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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
The Evolution of the Legal Status of an Advocate’s Trainee and Advocate’s Assistant in Russia: From Scientific Doctrine to Normative RegulationRAGULINA Indira TagirovnaAdvocate, Candidate of Law, Research Fellow of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal, Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Collegium of Advocates of the city of Moscow «International Collegium of Legal Protection», Professional Mediator.450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of legal regulation governing the status of lawyer trainees and lawyer assistants in the Russian Federation during the period from 2020 to 2026. The study focuses on the extent to which the scientific proposals formulated by Indira Ragulina in her dissertation research and subsequent publications have been implemented in the regulations of the Federal Chamber of Lawyers of the Russian Federation and in federal legislation. Using a comparative legal approach, the author examines the regulations governing legal traineeships, the work of lawyer assistants, and the amendments introduced by Federal Law No. 83-FZ of April 22, 2024. The research demonstrates that a significant number of doctrinal proposals have been incorporated into corporate regulation, particularly regarding the registration of trainees, the organization of traineeships, the role of supervising lawyers, and professional training requirements. At the same time, several proposals have not been implemented, including those related to testimonial immunity for trainees and assistants, centralized registration of assistants, and the expansion of their procedural powers. The study concludes that the development of these legal institutions reflects an ongoing effort to balance the autonomy of the legal profession, the requirements of professional training, and the public interests of the state. The findings contribute to understanding the influence of legal scholarship on the evolution of legislation governing the legal profession and identify potential directions for its further improvement.Keywords: legal profession, advocacy, lawyer trainee, lawyer assistant, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal status, professional training of lawyers, corporate regulation, legislative reform, testimonial immunityReferences1.Ragulina I.T. Pravovoj status stazhera advokata i pomoshhnika advokata v Rossijskoj Federacii (analiz zakonodatel`stva i praktiki ego primeneniya): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2017. URL: https://www.prlib.ru/item/1434066.2.Rossijskoe zakonodatel`stvo o pravovom statuse stazhera i pomoshhnika advokata nuzhdaetsya v sovershenstvovanii! Interv`yu s advokatom, kandidatom yuridicheskix nauk, nauchny`m sotrudnikom centra issledovaniya problem organizacii i deyatel`nosti advokatury` Evrazijskogo nauchno-issledovatel`skogo instituta problem prava Indiroi Tagirovnoi Ragulinoj // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2018. № 3 (34) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiyskoe-zakonodatelstvo-o-pravovom-statuse-stazhera-i-pomoschnika-advokata-nuzhdaetsya-v-sovershenstvovanii-intervyu-s-advokatom.3.Polozhenie o poryadke raboty` pomoshhnika advokata [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/regulations-on-the-procedure-of-work-of-the-assistant-to-the-lawyer/.4.Polozhenie o poryadke proxozhdeniya stazhirovki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/regulations-on-the-procedure-of-internship/.5.Zayavlenie o proekte Federal`nogo Zakona № 301952-8 «O Vnesenii Izmenenij V Federal`ny`j Zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-proekte-federalnogo-zakona-301952-8-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.6.Nezavisimoe e`kspertnoe zaklyuchenie na proekt Federal`nogo zakona O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii № 301952-8 // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy (data obrashheniya: 28.05.2026).7.Zayavlenie Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o polozhenii v oblasti prav cheloveka v rossijskoj federacii i Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o nezavisimosti sudej i advokatov v otnoshenii proekta popravok k zakonu «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» (№ 301952-8) // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-spetsialnogo-dokladchika-oon-po-voprosu-o-polozhenii-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-spetsialnogo.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES
Anthology of Lawlessness: How the Court Decision to Terminate the Advocate Status of Alexey Basistov, Dmitry Provodin, and Yuliy Tay Helps to Understand the Essence of the Federal Chamber of Advocates’ Actions to Implant «Advocate Monopoly»RAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina str., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The material analyzes the ongoing crisis within the Russian legal profession against the backdrop of an unprecedented judicial decision to disbar three advocates (Alexey Basistov, Dmitry Provodin, and Julius Tay) following a lawsuit by the Ministry of Justice due to their prolonged absence from the country. The text thoroughly examines the promotion of the «advocate monopoly» bill (referred to as the professionalization of legal representation), which is actively supported and lobbied by the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA) and the Ministry of Justice. The authors strongly criticize the FCA’s leadership for conformity and for facilitating mechanisms that place the advocacy in direct institutional dependence on the executive branch (specifically through the provisions of Federal Law No. 83-FZ of April 22, 2024). Furthermore, the material extensively highlights the consolidated resistance to this reform from independent advocates, jurists, the business community, human rights defenders, and public figures, while also noting the concerns raised by UN Special Rapporteurs regarding the situation.Keywords: advocacy, «advocate monopoly», Federal Chamber of Advocates, independence of the legal profession, legal representation, disbarmentReferences1.Resh. SAPM.prekr. DP № 2 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advokatymoscow.ru/doc/2026.01.29%20Resh.%20SAPM.prekr.%20DP%20№ 2.pdf.2.Nedopustimy`j precedent podchineniya organov professional`nogo samoupravleniya vole ispolnitel`noj [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/law-chambers/nedopustimyy-pretsedent-podchineniya-organov-professionalnogo-samoupravleniya-vole-ispolnitelnoy/.3.Vtorzhenie v konstitucionno obuslovlenny`j princip nezavisimosti advokatury` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/vtorzhenie-v-konstitutsionno-obuslovlennyy-printsip-nezavisimosti-advokatury/.4.Sozdanny`j precedent mozhet razvernut` sudebnuyu praktiku na 180 gradusov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/polemic/interview/sozdannyy-pretsedent-mozhet-razvernut-sudebnuyu-praktiku-na-180-gradusov/.5.Samozarozhdayushhiesya polnomochiya ili chto ne tak v reshenii Xamovnicheskogo suda goroda Moskvy` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2026/4/16/samozarozhdayuschiesya_polnomochiya_ili_chto_ne_tak_v_reshenii_hamovnicheskogo_suda_goroda_moskvy_ot.6.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sciup.org/obrashhenie-zashhitim-rossijskuju-advokaturu-140261859.7.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-zaschitim-rossiyskuyu-advokaturu-2023.8.Zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalpetition.org/zashhitim-rossijskuyu-advokaturu-2023/.9.Videomaterial 7d30aa221b071cb6e2cb9c2f799ee678 // Rutube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rutube.ru/video/7d30aa221b071cb6e2cb9c2f799ee678/.10.Zayavlenie o vvedenii vozmozhnosti prekrashheniya statusa advokata pri vy`yavlenii fakta ego vy`ezda na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-vvedenii-vozmozhnosti-prekrascheniya-statusa-advokata-pri-vyyavlenii-fakta-ego-vyezda-na-postoyannoe-mesto-zhitelstva.11.Zayavlenie o proekte federal`nogo zakona 301952-8 o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-proekte-federalnogo-zakona-301952-8-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.12.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-zaschitim-rossiyskuyu-advokaturu-2023.13.Nezavisimoe e`kspertnoe zaklyuchenie na proekt federal`nogo zakona o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy.14.Publikaciya № 251608 // Pravo.ru [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.ru/story/251608/.15.Baldancze`re`n A. Kompleksnaya informacionnaya sistema advokatury` Rossii i drugie idei zakonoproekta № 301952-8: e`ffektivny`j put` realizacii prava na kvalificirovannuyu yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` ili ugroza advokatskoj tajne i nezavisimosti advokatury`? // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompleksnaya-informatsionnaya-sistema-advokatury-rossii-i-drugie-idei-zakonoproekta-301952-8-effektivnyy-put-realizatsii-prava-na.16.Ragulin A.V. «Pravil`ny`j put`» ili «skol`zkaya dorozhka» rossijskoj advokatury`? Otvet na stat`yu e`ks-prezidenta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii Yuriya Sergeevicha Pilipenko // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3 (62). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilnyy-put-ili-skolzkaya-dorozhka-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvet-na-statyu-eks-prezidenta-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-rossiyskoy.17.Recenziya na zakonoproekt pravitel`stva RF o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/retsenziya-na-zakonoproekt-pravitelstva-rf-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.18.Ragulin A.V. Novy`j zakonoproekt O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii: put` k utrate nezavisimosti advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 5 (54). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/novyy-zakonoproekt-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-put-k.19.Ragulin A.V. Strax i nenavist` v «Izmajlovo»: obsuzhdenie «advokatskoj monopolii» putem degumanizacii chastnopraktikuyushhix yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strah-i-nenavist-v-izmaylovo-obsuzhdenie-advokatskoy-monopolii-putem-degumanizatsii-chastnopraktikuyuschih-yuristov.20.Ragulin A.V. Krugly`j stol v Sankt-Peterburge: xolodny`j dush dlya popirayushhix normy` advokatskoj e`tiki «svidetelej «advokatskoj monopolii» iz Federal`noj palaty` advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kruglyy-stol-v-sankt-peterburge-holodnyy-dush-dlya-popirayuschih-normy-advokatskoy-etiki-svideteley-advokatskoy-monopolii-iz.21.Zayavlenie Pravleniya mezhregional`noj obshhestvennoj organizacii advokatov i yuristov «Iniciativa 2018» o zakonoproekte [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-o-zakonoproekte-ob.22.Telegram-kanal «Iniciativa 2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018.23.Sajt Law Unity [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/.24.Telegram-kanal «Lawyer Union» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/Lawyer_Union.25.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: itogi pervogo «antimonopol`nogo marafona» Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-itogi-pervogo-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.26.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: prodolzhenie antimonopol`nogo marafona nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-prodolzhenie-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.27.Ragulin A.V. «Advokatskaya monopoliya»: razoblachenie antinarodnoj kontrreformy` v stenax parlamenta // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 5 (76). