrazovaniya / 8-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2025. (Professional`noe obrazovanie) // Obrazovatel`naya platforma Yurajt [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://urait.ru/bcode/566543/p.2.

3.Volox V.V., Gorodilov N.S. Vozbuzhdenie ugolovnogo dela v rossijskom ugolovnom processe: aktual`ny`e problemy` // Vestnik Volgogradskoj akademii MVD Rossii. 2021. № 2 (57) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vozbuzhdenie-ugolovnogo-dela-v-rossiyskom-ugolovnom-protsesse-aktualnye-problemy.

4.Gavrilov B.Ya. Sovremennoe dosudebnoe proizvodstvo i mery` po ego deformalizacii // Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2016. № 1 (76) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennoe-dosudebnoe-proizvodstvo-i-mery-po-ego-deformalizatsii.

5.Esina A.S., Zhamkova O.E., Karneeva L.M. O processual`nom statuse podozrevaemogo: vzglyad na problemu cherez 60 let // Vestnik e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti. 2022. № 3 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/karneeva-l-m-o-protsessualnom-statuse-podozrevaemogo-vzglyad-na-problemu-cherez-60-let.

6.Manova N.S., Franciforov Yu.V. Ugolovny`j process: ucheb. posob. dlya srednego professional`nogo obrazovaniya. 14-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2023. (Professional`noe obrazovanie) // Obrazovatel`naya platforma Yurajt [E`lek-tronny`j resurs]. URL: https://urait.ru/bcode/530389.

7.Strogovich M.S. Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo processa / Akad. nauk SSSR. In-t prava im. A.Ya. Vy`shinskogo. M.: Izd-vo Akad. nauk SSSR, 1958 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_008450814/?ysclid=m709ymx7i4401273127/.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Criminal and Legal Characterization of Certain Types of Crimes Against Minors on the Internet

BULAKHOVA Victoria Denisovna

Student of Law Institute of Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 9, Russian Federation

RIMAR Ivan Viktorovich

Specialist in Educational and Methodological Work of Law Institute of Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: With the development of digital technologies and the widespread use of the Internet, the number of crimes against minors online has increased significantly. Such crimes as inducement of minors to illegal actions, sexual exploitation, distribution of prohibited content become a threat to the safety of young people. The problem of strengthening criminal liability and improving law enforcement practice in the field of combating Internet crimes against minors requires scientific attention.

Keywords: cybercrimes against minors sexual inviolability Internet crimes inducement of minors prohibited

References

1.Akimenko M.A. K probleme ocenochnoj kategorii nekotory`x ugolovno-pravovy`x i kriminologicheskix priznakov fejkovoj informacii v usloviyax sovremenny`x ugroz // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 5(64). S. 60–63.

2.Begishev I.R., Xisamova Z.I. Kriminologicheskie riski primeneniya iskusstvennogo intellekta // Vserossijskij kriminologicheskij zhurnal. 2021. № 2. S. 223–231.

3.Gracheva Yu.V., Malikov S.V. Cifrovizaciya: kriminologicheskie i ugolovno-pravovy`e riski // LexRussica. 2020. № 8. S. 145–159.

4.Karpova D.N. Kiberprestupnost`: global`naya problema i ee reshenie // Vlast`. 2020. № 8. S. 44–47.

5.Prostoserdov M.A. Prestupleniya protiv nesovershennoletnix v seti Internet: monografiya. M.: Yurlitinform, 2021 [E`lektrony`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_10699/?ysclid=m7ss0rl3yz20757870.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Development of Legislation on Mediation in Germany

SUKHOSTAVSKAYA Yulia Valeryevna

Senior Lecturer of the Department of Judiciary, Civil Society and Law Enforcement of the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba

117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the changes and dynamics of legislation on out-of-court settlement of disputes in Germany. The author examines key aspects of the legislation regulating the activities of intermediaries and mediation procedures in both jurisdictions. The article describes and analyzes the amendments, innovations and changes relating to the legal regulation of mediation, and also identifies the main trends in the development of this area of law in these countries.

Keywords: mediation; out-of-court settlement; alternative methods of dispute resolution; mediation; conciliation procedures

References

1.Postanovlenie o dostatochnosti kapitala uchrezhdenij, grupp uchrezhdenij, finansovy`x xoldingovy`x grupp i smeshanny`x finansovy`x xoldingovy`x grupp (Solvabilitätsverordnung – SolvV) // Portal Federal`nogo ministerstva yusticii FRG [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/solvv_2014/BJNR416800013.html.