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/advokatskaya-monopoliya-razoblachenie-antinarodnoy-kontrreformy-v-stenah-parlamenta.28.Dokument № 7989561 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7989561.29.Stat`ya 76079185 // Fontanka.ru [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fontanka.ru/2025/10/20/76079185/.30.Oshibochny`j put` rossijskoj advokatury`: ot instituta grazhdanskogo obshhestva k instrumentu regulirovaniya ry`nka yuridicheskix uslug. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk, professorom Igorem Semenovichem Yarty`x // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oshibochnyy-put-rossiyskoy-advokatury-ot-instituta-grazhdanskogo-obschestva-k-instrumentu-regulirovaniya-rynka-yuridicheskih-uslug.31.Sajt Law Unity [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/.32.Publikaciya № 3290 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3290.33.Publikaciya № 3181 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3181.34.Publikaciya № 3172 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3172.35.Razbory` // Law Unity [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/razbory.36.Mneniya // Law Unity [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/opinions.37.Publikaciya № 2766 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2766.38.Videomaterial 6c9077bf5bb79f0ee41af4b1dd5121fd // Rutube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rutube.ru/video/6c9077bf5bb79f0ee41af4b1dd5121fd/.39.Videomaterial wh2AIM6RzdM // YouTube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://youtu.be/wh2AIM6RzdM?si=tzaf1h6D3GeGPAxX.40.Publikaciya № 2764 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2764.41.Videomaterial ZD3ZmqIQX10 // YouTube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD3ZmqIQX10&t=8409s.42.V Sankt-Peterburge obsudili voprosy` professionalizacii sudebnogo predstavitel`stva https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/v-sankt-peterburge-obsudili-voprosy-professionalizatsii-sudebnogo-predstavitelstva/.43.Publikaciya № 4013 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4013.44.Fil`tr dlya neugodny`x ili zashhita prav lyudej [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://gt-tomsk.ru/spread/filtr-dlya-neugodnyx-ili-zashhita-prav-lyudej/.45.Dokument № 8101430 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8101430.46.Stat`ya 68e7fdea9a794783108279c1 // RBK [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/10/2025/68e7fdea9a794783108279c1?.47.Publikaciya № 3861 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3861.48.Publikaciya № 3862 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3862.49.Publikaciya № 3870 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3870.50.Publikaciya № 3876 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/3876.51.Publikaciya № 4727 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4727.52.Publikaciya № 2791 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2791.53.Publikaciya № 3292 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. 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URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/spetsializatsiya-v-advokature-novaya-spetsialnaya-operatsiya-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-protiv-nezavisimosti-advokatskoy-professii.181.Publikaciya № 4235 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4235.182.Ponyatie i kriterii proizvol`nogo lisheniya prekrashheniya statusa advokata [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ponyatie-i-kriterii-proizvolnogo-lisheniya-prekrascheniya-statusa-advokata.183.Novost` 311760952 // RAPSI [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rapsinews.ru/judicial_news/20260410/311760952.html.184.Publikaciya 27069169 // TASS [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/27069169.185.Publikaciya 1083263 // Interfaks [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/1083263.186.Novost` 1409824 // Vzglyad [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://vz.ru/news/2026/4/10/1409824.html.187.Stat`ya 69d8ece29a7947033c885f8a // RBK [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/society/10/04/2026/69d8ece29a7947033c885f8a.188.Sud v Moskve lishil statusa trex advokatov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.interfax-russia.ru/moscow/news/sud-v-moskve-lishil-statusa-treh-advokatov-neskolko-let-skryvayushchihsya-za-rubezhom.189.Sud v Moskve lishil statusov trex advokatov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://news.rambler.ru/moscow_city/56293497-sud-v-moskve-lishil-statusov-treh-advokatov-skryvayuschihsya-za-rubezhom.190.V Moskve sud annuliroval status trex advokatov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.mordovmedia.ru/society/v-moskve-sud-annuliroval-status-treh-advokatov.html.191.Sud lishil statusa trex pokinuvshix Rossiyu advokatov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://iz.ru/2076544/2026-04-10/sud-lishil-statusa-trekh-pokinuvshikh-rossiiu-advokatov.192.Publikaciya № 4803 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4803.193.Dokument № 8586401 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8586401.194.Xamovnicheskij rajonny`j sud prekratil status trex moskovskix advokatov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/khamovnicheskiy-rayonnyy-sud-prekratil-status-trekh-moskovskikh-advokatov/.195.Publikaciya № 4783 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4783.196.Publikaciya № 4837 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4837.197.Publikaciya № 4850 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4850.198.Publikaciya № 4830 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4830.199.Ragulin A.V. Reshenie suda po sekretnomu isku advokata A.R. Ramaldanova k Federal`noj palate advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii: nezakonnost` i pozitivnoe soderzhanie // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 3 (46). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reshenie-suda-po-sekretnomu-isku-advokata-a-r-ramaldanova-k-federalnoy-palate-advokatov-rossiyskoy-federatsii-nezakonnost-i.200.Ragulin A.V. Sudebny`e spory` i social`ny`e modeli sovremennoj rossijskoj advokatury`: otvety` i voprosy` vice-prezidentu Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 5 (48). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sudebnye-spory-i-sotsialnye-modeli-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvety-i-voprosy-vitse-prezidentu-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov.201.Samozarozhdayushhiesya polnomochiya ili chto ne tak v reshenii Xamovnicheskogo suda goroda Moskvy` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2026/4/16/samozarozhdayuschiesya_polnomochiya_ili_chto_ne_tak_v_reshenii_hamovnicheskogo_suda_goroda_moskvy_ot.202.Publikaciya № 4844 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4844.203.Rubrika: Esli s drugom vy`jdu ya, a medved` – bez druga [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2026/4/11/rubrika_esli_s_drugom_vyjdu_ya_a_medved_-_bez_druga.204.Publikaciya № 4838 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4838.205.Dokument 137979778 // Garant [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/137979778/.206.Praktika obzhalovaniya reshenij soveta advokatskoj palaty` sub``ekta RF [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravoprim.spbu.ru/yurisprudentsiya/zawita-chesti-dostoinstva-i-delovoj-reputacii/item/438-praktika-obzhalovaniya-reshenij-soveta-advokatskoj-palaty-sub-ekta-rf-o-primenenii-k-advokatu-mer-distsiplinarnogo-vzyskaniya.html.207.Dokument 341749853 // Garant [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/341749853/.208.Sudebnoe reshenie 77RS0030-02-2020-000662-44 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sudebny`eresheniya.rf/uin/77RS0030-02-2020-000662-44.209.Dokument 407587722 // Garant [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/407587722/.210.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 02.10.2019 N 2658-O [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-konstitutsionnogo-suda-rf-ot-02102019-n-2658-o/.211.Nezavisimost` kak princip rossijskoj advokatury` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimost-kak-printsip-rossiyskoy-advokatury.212.Vtorzhenie v konstitucionno obuslovlenny`j princip nezavisimosti advokatury` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/vtorzhenie-v-konstitutsionno-obuslovlennyy-printsip-nezavisimosti-advokatury/.213.Publikaciya № 4818 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4818.214.Publikaciya № 4810 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4810.215.Zayavlenie o vvedenii vozmozhnosti prekrashheniya statusa advokata [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-vvedenii-vozmozhnosti-prekrascheniya-statusa-advokata-pri-vyyavlenii-fakta-ego-vyezda-na-postoyannoe-mesto-zhitelstva.216.Publikaciya № 4783 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4783.217.Mixail Nikolaevich Tolcheev [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/media/smi/mikhail-nikolaevich-tolcheev/.218.Sozdanny`j precedent mozhet razvernut` sudebnuyu praktiku na 180 gradusov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/polemic/interview/sozdannyy-pretsedent-mozhet-razvernut-sudebnuyu-praktiku-na-180-gradusov/.219.Publikaciya № 13 // Telegram-kanal «Talkcheev» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/Talkcheev/13.220.Publikaciya № 2538 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2538.221.Publikaciya № 2551 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2551.222.Ne izbiraemy`e advokatami demokraticheskim putem upravlency iz FPA [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ne-izbiraemye-advokatami-demokraticheskim-putem-upravlentsy-iz-federalnoy-palaty-pyat-let-na-otvet-bez-otveta.223.Ya za otkry`ty`j dostup v advokaturu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ya-za-otkrytyy-dostup-v-advokaturu-intervyu-s-prezidentom-palaty-advokatov-respubliki-altay-aleksandrom-petrovichem-ganzhoy.224.Dokument № 3579800 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3579800.225.Stat`ya 57e28c199a79472bdcc3035c // RBK [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/society/21/09/2016/57e28c199a79472bdcc3035c.226.Prevratno ponyataya demokratiya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/polemic/opinions/prevratno-ponyataya-demokratiya/.227.Dokument № 2906961 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2906961.228.Chto proisxodit v rossijskoj advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.defendersbelarus.org/news/tpost/8bo688had1-chto-proishodit-v-rossiiskoi-advokature.229.Kto vladeet platformoj tot izdaet pravila igry` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.apmo.ru/poslednie-novosti/?CODE=kto-vladeet-platformoy-tot-izdaet-pravila-igry-mikhail-tolcheev-intervyu-rapsi.230.Videomaterial ZD3ZmqIQX10 // YouTube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD3ZmqIQX10&t=9333s.231.Publikaciya № 2696 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2696.232.Stat`ya 3_9369_advocacy // Nezavisimaya gazeta [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ng.ru/politics/2025-10-28/3_9369_advocacy.html.233.Replika s upominaniem kinogeroya legla v osnovu obvineniya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://slovo-zashite.org/text/replika-s-upominaniem-kinogeroia-legla-v-osnovu-obvineniia.234.Publikaciya № 80 // Telegram-kanal «uristmsk» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/uristmsk/80.235.Publikaciya № 90 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/90.236.Publikaciya № 89 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/89.237.Prinyaty` kompleksny`e popravki v zakon ob advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/prinyaty-kompleksnye-popravki-v-zakon-ob-advokature/.238.Publikaciya № 1286 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/1286.239.Publikaciya № 2269 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2269.
PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Advocate of the Collegium of Advocates of the City of Moscow «Vasha Zashchita», Postgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Expert Activity of Pyatigorsk State University357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina Ave., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the specifics of protecting attorneys’ rights against violations by their clients. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing number of cases involving infringement of attorneys’ professional rights through breach of contractual obligations, filing of unfounded complaints with disciplinary bodies, and dissemination of false information about attorneys’ activities. The purpose of the study is to identify legal mechanisms for the protection of attorneys and to develop recommendations for improving legislation. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods were applied. The norms of the Federal Law «On Advocacy and the Legal Profession in the Russian Federation», the Code of Professional Ethics of Attorneys, judicial practice of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign experience were analyzed. Proposals for improving legal guarantees for the protection of attorneys were formulated.Keywords: lawyer; client, protection of lawyer’s rights, attorney-client privilege, legal services agreement, disciplinary proceedings, attorney’s fee, professional ethics, abuse of rights, legal practiceReferences1.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 31.05.2002 № 63-FZ «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_36945/.2.Kodeks professional`noj e`tiki advokata (prinyat I Vserossijskim s``ezdom advokatov 31.01.2003) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_44841/.3.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/.4.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 10.11.2022 № 49-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti abzacza vtorogo punkta 3 stat`i 17 Federal`nogo zakona Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina S.G. Shalavina» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_431176/.5.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 06.07.2000 № 128-O «Po zhalobe grazhdanina Parshutkina Viktora Vasil`evicha na narushenie ego konstitucionny`x prav i svobod punktom 1 chasti vtoroj stat`i 72 UPK RSFSR i stat`yami 15 i 16 Polozheniya ob advokature RSFSR» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28055/.6.Polozhenie «O poryadke osushhestvleniya zashhity` professional`ny`x prav advokatov» (utv. Resheniem Soveta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov ot 18.06.2024, protokol № 14) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_478987/.7.Vajpan V.A. Nastol`naya kniga advokata: postatej-ny`j kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature, normativno-metodicheskie materialy`. M.: Yusticinform, 2006. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/103806.8.Pilipenko Yu.S. Advokatskaya tajna: teoriya i praktika realizacii: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2009. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_003486955/.9.Ragulin A.V. Professional`ny`e prava advokata-zashhitnika v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2015. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_005567449/.10.Volodina S.I. Nauka ob advokature: prakticheskie vy`vody` i predlozheniya // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina. 2014. № 1 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nauka-ob-advokature-prakticheskie-vyvody-i-predlozheniya.11.Mel`nichenko R.G. Tri tendencii advokatskogo normotvorchestva v popravkax 2017 g. // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2017. № 5 (30) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tri-tendentsii-advokatskogo-normotvorchestva-v-popravkah-2017-g.12.Hazard G.C., Hodes W.W., Jarvis P.R. The Law and Ethics of Lawyering. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2019.13.Henssler M., Prütting H. Anwaltliches Berufsrecht: Handbuch. München: C.H. Beck, 2020.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The legal nature of risk and the specific features of its manifestation in advocacyABRAMKINA Ksenia SergeevnaPostgraduate Student of the Department of Entrepreneurial and Corporate Law of the Moscow State Law University123001, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the main approaches to understanding risk in legal practice, on the basis of which it concludes that the traditional probabilistic understanding of risk is insufficient. Risk in legal practice is proposed to be considered as an integrative category that includes objective uncertainty, the subjective perception of the professional, and the probabilistic nature of consequences. The author proposes a model for risk analysis through the correlation of three elements: threats, vulnerability, and opportunities, which allows for a comprehensive study of the conditions for risk formation and the creation of mechanisms for its minimization in advocacy.Keywords: legal nature of risk, risk in legal practice, risk in advocacy, professional risk of a lawyerReferences1.Alamova S.M., Gajnutdinova A.R. Pravovy`e riski v sovremennoj pravoprimenitel`noj deyatel`nosti: obshheteoreticheskie problemy` // Vestnik e`konomiki, prava i sociologii. 2020. № 4. S. 77–81.2.Baev M.O. Risk v deyatel`nosti zashhitnika v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve // Vestnik VGU. 2019. № 4. S. 212–219.3.Belkin R.S. Takticheskoe reshenie // Kriminalistika: problemy`, tendencii, perspektivy`. Ot teorii – k praktike. M., 1988. S. 104–136.4.Dyatlova E.Yu. Osnovny`e podxody` k ponyatiyu professional`nogo riska v prave: istoricheskij aspekt // Agrarnoe i zemel`noe pravo. 2020. № 11. S. 30–32.5.Zajcev V.V. Upravlenie riskami v advokatskom obrazovanii: monografiya. M., 2025. 175 s.6.Mamchun V.V. Risk v yuridicheskoj deyatel`nosti: sushhnost` i determinaciya // Yuridicheskaya texnika. 2019. № 13. S. 243–248.7.Solomin M.S. Professional`ny`j risk: ot realizma k konstruktivizmu // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. 2019. № 5. S. 44–54.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Information from the Defense in a Criminal Case: Evidence or InformationKHALIKOV Aslam NailevichDoctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology, Professor of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation450076, Ufa, Z. Validi str., 32, Russian Federation125080, Moscow, Vrubel str.,12, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the concept of information on a criminal case. The classification of the information contained in the materials of the criminal case is given. Special attention is paid to information from the side of the defense, which has equal importance with other types of information. The concept of information and the concept of evidence are compared, when the general concept of information has a dominant meaning as arising from the nature of the reflection of the material and social world.Keywords: lawyer, evidence, information, evaluation of evidence, investigator, criminal caseReferences1.Merkulov I.P. Informaciya // E`nciklopediya e`pistemologii i filosofii nauki. M., 2009.2.Smolin A.V. Vertikal` ugolovno-processual`nogo preobrazovaniya informacii // Altajskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2021. № 4 (36).3.Smolin A.V. Taktika i texnologiya preobrazovaniya dokazatel`stvennoj informacii // Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii: nauch.-prakt. zhurn. Irkutsk: Vostochno-Sibirskij institut MVD Rossii, 2024. № 4.4.Rusakov A.G. Kriminalisticheski znachimaya informaciya v kontekste koncepcii unifikacii dokazatel`stv // Aktual`ny`e voprosy` rossijskogo ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: materialy` mezhregional`noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Krasnoyarsk, 2026.5.Kozel V.M. O dokazatel`stvennom znachenii informacii v xode sudebnogo razbiratel`stva pri rassmotrenii ugolovnogo dela v sudebny`x instanciyax // Vestnik Grodnenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni Yanki Kupaly`. Seriya 4. Pravovedenie. 2024. Tom 14. № 3.6.Grigor`ev A.N. Ispol`zovanie v raskry`tii i rassledovanii prestuplenij informacii, poluchennoj iz otkry`ty`x istochnikov // Nauka i novaciya: sovremenny`e problemy` teorii i praktiki prava: sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii v ramkax IV Mezhdunarodnogo Festivalya nauki. M., 2019.7.Efremov D.A., Finogenov N.A. O korrelyacii kriminalisticheski znachimoj informacii s diagnostikoj i upravleniem situaciyami v sledstvennoj // Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn`. 2017. № 3.8.Noviczkij V.A. Sredstva sudebnogo dokazy`vaniya: novy`j podxod // Problemy` realizacii norm, reguliruyushhix dokazy`vanie i dokazatel`stva v grazhdanskom, arbitrazhnom i administrativnom sudoproizvodstve: sb. st. po materialam Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., Sankt-Peterburg, 16 okt. 2015 g. / pod obshh. red. L.V. Vojtovich, V.I. Kajnova. SPb.: Petropolis, 2015.9.Konvenciya Soveta Evropy` po zashhite professii advokata // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 2 (73).
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Verification Actions at the Stage of Initiating Criminal Proceedings: Legal Nature and Limits of AdmissibilityDEMKOVA Natalya ValeryevnaPostgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Activities of Pyatigorsk State University357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal nature of verification actions carried out at the stage of initiating criminal proceedings in accordance with Article 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is determined by the expansion of permissible procedural actions at this stage and the lack of a uniform understanding of their evidentiary significance. The purpose of the study is to determine the limits of admissibility of verification actions and their relationship with investigative actions. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods were applied. The norms of criminal procedure legislation, positions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign experience were analyzed. Proposals for improving the legal regulation of the stage of initiating criminal proceedings and enhancing the evidentiary value of pre-investigation materials were formulated.Keywords: initiation of criminal proceedings, pre-investigation verification, verification actions, investigative actions, admissibility of evidence, crime scene examination, explanations, forensic examination, rights of participantsReferences1.Bezlepkin B.T. Kommentarij k Ugolovno-proces-sual`nomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii (postatejny`j). 16-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Prospekt, 2023. 640 s.2.By`kov V.M. Problemy` stadii vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2021. № 7. S. 38–52.3.Golovko L.V. Kurs ugolovnogo processa. 3-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2021. 1328 s.4.Kalinovskij K.B. Proverochny`e dejstviya na stadii vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela: problemy` pravovogo regulirovaniya // Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. 2022. № 2. S. 76–94.5.Ry`zhakov A.P. Vozbuzhdenie ugolovnogo dela: prakticheskoe posobie. M.: Delo i Servis, 2020. 288 s.6.Smirnov A.V., Kalinovskij K.B. Ugolovny`j process : uchebnik; pod red. A.V. Smirnova. 8-e izd. M.: Norma, 2023. 784 s.7.Smirnov A.V. Naznachenie sudebnoj e`kspertizy` do vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela: problemy` i perspektivy` // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2022. № 4. S. 198–215.8.Shejfer S.A. Dokazatel`stva i dokazy`vanie po ugolovny`m delam: problemy` teorii i pravovogo regulirovaniya. M.: Norma, 2020. 320 s.9.Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (s izm. i dop.) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2001. № 52 (ch. I). St. 4921.10.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 04.03.2013 № 23-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 62 i 303 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii i Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2013. № 9. St. 875.11.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 11.11.2014 № 28-P // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2014. № 47. St. 6632.12.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 27.06.2000 № 11-P // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2000. № 27. St. 2882.13.Thaman S.C. Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Casebook Approach. 3rd ed. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2020. 720 p.14.Vogler R. A World View of Criminal Justice. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2019. 450 p.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The problem of the victim’s consent to the infliction of harm given under defects of willSUNAGATULLIN Stanislav RuslanovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the issue of the validity of the victim’s consent to the infliction of harm in the presence of defects of will in Russian civil law. It notes the absence of special regulation governing the invalidity of such consent and substantiates the presumption of applying general rules on the invalidity of transactions. Particular attention is paid to a comparative legal analysis of the German approach. The author argues for the necessity of a differentiated approach to assessing defects of will depending on the nature of the protected legal interest and proposes treating involuntary consent to the infliction of harm upon personal non-property rights as void due to its contradiction with the essence of legislative regulation.Keywords: victim’s consent, defects of will, invalidity of transactions, personal non-property rightsReferences1.Kohte W. Die rechtfertigende Einwilligung // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 1985. Bd. 185. H. 2.2.Ohly A. „Volenti non fit iniuria“. Die Einwilligung im Privatrecht. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002.3.Urteil des Bundesgerichtshofes vom 2. Dezember 1963 III ZR 222/62 // Neue Juristische Wochenschrift. München: C.H. Beck Verlag, 1964. Vol. 17.4.Asoskov A.V. Presekatel`ny`e sroki i ix sootnoshenie s drugimi vidami grazhdansko-pravovy`x srokov // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2018. № 4 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».5.Grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik v 4 t. / otv. red. E.A. Suxanov. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. T. 1.6.Grazhdanskoe ulozhenie. Kniga pyataya. Obyazatel`stva. Proekt Vy`sochajshe uchrezhdennoj Redakcionnoj Komissii po sostavleniyu Grazhdanskogo Ulozheniya. Tom pyaty`j. St. 937-1106. S ob``yasneniyami. SPb., 1899.7.Flejshicz E.A. Obyazatel`stva iz prichineniya vreda i neosnovatel`nogo obogashheniya. M., 1951.8.Shevchenko A.S., Shevchenko G.N. Ukaz. soch.; Boltanova E.S., Kratenko M.V. Deliktnoe pravo: uchebnoe posobie. M.: Yusticinform, 2022 // SPS «Garant».
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The Correlation of Vindication and Restitution in Case of a Void Transaction: Current Clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian FederationBREKHOVA Kristina YurievnaMaster’s Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, p. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the correlation between vindication and restitution in the event of invalidity of transactions, as well as the problem of competition between these claims in judicial practice. The study examines doctrinal approaches to distinguishing these methods of protecting civil rights. The current clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, including those contained in the Review of Judicial Practice No. 2 (2025), are summarized. The conditions for the emergence of ownership rights of a bona fide purchaser, as well as the criteria for the disposal of property from the possession of the owner against his will, are determined. The conclusion formulates the inadmissibility of using restitution to circumvent the restrictions of vindication and the priority of the vindication claim in disputes involving a bona fide purchaser.Keywords: vindication, restitution, bona fide purchaser, void transaction, disposal of property against the will, competition of claimsReferences1.Bevzenko R.S. Vvedenie v rossijskoe pravo nedvizhimosti. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2022. 406 s.2.Bogacheva T.M. Priznanie dobrosovestnogo vladeniya kak sposob zashhity` grazhdanskix prav: na primere vindikacii i restitucii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007. 178 s.3.Braginskij M.I., Vitryanskij V.V. Dogovornoe pravo. 3-e izd., ster. M.: Statut, 2001. Kn. 1: Obshhie polozheniya. 840 s.4.Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii. Chast` pervaya: postatejny`j / [V.G. Anceva i dr.]. 2-e izd. M.: RIOR, 2007. 735 s.5.Lorencz D.V. Vnedogovornaya zashhita registriruemogo imushhestva v Rossii i Germanii: monografiya. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo Baltijskogo federal`nogo un-ta im. Immanuila Kanta, 2023. 274 s.6.Morgunov S.V. Vindikaciya v grazhdanskom prave: Teoriya. Problemy`. Praktika. M.: Statut, 2006. 298 s.7.Murzin D.V. Vindikacionnaya model` zashhity` absolyutny`x imushhestvenny`x prav: monografiya. M.: Yurlitinform, 2023. 357 s.8.Nedejstvitel`nost` sdelki: kommentarij k stat`yam 166–181 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii / R.S. Bevzenko, S.L. Budy`lin, A.A. Gromov [i dr.]; otv. red. A.G. Karapetov. M.: Statut, 2025. 995 s.9.Sklovskij K.I. Sobstvennost` v grazhdanskom prave: ucheb.-prakt. posobie. 2-e izd. M.: Akad. nar. xoz-va pri Pravitel`stve Ros. Federacii; Delo, 2000. 510 s.10.Tuzov D.O. Teoriya nedejstvitel`nosti sdelok: opy`t rossijskogo prava v kontekste evropejskoj pravovoj tradicii. M.: Statut, 2007. 600 s.11.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 21 aprelya 2003 g. № 6-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozhenij punktov 1 i 2 stat`i 167 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Vestnik VAS RF. 2003. № 6.12.Postanovlenie Plenuma VAS RF ot 25 fevralya 1998 g. № 8 «O nekotory`x voprosax praktiki razresheniya sporov, svyazanny`x s zashhitoj prava sobstvennosti i drugix veshhny`x prav» // Vestnik VAS RF. 1998. № 5.13.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 22 iyunya 2017 g. № 16-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozheniya punkta 1 stat`i 302 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina A.N. Dubovcza» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2017. № 27. St. 4069.14.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki Verxovnogo Suda RF № 2 (2025), utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 18 iyunya 2025 g. // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_508032/ .15.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 9 oktyabrya 2017 g. № 308-E`S15-6280 po delu № A32-29459/2012 // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-verkhovnogo-suda-rf-ot-09102017-n-308-es15-6280-po-delu-n-a32-294592012/.