2.Zakon o nadzore za finansovy`mi uslugami (FinDAG) // Portal Federal`nogo ministerstva yusticii FRG [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/findag.

3.Zakon o nadzore za finansovoj stabil`nost`yu (FinStabG) // Portal Federal`nogo ministerstva yusticii FRG [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/finstabg/index.html/.

4.Zakon ob otslezhivanii doxodov ot tyazhkix prestuplenij (AMLA) // Portal Federal`nogo ministerstva yusticii FRG [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gwg_2017.

5.Direktiva (ES) 2018/843 // Portal dokumentov ES [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32018L1673.

6.Direktiva (ES) 2018/1673 // Portal dokumentov ES [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32018L1673.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Ensuring National Security in the Context of Improving the Management Activities of Civil Society Through Available Legal Mechanisms

SOLODSKIKH Yaroskav Igorevich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Administrative and Information Law of the M.M. Speransky Faculty of Law Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, ave. Vernadsky, 82/1, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article examines current issues related to improving the management activities of civil society through existing legal mechanisms, which should serve as a unifying factor for Russian society and the state in their interaction aimed at ensuring national security in that sphere of societal and state activity that requires unconventional and evolutionary approaches to remain stable and controlled in the complex conditions of the modern world. According to the author, the key aspect among these approaches is the actualization of improving the management activities of civil society. For this reason, the author reminds readers of the constitutional rights in place, the careful reading of which reveals an unprecedented potential for citizen involvement in governance processes, capable of having a significant and positive impact on national security. At the same time, the article also highlights problems in this area that hinder the full realization of civil society’s management potential, including issues related to ensuring national security through the analysis of relevant legal and regulatory acts.

Keywords: managerial activity, public administration, managerial rights, national security, civil society

References

1.Kashin I. A., Gluxarev M.S. Rossijskij federalizm i nacional`ny`j suverenitet // Pravovoj al`manax. 2022. № 6(19). S. 23–29.

2.Tixomirov Yu.A. Dinamika upravleniya v sovremennom obshhestve // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2021. T. 25. № 11. S. 5–18.

3.Chicherin B.N. Vstupitel`naya lekciya po Gosudarstvennomu pravu, chitannaya v Moskovskom universitete 28 oktyabrya 1861 goda // Proekt «Sobranie klassiki» (Lib.ru/Klassika) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://az.lib.ru/c/chicherin_b_n/text_1861_lektzia_po_pravu.shtml.

4.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobrenny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: www.pravo.gov.ru.

5.http://az.lib.ru/c/chicherin_b_n/text_1861_lektzia_po_pravu.shtml.

6.Vstrecha s Predsedatelem Konstitucionnogo Suda Valeriem Zor`kiny`m ot 13 sentyabrya 2024 goda // Oficial`ny`j sajt Prezidenta Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/75095.

7.Polozhenie o rabochem kontrole // Dekrety` Sovetskoj vlasti. T. 1. M., 1957 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/DEKRET/rab_ctrl.htm.

8.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 21.07.2014 № 212-FZ (red. ot 25.12.2023) «Ob osnovax obshhestvennogo kontrolya v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2014. 28 iyulya. № 30. Ch. I. St. 4213.

9.Putin V.V. Iz vy`stupleniya Plenarnogo zasedaniya Peterburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo e`konomicheskogo foruma // Oficial`ny`j sajt Prezidenta Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/74234.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Methodological Value of the Theory of Realistic Positivism

GAINULLIN Ilnaz Ildarovich

Postsraduate Student of Institution of Higher Education The University of Management «TISBI»

420012, Kazan, Mushtari St., 45, Russian Federation

Abstract: In the conditions of modern legal discourse, filled with a variety of paradigms of legal understanding, the theory of realist positivism is one of the most adequate solutions to the problem of understanding the nature of law and its place in society. The value of principles and ideas of realist positivism is revealed not only in the context of theoretical understanding of legal phenomena, but also in the practical analysis of their application. In this article, the author reveals the identified problematic with the reliance on the key aspects of the concept of realist positivism and argues the methodological value of this approach to understanding the phenomenon of law. The author comes to the conclusion that the synthesis of positivist, sociological and substantial principles underlying realistic positivism makes it possible to reveal the essence of law not only as an element of social existence, but also as a real phenomenon, which makes it possible to consider law in relation to historical and socio-cultural phenomena, but without detracting from the specifics of the legal sphere.