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Foreign Experience of Cumulative Protection of Intellectual Property and Its Implementation in the Russian FederationSAPRYKIN Mikhail IvanovichCEO of LLC «AKG», Postgraduate Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The work is devoted to the study of cumulative (dual) protection of intellectual property in foreign legal orders and the possibilities of its implementation into Russian law. It has been established that models allowing parallel protection of one intellectual property asset by several legal regimes dominate in developed jurisdictions. It has been determined that the French theory of the «unity of art» represents the most advanced form of cumulativeness, ensuring the inseparable consolidation of exclusive rights with a single entity. The author concludes that borrowing elements of the French approach would eliminate the fragmentation of titles; in this connection, it is proposed to supplement Article 1235 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with a provision on the licensor’s mandatory statement regarding every possible legal regime for the transferred object.Keywords: cumulative protection, overlapping intellectual property rights, theory of the unity of art, industrial design, trademarkReferences1.Blinov I.S. E`volyuciya pravovogo regulirovaniya intellektual`noj sobstvennosti: retrospektiva i zarozhdenie problemy` peresecheniya prav intellektual`noj sobstvennosti // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2022. № 6. S. 30–34.2.Vorozhevich A.S. Peresechenie prav na tovarny`e znaki, proizvedeniya i promy`shlenny`e obrazcy // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2017. № 18. S. 45–57.3.Dorofeeva A.M. Pravovaya oxrana rezul`tatov intellektual`noj deyatel`nosti v legkoj promy`shlennosti: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk; Moskovskij gos. yurid. un-t im. O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA). Moskva, 2023.4.Kapy`rina N.I. Oxrana zarubezhnogo dizajna: nuzhna li nam vzaimnost`? // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2024. Dekabr`. № 4 (46). C. 60–79.5.Koroleva A.G. Isklyuchitel`ny`e prava na ob``ekty` promy`shlennogo dizajna: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk; Moskovskij gos. yurid. un-t im. O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA). Moskva, 2023.6.Minakova A.I. Voprosy` peresecheniya pravovy`x rezhimov proizvedeniya dizajna i promy`shlennogo obrazcza // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2023. Sentyabr`. Vy`p. 3 (41). S. 25–38.7.Derclaye E., Leistner M. Intellectual Property Overlaps: A European Perspective. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2011.8.Fuse T. Collaboration of Intellectual Property // APAA e-Newsletter. 2022. Issue No. 27 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://apaaonline.org/article/collaboration-of-intellectual-property/.9.Magliocca G. Ornamental Design and Incremental Innovation // Marquette Law Review. 2003. Vol. 86. № 5. P. 845–855.10.Mimler M. Copyright, trade marks, patents and designs. WIPO/BCC course. London, 11 September 2019 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.britishcopyright.org/wp-content/uploads/Day-8_M_Mimler_Overlaps-2019-.pdf.11.Moffat V.R. Mutant copyrights and backdoor patents: the problem of overlapping intellectual property protection // Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 2004. Vol. 19. № 4. P. 1473–1532 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://btlj.org/data/articles2015/vol19/19_4/19-berkeley-tech-l-j-1473-1532.pdf.12.Strasser M. The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection Revisited: Putting the Dilution Doctrine Into Context // Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. 2000. Vol. 10. № 2. P. 375–428.13.Wilkof N., Basheer Sh. Overlapping intellectual property rights (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, 2012 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780192658715_A46966975/preview-9780192658715_A46966975.pdf.14.Yan Z., Yan S. Two-dimensional trademark helps to protect three-dimensional bottle shape [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ab3b4d8f-0a62-4f9d-8452-8c932b2b414b.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
«Digital Accessibility» of Medical Care as an Element of Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: From Telemedicine to Remote MonitoringGULAY Oleg NikolaevichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Constitutional Law and Constitutional Procedure of the Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the «digital accessibility» of medical care as an additional dimension of the implementation of Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital transformation of healthcare. The article aims to identify the parameters of public-law regulation necessary to ensure that access to medical care in a digitally transformed healthcare system remains both non-discriminatory and safe. To achieve this objective, the study employs general scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, alongside formal legal and comparative legal methods. The article demonstrates how electronic health records, telemedicine, information infrastructure in healthcare, and mobile applications are forming an independent channel of access to medical care, thereby transforming the model of healthcare delivery. At the same time, digital transformation alters not only the conditions of access to healthcare, but also the legal characterization of the actions of physicians and medical organizations. In addition, the study identifies the need to establish requirements relating to connectivity, devices, digital literacy, and the security of information exchange, and substantiates the need for minimum quality standards and the preservation of offline alternatives for groups at risk of digital exclusion.Keywords: digital accessibility, right to health, medical care, telemedicine, remote medical observation, remote patient monitoring, personal medical assistantsReferences1.Gadzhieva A.O., Trubina V.A., Solov`eva-Oposhnyanskaya A.Yu. Mobil`ny`e prilozheniya i e`kosistemy` v sfere zdravooxraneniya: pravovy`e aspekty` // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2025. T. 18. № 4. S. 267–291.2.Davy`dova M.L. Telemedicina i e`ksperimental`ny`e pravovy`e rezhimy` v oblasti zdravooxraneniya: problemy` i perspektivy` vnedreniya // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2023. T. 27. № 3. C. 564–582.3.Zaporozhcev D.S. Biometricheskie danny`e kak sredstvo udalennoj identifikacii cheloveka // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2025. T. 29. № 4. C. 981–994.4.Makarov V.O. Pravovoe regulirovanie telemediciny` v Rossii // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2025. T. 29. № 2. C. 562–581.5.Romanovskaya O.V., Romanovskij G.B. Pravo i cifrovizaciya sovremennogo zdravooxraneniya // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2024. T. 28. № 3. C. 565–583.6.Smirnova E.A., Shishanova A.A. Telemedicina v novy`x pravovy`x realiyax // Rossijskij zhurnal telemediciny` i e`lektronnogo zdravooxraneniya. 2018. № 3. S. 91–97.7.Mine`konomrazvitiya schitaet uspeshny`mi itogi e`ksperimenta po personal`ny`m medicinskim pomoshhnikam // Ministerstvo e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/minekonomrazvitiya_schitaet_uspeshnymi_itogi_eksperimenta_po_personalnym_medicinskim_pomoshchnikam.html.8.Mixail Murashko vy`stupil na kruglom stole «Cifrovaya transformaciya zdravooxraneniya v gosudarstvax–chlenax EAE`S: strategicheskie prioritety`» // Ministerstvo zdravooxraneniya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/news/2025/12/25/29392-mihail-murashko-vystupil-na-kruglom-stole-tsifrovaya-transformatsiya-zdravoohraneniya-v-gosudarstvah-chlenah-eaes-strategicheskie-prioritety.9.«Personal`ny`e medicinskie pomoshhniki» dopolneny` novy`mi sistemami monitoringa // Ministerstvo e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/personalnye_medicinskie_pomoshchniki_dopolneny_novymi_sistemami_monitoringa.html.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
УДК 347.9:004.8doi 10.52068/2304-9839_2026_79_2_121Machina Adiuvat, Homo Iudicat: системные пороки инструментов искусственного интеллекта и критерии допустимости в судопроизводствеЕСЬКОВ Александр АлександровичСудебный эксперт, сотрудник ООО «Кадастровая оценка и экспертиза»628601, г. Нижневартовск, ул. Ханты-Мансийская, д. 2, стр. 1, оф. 213, Российская ФедерацияАннотация: На основе сценарного анализа диспозиции участников процесса (включая внесудебное правоприменение) впервые систематизированы и классифицированы 16 базовых пороков автоматизации, в том числе: цифровое неравенство, дефицит транспарентности, уязвимость к атакам на модель, алгоритмическая предвзятость, разрыв ответственности, ИИ-обструкция, когнитивная атрофия и тиражирование некорректных правовых позиций. Сформулированы шесть нормативных условий интеграции ИИ в правосудие, включая этапный стандарт человеческого контроля, запрет полной автоматизации, введение процессуальных противовесов злоупотреблениям, императивное раскрытие факта использования ИИ, персонифицированную юридическую ответственность и обеспечение технологического суверенитета. Ключевой принцип допустимости: machina adiuvat, homo iudicat – машина помогает, судит человек.Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект в судопроизводстве, большие языковые модели (LLM), принцип достаточного основания, юридическая техника, допустимость доказательств, цифровое неравенство, дефицит транспарентности, алгоритмическая предвзятость, разрыв ответственности, злонамеренные атаки на ИИ, ИИ-обструкция, когнитивная атрофия, аудит алгоритмов, технологический суверенитет, человеческий контрольReferences1.Advokat vy`yavil priznaki ispol`zovaniya II pri sostavlenii obvinitel`nogo prigovora // Advokatskaya gazeta [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/advokat-vyyavil-priznaki-ispolzovaniya-ii-pri-sostavlenii-obvinitelnogo-prigovora-/.2.Baginskij V.D. Pravovaya priroda i specifika realizacii iskusstvennogo intellekta v rossijskoj sudebnoj sisteme // Pravovaya informatika. 2026. № 1. S. 00–16. DOI: 10.24412/1994-1404-2026-1-00-16.3.V kubanskix prigovorax poyavilsya intellekt // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8120207.4.Vol`f Xr. Razumny`e my`sli o Boge, mire i dushe cheloveka, a takzhe o vsex veshhax voobshhe, soobshhenny`e lyubitelyam istiny` Xristianom Vol`fom // Xristian Vol`f i filosofiya v Rossii / pod red. V.A. Zhuchkova. SPb., 2001.5.Gun Nan`. Sudebnoe primenenie i ogranicheniya iskusstvennogo intellekta // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo. 2025. № 1. S. 230–251. URL: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2025.117.6.Zakonoproekt «Ob osnovax gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya sfer primeneniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Mincifry` Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://regulation.gov.ru/projects/166424/.7.Zakonoproekt № 1069302-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob informacii, informacionny`x texnologiyax i o zashhite informacii» (v chasti obyazatel`noj markirovki videomaterialov, sozdanny`x s ispol`zovaniem texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1069302-8.8.Zakonoproekt № 467977-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii» (v chasti ispol`zovaniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v period izbiratel`ny`x kampanij) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/467977-8.9.Zakonoproekt № 993193-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O vy`borax deputatov Gosudarstvennoj Dumy` Federal`nogo Sobraniya Rossijskoj Federacii» (o primenenii texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta pri izgotovlenii agitacionny`x materialov) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/993193-8.10.