Keywords: theory of legal understanding, realistic positivism, theory of realistic positivism, methodology of law, integrative legal understanding

References

1.Palexa R.R. Integrativnaya koncepciya pravoponimaniya kak metodologicheskaya paradigma prava // Vestnik VGU. Seriya: Pravo. 2010. № 1. S. 61–72.

2.Romashov R.A. Pravovoj realizm i realisticheskij pozitivizm: teoriya i praktika // Yuridicheskaya nauka: istoriya i sovremennost`. 2017. № 4. S. 57–64.

3.Romashov R.A., Vetyunev Yu.Yu., Tonkov E.N. Pravo – yazy`k i masshtab svobody`. M.: SPb.: Aletejya, 2015.

4.Romashov R.A. Realisticheskij pozitivizm: integrativny`j tip sovremennogo pravoponimaniya // Pravovedenie. 2005. № 1. S. 4–12.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
On the Issue of Legal Regulation of Money Circulation in Modern Conditions

TIMOFEEV Stanislav Vladimirovich

Doctor of Law, Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Law of the Russian State University for the Humanities

125993, Moscow, Miusskaya pl., 6, building 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: The legal regulation of money circulation is an important aspect of the functioning of the financial system of the state. It defines the foundations of economic stability, ensuring the regulation of monetary transactions and the protection of the rights of financial market participants. In the context of globalization and the increasing volume of international financial transactions, there is an increasing need to develop and apply effective legal mechanisms capable of adapting to changes in the economic environment. These circumstances emphasize the relevance of the study of the legal norms governing monetary circulation. The analysis of legislative acts and regulatory documents, as well as the study of the practice of their application, make it possible to identify key aspects of the legal regulation of monetary circulation. The comparative approach helps to study the peculiarities of regulation in various legal systems, and the historical method helps to trace the development of legal norms in this area.

Keywords: Monetary circulation, financial system, legal regulation, economic transformations, legislation, stability, financial transactions

References

1.Aldanova E.A. Pravovy`e osnovy` denezhnogo obrashheniya: ponyatie denezhnoj sistemy`. Pravovy`e osnovy` denezhnoj sistemy`. Minsk: Belorusskij nacional`ny`j texnicheskij universitet, 2021.

2.Bicheva E.E., Ponomarenko M.V., Pivovarova A.E. E`lektronny`e den`gi kak novaya forma sovremennogo ry`nochnogo xozyajstva // Alleya Nauki. 2018. № 5(21) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: Alley-science.ru.

3.Zimina N.V., Shalamova E.S. Pravovy`e kollizii v regulirovanii osnov denezhnogo obrashheniya / Centr nauchnogo sotrudnichestva «Interaktiv plyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: www.interactive-plus.ru.

4.Povetkina N.A. Finansovaya ustojchivost` Rossijskoj Federacii: pravovaya doktrina i praktika obespecheniya: avtoref. dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2016.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
The Phenomenon of Digital Law. Is a Digital Code Possible?

ZAHAROV Andrej Evgen'evich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Private Law at the State University of Management

107078, Moscow, Ryazansky Prospekt, 99, Administrative building, office 402, Russia Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of digital law as a potentially new legal reality of the Russian Federation and the possibility (impossibility) of the emergence of a Digital Code in our country as a form of consolidation of new legal norms. The author present the opinions of legal scholars on this issue, provide criticism, and express their own point of view. In conclusion, the conclusion is drawn: we will be able to answer the question of whether the Digital Code of the Russian Federation is possible only after its draft appears. It's too early to draw definitive conclusions yet. At the same time, the author support the initiative to update legislation in order to reflect in it the answer to some questions, the emergence of which is a consequence of digitalization.

Keywords: digitalization, codification, legislation, state, digital code

References

1.Ob informacii, informacionny`x texnologiyax i o zashhite informacii: Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27 iyulya 2006 g. № 149-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2006. № 31. St. 3448.

2.Bachilo I.L. Koncepciya Informacionnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii / pod red. I.L. Bachilo. M.: IGP RAN: Izd-vo «Kanon+» ROOI «Reabilitaciya», 2014.

3.Vasil`ev A.A. Transformaciya prava v cifrovuyu e`poxu: monografiya / pod red. A.A. Vasil`eva; Ministerstvo nauki i vy`sshego obrazovaniya RF, Altajskij gosudarstvenny`j universitet. Barnaul: Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2020.

4.Primakov D.Ya. Zakonodatel`naya aktivnost`, stabil`nost` zakonodatel`stva i kachestvo pravovoj sredy`: sravnitel`ny`j analiz postsocialisticheskix stran / avt. koll.: D.Ya. Primakov, A.V. Dmitrieva, V.V. Volkov. SPb.: IPP EU SPb, 2010. (Analiticheskie zapiski po problemam pravoprimeneniya).

5.Rozhkova M.A. Yavlyaetsya li cifrovoe pravo otrasl`yu prava i ozhidat` li poyavleniya cifrovogo kodeksa? // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2020. № 4(519). S. 3–12.

6.Sivokoneva P.S., Gavrilova V.D. Perspektivy` i riski prinyatiya cifrovogo kodeksa // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumanitarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2024. № 9–5 (96). S. 196–199.

7.Shhennikova L.V. Fenomen cifrovogo prava i vozmozhnosti ego ispol`zovaniya dlya resheniya social`ny`x zadach v sovremennoj Rossii // Obshhestvo i pravo. 2020. № 2 (72). S. 162–167.

8.https://pravo.ru/review/view/147324/.

9.https://iz.ru/news/669972.

10.https://digital.gov.ru/ru/events/48174/.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
About Category of Information and Legal Support of the Digital Economy

RUSTAMOV Pavel Anvarovich

The Applicant of the Department of Legal Informatics, Information and Digital Law of Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University

119234, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, 13, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article considers the concept of information and legal support in the context of the digital economy, focusing on its differences from information support. The author analyzes the existing approaches to the understanding of these terms in the legislation and scientific literature, noting the lack of a clear terminological definition. The author studies the role of information and legal support in creating conditions for the realization of the right to information, including information resources, systems and services. The changes taking place in information-legal relations in the conditions of digital transformation are considered, as well as the impact of these changes on the protection of personal data, copyright and cybersecurity. In conclusion, it is emphasized that information law enforcement aims to comply with legal norms and standards ensuring the legality and security of information operations, making it a key element of the functioning of the digital economy.

Keywords: information, digital economy, information support, information and legal support, digital transformation, categorical apparatus, legal regime, federal legislation, essence, essential content, information system, information resource, elements of information support, definition, regulation, legal mechanisms

References

1.Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril In The Age of Networked Intelligence. McGrawHill, 1995.

2.Negroponte N. Being Digital: Vintage Books, 1995.

3.Zvereva E.A. Pravovoe regulirovanie informacionnogo obespecheniya predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Federacii: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2007.

4.Zaslavskaya N.M. Pravovy`e osnovy` gosudarstvennogo e`kologicheskogo upravleniya v cifrovom obshhestve: terminy` i opredeleniya // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 11: Pravo. 2022. № 2. S. 83–99.

5.Troyan N.A. Informacionno-pravovoe obespechenie razvitiya nacional`noj sistemy` pravovoj informacii v Rossijskoj Federacii v usloviyax cifrovoj transformacii // Monitoring pravoprimeneniya. 2020. № 4 (37). S. 28–32.

6.Severin V.A. Principy` regulirovaniya informacionny`x otnoshenij v innovacionnoj e`konomike // Kommercheskoe pravo. 2017. № 2. T. 25. S. 4–17.

7.Bachilo I.L. Informacionnoe pravo: uchebnik. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2011.

8.Vengerov A.B. Pravo i informaciya v usloviyax avtomatizacii upravleniya: monografiya. M.: Yurid. lit., 1978.

9.Dozorcev V.A. Informaciya kak ob``ekt isklyuchitel`nogo prava // Delo i pravo. 1996. № 4. S. 27–35.

10.Dozorcev V.A. Intellektual`ny`e prava: Ponyatie. Sistema. Zadachi kodifikacii: sbornik statej. M.: Statut, 2005.

11.Tereshhenko L.K. Pravovoj rezhim informacii. M.: Yurisprudenciya, 2007.

12.Lopatin V.N. Riski informacionnoj bezopasnosti pri perexode k cifrovoj e`konomike // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2018. № 3. S. 77–88.