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobrenny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020).11.Konferenciya «Advokatura i pravosudie v e`poxu II» 11.04.2026 g. // Centr konstitucionnogo pravosudiya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://constitutional-center.ru/product/advokatura-i-pravosudie-v-epohu-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-konstituczionnye-riski-i-sposoby-zashhity/.12.Koncepciya razvitiya texnologij mashinochitaemogo prava (utv. Pravitel`stvennoj komissiej po cifrovomu razvitiyu, ispol`zovaniyu informacionny`x texnologij dlya uluchsheniya kachestva zhizni i uslovij vedeniya predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti, protokol ot 15.09.2021 № 31).13.Lejbnicz G.V. Opy`ty` teodicei / per. s fr. i lat. K. Istomina i F. Smirnova; primech. V. Sokolova; vstupit. st. A. Markova. M.: RIPOL klassik, 2018. 496 s.14.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` vtoraya) ot 05.08.2000 № 117-FZ.15.Postanovlenie Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam ot 12.05.2025 № A60-39444/2024, S01-284/2025.16.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 19.08.2020 № 2129-r «Ob utverzhdenii Koncepcii razvitiya regulirovaniya otnoshenij v sfere texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta i robototexniki do 2024 goda».17.Iering R. fon. Yuridicheskaya texnika / per. s nem. F.S. Shendorfa. SPb., 1905.18.Sviridova P.M. O zakone dostatochnogo osnovaniya: Lejbnicz, Kant, Shopengaue`r // Obshhestvo: filosofiya, istoriya, kul`tura. 2022. № 6. S. 65–71. URL: https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2022.6.10.19.Talapina E`.V. Prozrachnost` algoritmov iskusstvennogo intellekta // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2025. T. 18. № 3. S. 4–27. DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2025.3.4.27.20.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 10.10.2019 № 490 «O razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» (vmeste s «Nacional`noj strategiej razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta na period do 2030 goda»).21.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 03.07.2016 № 230-FZ «O zashhite prav i zakonny`x interesov fizicheskix licz pri osushhestvlenii deyatel`nosti po vozvratu prosrochennoj zadolzhennosti i o vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O mikrofinansovoj deyatel`nosti i mikrofinansovy`x organizaciyax».22.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 13.03.2006 № 38-FZ «O reklame».23.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 24.04.2020 № 123-FZ «O provedenii e`ksperimenta po ustanovleniyu special`nogo regulirovaniya v celyax sozdaniya neobxodimy`x uslovij dlya razrabotki i vnedreniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v sub``ekte Rossijskoj Federacii – gorode federal`nogo znacheniya Moskve, ob osobennostyax obrabotki perso-nal`ny`x danny`x pri formirovanii regional`ny`x sostavov danny`x i predostavleniya dostupa k regional`ny`m sostavam danny`x i vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 6 i 10 Federal`nogo zakona «O personal`ny`x danny`x».24.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.07.2006 № 152-FZ «O per-sonal`ny`x danny`x».25.Fetisova V.E. Zakon dostatochnosti osnovaniya v nemeczkoj filosofii e`poxi prosveshheniya // MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, filosofskij fakul`tet. 2013. DOI: 10.5922/0207-6918-2013-4-5.26.Frolov A.A. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt v sudebnoj sisteme: mezhdu e`ffektivnost`yu i spravedlivost`yu // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2026. № 3. S. 56–60. DOI: 10.18572/1812-3791-2026-3-56-60.27.AI Diffusion Report: Where AI is most used, Developed, And built // Microsoft AI Economy Institute [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Microsoft-AI-Diffusion-Report.pdf.28.Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07139.29.Reiling A.D. Courts and Artificial Intelligence // International Journal for Court Administration. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 8. URL: https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.343.30.European ethical charter on the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and their environment // CEPEJ. 2018 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rm.coe.int/ethical-charter-en-for-publication-4-december-2018/16808f699c.31.Conley A.C. Legal Educations Role in Combating Automation Bias and Complacency with Generative AI in the Practice of Law // Kilaw Journal. 2024.32.Conley A.C. Understanding the Duty of Competence for Attorneys Using Generative AI // North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology. 2025. Vol. 27. Iss. 1. P. 65.33.EU AI Act [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1689.34.Gerlich M. AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking // Societies. 2025. Vol. 15. Iss. 1. P. 6. DOI: 10.3390/soc15010006.35.Global AI Adoption in 2025 – A Widening Digital Divide // Microsoft AI Economy Institute [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/aiei/ai-diffusion/.36.Government AI Readiness Index 2025 // Oxford Insights [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness/government-ai-readiness-index-2025/.37.Tomlinson K., Jaffe S., Wang W., Counts S., Suri S. Working with AI: Measuring the Applicability of Generative AI to Occupations [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07935.38.Kolbeinsson A., Kolbeinsson B. Adversarial negotiation dynamics in generative language models // NeurIPS 2024 Workshop on Red Teaming GenAI [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.00069.39.McConnell V., Odegard L. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Critical Thinking (White Paper). Thomson Reuters, 2025.40.The OECD Digital Government Policy Framework: Six dimensions of a Digital Government // OECD Public Governance Policy Papers. No. 2. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/f64fed2a-en.41.Recommendation of the Council on Access to Justice and People-Centred Justice Systems // OECD. 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0498.42.Governing with Artificial Intelligence: Are governments ready? // OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers. No. 20. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/26324bc2-en.43.Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/795de142-en.44.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/artificial-intelligence.html.45.Redden J., O’Donovan Dix M. Artificial intelligence in the criminal justice system: Demystifying artificial intelligence, its applications, and potential risks. 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/artificial-intelligence-criminal-justice-system-demystifying.46.The EU general data protection regulation (GDPR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/data-protection-regulation/.47.Which Economic Tasks are Performed with AI? Evidence from Millions of Claude Conversations // The Anthropic Economic Index [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-anthropic-economic-index.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Ensuring the Reliability of the Victim’s Testimony: Interrogation Tactics in Case of Suspected External InfluenceAKHMETGALEEV Vadim RalifovichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminalistics of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation450103, Ufa, Muksinova str., 2, Russian FederationAbstract: The article systematizes a three-stage model of interrogation of a victim with potential negative impact from those involved in the crime. Tactical techniques have been developed for each stage of the interrogation, criteria for assessing the risks of distortion of testimony, and methods for collecting information about channels of influence. The rules for recording evidentiary information are formulated, the need for interaction between the investigation and operational units is substantiated, and recommendations are given on the application of security measures within the framework of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 119-FZ.Keywords: interrogation, victim, negative impact, interrogation tactics, investigative actions, security measures, criminalistic tactics, preventive measures, protection of participants in legal proceedingsReferences1.Zhizhina M.V., Zav`yalova D.V. Rassledovanie prestuplenij v sfere komp`yuternoj informacii v Rossijskoj Federacii i zarubezhny`x stranax: monografiya. M.: Prospekt, 2023.2.Kozy`reva I.E. Psixologicheskie osobennosti vy`yavleniya i preodoleniya lozhny`x pokazanij svidetelej i poterpevshix na predvaritel`nom sledstvii // Izvestiya TulGU. E`konomicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki. 2023. № 4.3.Fadeev P.V. Pravovaya pomoshh` uchastnikam ugolovnogo processa v dosudebnom proizvodstve: monografiya. M.: Yurlitinform, 2020.4.Mishin A.V. Tipichnaya kriminalisticheskaya xarakteristika postkriminal`nogo protivopravnogo vozdejstviya kak komponent chastnoj kriminalisticheskoj teorii obespecheniya bezopasnosti uchastnikov ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva // VE`PS. 2024. № 1.5.Belkin R.S. Kriminalisticheskaya e`nciklopediya. M., 2000.6.Enikeev M.I., Cherny`x E`.A. Psixologiya doprosa: uchebnoe posobie. M., 1994.7.Obrazczov V.A., Bogomolova S.N. Kriminalisticheskaya psixologiya. M., 2010.8.Porubov N.I. Dopros: processual`ny`e i kriminalisticheskie aspekty`: monografiya. M., 2013.9.Sibil`kova A.V. Psixologicheskie aspekty` taktiki doprosa v paradigme razvitiya kriminalistiki // Trudy` Akademii upravleniya MVD Rossii. 2022. № 1 (61).10.Polyakov V.V. Kriminalisticheskaya klassifikaciya sub``ektov protivodejstviya rassledovaniyu vy`sokotexno-logichny`x prestuplenij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2023. № 2 (147).11.Ty`dy`kova N.V. O problemax ponimaniya priznakov sostava ugrozy` ubijstvom // Yurislingvistika. 2023. № 28 (39).12.Kashin O.V. Ob ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti za podkup svidetelya, poterpevshego, istcza, e`ksperta, specialista ili perevodchika // Chelovek: prestuplenie i nakazanie. 