13.Vajpan V.A. Pravovoe obespechenie innovacionnogo nauchno-texnologicheskogo razvitiya Rossii // Pravo i e`konomika. 2022. № 6. S. 5–10.

14.Voronin M.V. Chastnaya zhizn` i ee neprikosnovennost` v informacionny`x otnosheniyax // Informacionnoe pravo. 2024. № 3(81). S. 10–15.

15.Zajchenko E.V. Informacionnoe obespechenie v grazhdanskom i arbitrazhnom processe: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2013.

16.Toguzaeva E.N. O sootnoshenii ponyatij «Informirovanie», «Informacionnoe obespechenie», «Informacionnaya deyatel`nost`» // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: E`konomika. Upravlenie. Pravo. 2011. T. 11. № 2. S. 112–113.

17.Kovaleva N.N. Pravovoj rezhim informacionnogo obespecheniya gosudarstvennogo upravleniya // Informacionnaya bezopasnost` regionov. 2013. № 1 (12). S. 121–125.

18.Zaslavskaya N.M. Informacionnoe obespechenie v cifrovom obshhestve (na primere gosudarstvennogo e`kologicheskogo upravleniya) // Cifrovy`e texnologii i pravo: sbornik nauch. trudov I Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii: v 6 tt. / pod red. I.R. Begisheva i dr. Kazan`, 2022. S. 97–106.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
The Evolution of Directing Regulation of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the United States on the Example of Federal Administrative Institutions

GRIPICH Sergey Anatolyevich

Candidate of Law, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Economics and Finance of the Public Sector of the Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Advocate, Head of the Criminal Practice Department of the Moscow Bar Association «Griffin»

103274, Moscow, Krasnopresnenskaya embankment, building 2, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article analyzes the evolution of regulatory frameworks for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the United States, focusing on federal administrative agencies. It examines the stages of AI policy development, from the exploration of potential and risks under the Obama administration, through increased investment and the integration of AI into government management under the Trump administration, to the emphasis on security, ethics, and trust in AI under the Biden administration. A comparative analysis of the US and Russian approaches to AI regulation is conducted, highlighting differences in priorities and mechanisms. The experience of other countries (China, UAE) in the development and regulation of AI is considered. The importance of international cooperation is emphasized, as well as the need for Russia to develop its own strategy that ensures technological sovereignty and the protection of human rights.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, directing regulation, US federal administrative agencies, the evolution of AI policy, AI security, international cooperation, comparative analysis

References

1.Nacional`naya strategiya razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta na period do 2030 goda. Utverzhdena Ukazom Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 10 oktyabrya 2019 g. № 490. Punkt 19 g [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://actual.pravo.gov.ru/content/content.html#pnum=0001201910110003.

2.Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights. Making Automated Systems Work For The American People / The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. October 2022 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Blueprint-for-an-AI-Bill-of-Rights.pdf.

3.Engstrom D.F., Ho D.E., Sharkey C.M., & Cuéllar M.F. Government by algorithm: Artificial intelligence in federal administrative agencies. NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper, 2020. R. 20–54.

4.Executive Order 13960 of December 3, 2020 «Promoting the Use of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence in the Federal Government» / Presidential Documents. Federal Register 85 FR 78939 12/08/2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/12/08/2020-27065/promoting-the-use-of-trustworthy-artificial-intelligence-in-the-federal-government.

5.Final report / National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cybercemetery.unt.edu/nscai/20211005231038mp_/https://www.nscai.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Full-Report-Digital-1.pdf.

6.H.R.5586 – DEEPFAKES Accountability Act.118th Congress (2023–2024) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/5586/text.

7.Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies M-21-06 / Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. November 17, 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/M-21-06.pdf.

8.The John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019. Section 238(g) / One Hundred Fifteenth Congress of the United States of America at the Second Session. Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the third day of January, two thousand and eighteen [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr5515/BILLS-115hr5515enr.pdf.

9.The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan / A report by Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the National Science and Technology Council. May 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/national_ai_rd_strategic_plan.pdf.

10.UAE National Strategy // ai.gov.ae [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ai.gov.ae/strategy.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Prospects of Legal Regulation of the Institution of Convertible Loan in Russia

TROFIMOV Ilya Petrovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Partner and Head of the Legal Consulting Department of «TIM Consulting» Group LLC

109992,Moscow, Stremyanny per., 36, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of using the institution of a convertible loan to finance technology companies in Russia. The article presents the author's research regarding the awareness of the notary corps and its willingness to certify this type of contract, as well as judicial statistics on disputes arising from this type of contract. The experience of foreign countries (both Western and Eastern) is given, which can become a starting point for determining the prospects for the development of the institution in question and possible improvement of legislation in Russia.

Keywords: convertible loan, corporate relations, business entity, limited liability company, corporate agreement, investment investments, Islam investments, notary

References

1.Investicii v Rossii. 2023: stat. sbornik / Rosstat. M., 2023.

2.Poyasnitel`naya zapiska ot 15.06.2020 k proektu Federal`nogo zakona № 972589-7 «O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii (v chasti konvertiruemogo zajma)».

3.Evropejskij pul`s venchurny`x investicij v pervoj polovine 2022 goda // Otchet, podgotovlenny`j korporaciej Dealroom. Avgust, 2022 g. (European VC Pulse Check H1 2022, August 2022).

4.Sukuk. Shariatskij standart № 17: per. s angl. // Organizaciya buxgalterskogo ucheta i audita islamskih finansovy`x uchrezhdenij (AAOIFI) / red. sovet: R.R. Vaxitov i dr. M.: Islamskaya kniga, 2010.

5.Kevin Dowd. «Six states where the VC market shifted in Q3», 08.11.2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://carta.com/blog/six-states-where-vc-market-shifted-q3-2023.

6.Jas Bhogal. What is an Advanced Subscription Agreement (ASA)? 01.07.2022 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://harperjames.co.uk/article/what-is-an-advanced-subscription-agreement/#section-5.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Maintaining the Indicators of Effective Use of Agricultural Land in Terms of Compliance with the Rights of the Tenant

CHEREV Oleg Alekseevich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Agrarian and Land law, Life Safety of the State University of Land Use Planning

105064, Moscow, Kazakova st., 15, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the problems associated with the irrational use of agricultural land, which leads to their degradation and depletion, pays special attention to the need to improve the qualifications of land rights holders, introduces legal requirements for these persons, establishes the concept of a register of unscrupulous owners and tenants of agricultural land, based on the analysis of the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated April 27. In 2024, No. 308-ES23-24297 proposes amendments to the current legislation regarding the expansion of regulations prohibiting the termination of land lease during field agricultural work.

Keywords: land law, purpose, agricultural lands

References

1.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobrenny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

2.Zemel`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 25.10.2001 № 136-FZ. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

3.Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob oborote zemel` sel`skoxozyajstvennogo naznacheniya» ot 24.07.2002 № 101-FZ. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

4.Federal`ny`j zakon «O gosudarstvennom regulirovanii obespecheniya plodorodiya zemel` sel`skoxozyajstvennogo naznacheniya» ot 16.07.1998 № 101-FZ. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

5.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 27.04.2024 № 308-E`S23-24297 po delu № A53-17503/2020. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

6.Gosudarstvenny`j (nacional`ny`j) doklad o sostoyanii i ispol`zovanii zemel` v Rossijskoj Federacii v 2023 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rosreestr.gov.ru/upload/Doc/16-upr/Doc_Nation_report_2023(1).pdf.

7.Anisimova A.P. Aktual`ny`e problemy` teorii zemel`nogo prava Rossii: monografiya. M.: Yusticinform, 2020. S. 232, 347.

8.Volkova T.V. Pravovoe obespechenie upravleniya zemel`ny`mi resursami v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy` teorii i praktiki. Saratov, 2006. S. 111.

9.Zemlyakova G.L. Problemy` primeneniya zakono-datel`stva o privatizacii zemel` sel`skoxozyajstvennogo naznacheniya // Imushhestvenny`e otnosheniya v Rossijskoj Federacii. 2023. № 3. S. 89.