2016. № 1 (92).13.Axmetgaleev V.R. Taktiko-kriminalisticheskie osobennosti primeneniya mer presecheniya v processe pred-varitel`nogo rassledovaniya: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2024.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Effectiveness of Administrative Penalties: Criteria, Indicators, and Methodology of Assessment (Theoretical and Applied Analysis)ZAGUMENNY Kirill IlyichSenior Lecturer of the Department of Administrative Law and Administrative Activities of Internal Affairs Bodies of the Branch of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation400075, Volgograd, Istoricheskaya str., 130, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a theoretical and applied analysis of the effectiveness of administrative penalties as a key institution of administrative tort law. It is argued that the effectiveness of administrative penalties cannot be reduced to formal statistical indicators (such as the number of protocols issued and the amount of fines imposed), but rather represents a comprehensive characteristic that reflects the achievement of the goals set out in Article 3.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, while minimizing the costs of law enforcement. There are four criteria for the effectiveness of administrative penalties: preventive, feasibility, economic, and socio-legal.Keywords: administrative punishment, efficiency, efficiency criteria, prevention, enforceability, economic efficiency, social justiceReferences1.Veremeenko I.I. Administrativno-pravovy`e sankcii. M., 1975.2.Gusev V.A., Deryuga A.N. Prichiny` snizheniya e`ffektivnosti administrativnogo nakazaniya // Yuridicheskaya nauka i pravooxranitel`naya praktika. 2021. № 4 (58). S. 20–25.3.Mardieva E`.R., Yaxina R.R. Ob e`ffektivnosti admi-nistrativny`x nakazanij // Al`manax mirovoj nauki. 2016. № 4–3 (7). S. 30–34.4.Pashkov A.S., Yavich L.S. E`ffektivnost` dejstviya pravovoj normy` (k metodologii i metodike sociologicheskogo issledovaniya) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1970. № 3.5.Rogacheva O.S. E`ffektivnost` norm administrativno-deliktnogo prava: avtoref. dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. Voronezh, 2012.6.Solov`eva S.V. E`ffektivnost` pravoprimeneniya administrativny`x nakazanij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` administrativnogo i finansovogo prava. Sbornik statej konferencii. Krasnodar, 2025. S. 259–267.7.Czukanov N.N. Teoriya i praktika proizvodstva po delam ob administrativny`x pravonarusheniyax, osushhestvlyaemogo v organax vnutrennix del: avtoref. dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. Chelyabinsk, 2011.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Some aspects of organizational support for preliminary investigation in emergency situationsTSOPANOVA Indira GeorgievnaCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Russian Customs Academy140074, Lyubertsy, Komsomolsky Prospect, 4, Russian FederationMIKHAILOV Petr IgorevichApplicant for the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Russian Customs Academy140074, Lyubertsy, Komsomolsky Prospect, 4, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines problematic aspects of organizational support for preliminary investigation in non-standard settings, substantiates the expediency of using a group form of investigation, and puts forward a proposal for the formation of specialized investigative teams, with a definition of a specialized investigative team being formulated. The necessity of using a group form of investigation in emergency situations is predetermined, first of all, by the complexity of the investigation due to the presence of many negative factors, including those entailing a constant presence of danger to the life and health of participants in criminal proceedings, as well as the ineffectiveness of «traditional» legal and organizational mechanisms for ensuring the investigation. The destabilization of the activities of local state bodies, not only investigative bodies, but also others involved in the investigation, in turn, predetermines the need to involve law enforcement officers from «non-problematic» territories in the investigation, which determines the interdepartmental nature of such a team’s work and the need to include, in addition to investigators, other officials and other persons providing the investigation. The authors propose to endow a specialized investigative team with the authority to investigate all crimes committed in a «problematic» territory, and not just those directly related to the occurrence of an emergency situation. To solve the designated tasks and increase the effectiveness of the group form of investigation, a number of proposals are put forward on reforming the current criminal procedure law.Keywords: investigative team, specialized investigative team, investigative-operational group, investigation in an exceptional situation, preliminary investigation in an emergency situation, organizational support of the investigation, exceptional situation, emergency situation, emergency circumstancesReferences1.Federal`ny`j konstitucionny`j zakon ot 07.02.2011 № 1-FKZ (red. ot 31.07.2023) «O sudax obshhej yurisdikcii v Rossijskoj Federacii», stat`ya 37 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_110271/.2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 17.12.1998 № 188-FZ (red. ot 01.07.2021) «O mirovy`x sud`yax v Rossijskoj Federacii», stat`ya 10 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_21335/.3.Doktrina informacionnoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii, utverzhdennaya Ukazom Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 05.12.2016 № 646 «Ob utverzhdenii Doktriny` informacionnoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii», punkt 33 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_208191/.4.Averina K.N., Podkatilina M.L., Shamaev G.P. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 31 maya 2001 g. № 73-FZ «O gosudarstvennoj sudebno-e`kspertnoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Federacii» (postatejny`j) // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://login.consultant.ru/link/?req=doc&base=CMB&n=18722&dst=102225&demo=1.5.Grigor`ev V.N. Rassledovanie prestuplenij v chrezvy`chajny`x usloviyax: pravovoe obespechenie, organizaciya, metodika: dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk: 12.00.09. M., 1993. 564 s.6.Popov I. A. Sledstvennaya gruppa kak odna iz form kollektivnogo metoda rassledovaniya prestuplenij: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy` razvitiya // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2013. № 3 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sledstvennaya-gruppa-kak-odna-iz-form-kollektivnogo-metoda-rassledovaniya-prestupleniy-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-perspektivy-razvitiya.7.Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (red. ot 07.06.2025), stat`ya 163 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/.8.Lubyagin M.S. Sledstvenny`e gruppy` v rossijskom ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: teoreticheskie osnovy`, poryadok formirovaniya i deyatel`nosti: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk: 5.1.4. Irkutsk, 2024. 272 s.9.Kratkaya xarakteristika sostoyaniya prestupnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii za yanvar` – dekabr` 2025 goda // Ministerstvo vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/reports/item/77848182/.10.Larichev V.D., Kuchkina V.G. Ponyatie i sushhnost` sledstvennoj i sledstvenno-operativnoj grupp // Vestnik Voronezhskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2016. № 1. S. 118–124.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
The Doctrine of Guilt in Contemporary Criminal Law Dissertation ResearchPORAIKO Vasily VyacheslavovichAdvocate, Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure of the Far Eastern Institute (branch) of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)680021, Khabarovsk, Gerasimova street, 31, Russian FederationAbstract: The doctrine of guilt remains one of the most dynamically developing areas of criminal law scholarship, as evidenced by numerous dissertation studies over the past decades. Scholarly interest in this subject is driven by the need to adapt classical doctrinal approaches to contemporary challenges such as digitalization, the growth of crimes in the economic and environmental spheres, and the increasing influence of international legal standards on the interpretation of guilt and the presumption of innocence.Modern dissertations reveal several key directions of development: clarification of the content of intent and negligence; examination of mixed forms of guilt; elaboration of criteria for differentiating liability with consideration of the motivational sphere of the individual (S.V. Sklyarov); conceptualization of guilt as a systemic element of the corpus delicti (A.I. Plotnikov); analysis of the problems of qualification of guilt and forms of negligence (S.Yu. Korableva); emphasis on the value-motivational level of intent and the necessity of unifying judicial practice (V.V. Naiboychenko); identification of the specificity of the subjective element in formal offences (A.Yu. Shiryaev); examination of the principle of subjective imputation in crimes with two forms of guilt (T.S. Kovalenko); justification of «special innocence» on psychophysiological grounds (I.V. Teslitsky); and the development of a formalized model of causality in negligent medical crimes (E.O. Igonina). The analysis of these studies demonstrates a clear trend toward the expansion of the methodological basis of the doctrine of guilt through the integration of psychological, criminological, and comparative-legal approaches. Promising avenues of research include: the formalization of criteria for distinguishing forms of guilt, the development of probabilistic models of causality, the consideration of psychophysiological characteristics of the perpetrator in qualification, the adaptation of categories of guilt to the digital environment, and the introduction of interdisciplinary methods into judicial and expert practice.Keywords: guilt, intent, negligence, subjective element of crime, mixed forms of guilt, casus, principle of subjective imputation, blameless harm, medical error, causalityReferences1.Sklyarov S.V. Vina i motivy` prestupnogo povedeniya kak osnovanie differenciacii i individualizacii ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2004.2.Plotnikov A.I. Ob``ektivnoe i sub``ektivnoe v prestuplenii: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2012.3.Korableva S.Yu. Vina kak ugolovno-pravovaya kategoriya i ee vliyanie na kvalifikaciyu prestuplenij: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2013.4.Najbojchenko V.V. Vina v umy`shlenny`x prestupleniyax: zakon, teoriya, praktika: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2016.5.Shiryaev A.Yu. Predmetnoe soderzhanie viny` v prestupleniyax s formal`ny`m sostavom: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2013.6.Kovalenko T.S. Princip sub``ektivnogo vmeneniya i problemy` ego realizacii v prestupleniyax s dvumya formami viny`: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2016.7.Tesliczkij I.V. Nevinovnoe prichinenie vreda po psixofiziologicheskomu osnovaniyu v ugolovnom prave: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Stavropol`, 2004.8.Igonina E.O. Prichinnaya svyaz` v prestupleniyax, sovershyonny`x medicinskimi rabotnikami po neostorozhnosti: dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2025.9.Zajceva N.V. Sposoby` opredeleniya razumnosti v deliktny`x pravootnosheniyax na primere stran obshhego prava // Vestnik Saratovskoj gosudarstvennoj yuridicheskoj akademii. 