10.Laty`pov A.R. Problemy` predostavleniya zemel`-ny`x uchastkov sel`skoxozyajstvennogo naznacheniya v arendu // Biznes v zakone. 2012. № 4. S. 66–68.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA
Mechanisms of Ensuring Law and Order in the Conditions of a Modern State

BABOSHINA Elena Vladimirovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Pyatigorsk State University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina Ave., 9, Russian Federation

KUBATKO Anatoly Nikolaevich

Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) of the North Caucasian Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, 40th Anniversary of October Ave., 56, Russian Federation

KUBATKO Svetlana Anatolyevna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Pyatigorsk Institute (branch) of the North Caucasian Federal University

357500, Pyatigorsk, 40th Anniversary of October Ave., 56, Russian Federation

POPOVA Elena Yuryevna

Senior Lecturer of Dagestan State University, Khasavyurt branch

368009, Khasavyurt, A.Abukova str., 36, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article analyzes the features of the mechanism for implementing the law enforcement function. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that law enforcement and protection of citizens' rights are the main goal and priority direction for the development of a modern legal state. In the absence of an effective mechanism for implementing the law enforcement function, it is impossible to build and implement the legal foundations of the state.

Keywords: law and order, method of implementation, structure, law enforcement agencies, protection of rights, protection, state, methods, legal culture

References

1.Artem`ev A.M. Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba: sistem-ny`e svojstva, funkcii, pravovoe obespechenie: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2008.

2.Baboshina E.V., Gusejnova I.S. Pravovaya kul`tura obshhestva i lichnosti: teoretiko-pravovaya xarakteristika // Obrazovanie i pravo. 2020. № 11. S. 45–49.

3.Bratko A.G. Pravooxranitel`naya sistema (voprosy` teorii). M., 1991.

4.Vengerov A.B. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. M.: Norma, 2000.

5.Patrashko E.L. Gosudarstvennaya pravooxranitel`-naya sluzhba Rossijskoj Federacii: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2005.

6.Pravkin I.V. Osobennosti stanovleniya sovremennoj pravooxranitel`noj sistemy` v usloviyax reformirovaniya rossijskoj gosudarstvennosti // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2011. № 6. S. 38–40.

7.Pravkin I.V. Pravooxranitel`naya sistema v usloviyax reformirovaniya rossijskogo gosudarstva: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2011.

8.Skurko E.V. Modernizaciya kak faktor razvitiya rossijskogo prava na sovremennom e`tape // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2011. № 6. S. 6–10.

9.Struganov S.M., Bondareva M.S., Struganov V.S. Rol` i znachenie pravooxranitel`ny`x organov v mexanizme obespecheniya pravoporyadka i obshhestvennoj bezopasnosti // Pravooxranitel`ny`e organy`: teoriya i praktika. 2023. № 1 (44). S. 119–121.

10.Suturina M.N. Pravooxranitel`naya sistema gosudarstva (teoretiko-pravovoj aspekt): avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2008.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA
The Constitutional Principles of Russian Federalism and the Territorial Integrity of the Russian Federation

IVANENKO Tatiana Alexandrovna

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Constitutional and Municipal Law of Pyatigorsk State University

357500, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Avenue, 9A, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the research undertaken in the framework of this scientific article is an attempt to identify a systemic link that exists between the constitutional and legal principles of the Russian Federation and the territorial integrity of the state, considering the amendments made to the Constitution during the 2020 popular vote and the admission of new subjects to Russia.

Keywords: federalism, federal structure, state territory, territorial integrity, sovereignty, Constitution of the Russian Federation

References

2.Federal`ny`j konstitucionny`j zakon ot 17.12.2001 № 6-FKZ (red. ot 31.10.2005) «O poryadke prinyatiya v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu i obrazovaniya v ee sostave novogo sub``ekta Rossijskoj Federacii». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tant Plyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs].URL: https://clck.ru/3GKPpi.

3.Konstituciya Respubliki Altaj (Osnovnoj Zakon). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs] URL: https://clck.ru/3GKPjN.

4.Konstituciya Respubliki Bashkortostan. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKPjN.

5.Konstituciya Doneczkoj Narodnoj Respubliki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKPjN.

6.Konstituciya Kabardino-Balkarskoj Respubliki ot 1 sentyabrya 1997 g. № 28-RZ (prinyata Parlamentom Kabardino-Balkarskoj Respubliki 1 sentyabrya 1997 g.) (v redakcii, prinyatoj Konstitucionny`m Sobraniem 12 iyulya 2006 g., respublikanskix zakonov ot 28 iyulya 2001 g. № 74-RZ, ot 2 iyulya 2003 g. № 61-RZ, ot 12 iyulya 2005 g. № 52-RZ, ot 13 iyulya 2006 g. № 48-RZ) (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQTg.

7.Konstituciya Luganskoj Narodnoj Respubliki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQew.

8.Konstituciya Respubliki Tatarstan ot 6 noyabrya 1992 g. (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQjA.

9.Konstituciya Respubliki Tatarstan [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQq5.

10.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RT ot 24 dekabrya 2003 goda № 8-P Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQw3.

11.Reshenie Verxovnogo Suda RT ot 31 marta 2004 g. № 3p-1–23/2004. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKQw3.

12.Konstitucii i Ustavy` sub``ektov Rossijskoj Federacii. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://clck.ru/3GKR7M.

13.Dobry`nin N.M. Sovremenny`j rossijskij federalizm v fokuse problem obespecheniya demokratii, razdeleniya vlastej i rabotosposobnosti administrativnoj vertikali // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2020. № 2.

14.Kommentarii Konstitucionnogo Suda «O suverenitete v edinom federativnom gosudarstve i konstitucionnom statuse sub``ektov federacii» // Kommentarij k postanovleniyam Konstitucionnogo Suda RF za 2000–2010 god / pod red. B.S. E`bzeeva. M.: KS RF, 2015.

15.Kremyanskaya E.A. Teoriya i praktika federalizma: sravnitel`no-pravovoe issledovanie: monografiya. M.: MGIMO Universitet, 2015.

16.Kurashvili K.T. Federativnaya organizaciya Rossijskogo gosudarstva. M., 2020.

17.Myullerson R.A. Suverenitet v federativnom gosudarstve // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo: materialy` kruglogo stola. 1992. № 5.

18.Shaxraj S.M. 25 let Konstitucii Rossijskoj Federacii: realizaciya i razvitie konstitucionny`x modelej // LexRussica. 2018. № 11 (144).

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA
Main Principles of International Tax Law

SOLODSKIKH Yaroskav Igorevich

Postgraduate Student of the Law Faculty of the M.M. Speransky of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, ave. Vernadsky, 82/1, Russian Federation

RODIONOVA Alina Aleksandrovna

Postgraduate Student of the Law Faculty of the M.M. Speransky of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, ave. Vernadsky, 82/1, Russian Federation

KABANOV Nikolai Sergeevich

Postgraduate Student of the Law Faculty of the M.M. Speransky of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, ave. Vernadsky, 82/1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the key principles of international tax law and their relationship with the fundamental principles of international law. It analyzes issues of state sovereignty in establishing a tax system and the impact of international tax agreements on national legislation. Particular attention is given to the mechanism for preventing double taxation, the principle of good faith fulfillment of obligations, and international cooperation in the tax sphere.

Keywords: taxes, international legal principles, taxation, international treaties

References

1.Kushu S.O. Osnovy` sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo nalogovogo prava // Zrelov A.P. Nalogovoe pravo: kratkij kurs lekcij. M.: Yurajt, 2012 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovy-sovremennogo-mezhdunarodnogo-nalogovogo-prava/viewer.

2.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 31.07.1998 № 146-FZ (red. ot 29.11.2024, s izm. ot 21.01.2025) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 05.02.2025) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 1998. № 31. 3 avgusta. St. 3824.

3.Spisok mezhdunarodny`x dogovorov ob izbezhanii dvojnogo nalogooblozheniya mezhdu Rossijskoj Federaciej i drugimi gosudarstvami [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=316494&dst=100001#fATrPfUtsRSF5n6K.

4.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 15.07.1995 № 101-FZ (red. ot 08.12.2020) «O mezhdunarodny`x dogovorax Rossijskoj Federacii» // Rossijskaya gazeta. 1995. № 140.

5.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 08.08.2023 № 585 «O priostanovlenii Rossijskoj Federaciej dejstviya otdel`ny`x polozhenij mezhdunarodny`x dogovorov Rossijskoj Federacii po voprosam nalogooblozheniya» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2023. 14 avgusta. № 33. St. 6468.

6.Konvenciya o vzaimnoj administrativnoj pomoshhi po nalogovy`m delam (Zaklyuchena v g. Strasburge 25.01.1988) (s izm. i dop. ot 27.05.2010) // Byulleten` mezhdunarodny`x dogovorov. 2016. № 4 (aprel`).

7.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 4 noyabrya 2014 g. № 325-FZ «O ratifikacii Konvencii o vzaimnoj administrativnoj pomoshhi po nalogovy`m delam» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2014. 10 noyabrya. № 45. St. 6135.

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