2020. № 5 (136). S. 170–178.10.Al`-Baiti Muxtar Avad Abdulla. Vina v strukture sub``ektivnoj storony` prestupleniya po ugolovnomu pravu respubliki Jemen: problemy` i ix reshenie: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2019.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Continuity in Law as an Object of Study of the Anthropology of Law: Problem StatementKUZYUROVA Daria DmitrievnaApplicant of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, bldg. 1, Russian FederationAbstract: The anthropology of law is a vital field of study that explores the nature of law and related concepts, developed in response to the challenges of the postmodern era. This article aims to apply the main principles of the anthropological approach to law to the study of legal continuity, a phenomenon that has long been of interest to scholars, yet remains unexplored in terms of post-non-classical theory. The author emphasizes the significance of understanding the core aspects of legal succession, while identifying several areas that require further investigation. By examining these issues, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and intricacies of legal change over time. In particular, the author discusses the challenges of defining the role of an individual in the process of succession in law, as well as the transcendental basis of succession. The author also explores the relationship between succession and other aspects of legal development, such as legal acculturation and expansion, and examines traditional and innovative aspects in the evolution of law.Keywords: continuity in law, anthropology of law, legal acculturation, legal expansion, legal cultureReferences1.Pavlov V.I. Postklassicheskaya yurisprudenciya v sovremennom obshheteoreticheskom pravovedenii: formirovanie antropologicheskoj koncepcii prava // Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya yurisprudenciya. 2025. № 3. S. 41–54.2.Chestnov I.L. Antropologiya kak metodologiya postsovremennoj yurisprudencii // Zhurnal Yuridicheskoj antropologii i konfliktologii. 2022. № 1. S. 21–26.3.Chestnov I.L. Konstruktivizm v postsovremennoj yurisprudencii // Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya yurisprudenciya. 2024. № 2. S. 8–13.4.Polyakov A.V. Postklassicheskaya yurisprudenciya, e`volyucionnaya teoriya i nejronauka (ispoved` kommunikativista) // Postklassicheskie issledovaniya prava: perspektivy` nauchno-issledovatel`skoj programmy`: kollektivnaya monografiya / pod red. E.N. Tonkova, I.L. Chestnova. SPb.: Aletejya, 2023. 500 s.5.«Koncepciya razvitiya grazhdanskogo zakonoda-tel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii» (odobrena resheniem Soveta pri Prezidente RF po kodifikacii i sovershenstvovaniyu grazhdanskogo zakonodatel`stva ot 07.10.2009) // Vestnik VAS RF. 2009. № 11.6.Songinajte N.S. Social`naya antropologiya Bronislava Malinovskogo // ZhSSA. 1998. № 2. S. 36–43.7.Baxtin M.M. E`stetika slovesnogo tvorchestva. M.: Iskusstvo, 1979. 423 s.8.Bibler V.S. Kul`tura. Dialog kul`tur (opy`t opredeleniya) // Voprosy` filosofii. 1989. № 6. S. 31–42.9.Rulan N. Yuridicheskaya antropologiya. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. Perevod s francz. Otvetstvenny`j redaktor – chlen-korr. RAN, doktor yuridicheskix nauk, professor V.S. Nersesyancz. M.: Izdatel`stvo NORMA, 1999. 310 s.10.Kartashov V.N. Yuridicheskaya akkul`turaciya i yuridicheskaya e`kspansiya: problemy` sootnosheniya // Vestnik KGU. 2019. № 3. S. 153–157.11.Aktual`ny`e problemy` teorii i istorii pravovoj sistemy` obshhestva: sb. nauch. tr. / otv. red. prof. V.N. Kartashov; Yarosl. gos. un-t. Yaroslavl`: YarGU, 2015. Vy`p. 14. 180 s.12.Litvinovich F.F. Preemstvennost` v prave (Voprosy` teorii i praktiki): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2000. 179 c.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
On the Meaning of the Term «General Contract» in Russian Construction LawABDULLIN Ildar RafisovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the ambiguity of the term «general contract» (generalnyy podryad) in Russian civil law scholarship. The author identifies two distinct meanings: (a) a subcontracting chain where the general contractor redistributes the scope of work by engaging subcontractors (Article 706 of the Russian Civil Code); (b) a contractual structure in construction that reflects the project delivery method where design is provided by the client and the contractor performs construction according to the technical documentation (design-bid-build). Тhe author argues for a terminological distinction between these two meanings.Keywords: general contract, construction contract, subcontract, contractual structure, design and construction, design-bid-buildReferences1.Verb S.A. Kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii (uchebno-prakticheskij). Chasti pervaya, vtoraya, tret`ya, chetvyortaya (postatejny`j) / pod red. S.A. Stepanova. 2-e izd. M., 2009. S. 309 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik: v 4 t. T. IV / otv. red. E.A. Suxanov. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. 606 s.3.Zikun I.I. Dogovor subpodryada: kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2021. № 4. T. 21. S. 130–176.4.Nikolaeva Z.E., Egorov K.F. Upravlenie dogovor-ny`mi svyazyami v stroitel`nom proekte: otechestvenny`j i mezhdunarodny`j opy`t // Problemy` stroitel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 2 / M.: Statut, 2023. S. 317–348.5.Ponomarev N.A. Est` li v Rossii mesto dogovoru stroitel`nogo podryada «pod klyuch»? // Problemy` stro-itel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 2 / M.: Statut, 2023. S. 437–462.6.Ponomarev N.A. Rossijskaya i anglijskaya modeli otvetstvennosti podryadchika v kontekste dogovora na proektirovanie i stroitel`stvo // Problemy` stroitel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 3 / M.: Statut, 2024. S. 523–538.7.Rovny`j V.V. Kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii. Chast` vtoraya (postatejny`j): uchebno-prakticheskij kommentarij / pod red. A.P. Sergeeva. M.: Prospekt, 2010.8.Bailey J. Construction Law. 2nd ed. London: Informa Law from Routledge, 2016. 2203 p.9.Klee L. International Construction Contract Law. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2015. 563 p.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Classification of Commercial Legal Entities in Russian Law and Its Legal SignificanceMELIKIAN Albert SpartakovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Moscow Financial-Industrial University «Synergy»129090, Moscow, Meshchanskaya str., 9/14, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the classification of commercial legal entities in Russian law and reveals its significance for law enforcement. The main criteria for dividing commercial organizations are analyzed, including the distinction between corporate and unitary forms, differences in the method of founder participation, specifics of the property regime, and the model of internal governance. Particular attention is paid to the legal consequences of classification, which are reflected in the content of corporate rights, the structure of governing bodies, the limits of property risk, the nature of liability, and the methods of protecting the interests of participants and creditors. It is substantiated that the classification of commercial legal entities has not only theoretical but also direct practical significance, since it determines the legal regime of a particular organization and the predictability of its participation in civil turnover.Keywords: commercial legal entities, classification of legal entities, commercial organizations, corporate legal entities, unitary legal entities, legal consequences of classification, civil law, corporate law.References1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30 noyab. 1994 g. № 51-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1994. № 32. St. 3301.2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 8 fevr. 1998 g. № 14-FZ «Ob obshhestvax s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost`yu» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1998. № 7. St. 785.3.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 26 dek. 1995 g. № 208-FZ «Ob akcionerny`x obshhestvax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1996. № 1. St. 1.4.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 8 maya 1996 g. № 41-FZ «O proizvodstvenny`x kooperativax» // Sobranie zakonoda-tel`stva RF. 1996. № 20. St. 2321.5.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 14 noyab. 2002 g. № 161-FZ «O gosudarstvenny`x i municipal`ny`x unitarny`x predpriyatiyax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2002. № 48. St. 4746.6.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 3 dek. 2011 g. № 380-FZ «O xozyajstvenny`x partnerstvax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`-stva RF. 2011. № 49 (ch. V). St. 7058.7.Gutnikov O.V. Klassifikaciya yuridicheskix licz v sovremennom korporativnom prave: organizacionno-pravovy`e formy` i kriterii ix razgranicheniya // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2022. T. 15. № 2. S. 128–163.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Private Autonomy in Tort Law as a Prerequisite for Consent to HarmSUNAGATULLIN Stanislav RuslanovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal and ethical content of the principle volenti non fit iniuria as a fundamental basis for the victim’s consent to harm. The author analyzes this principle through the lens of private autonomy, revealing its connection with the ideas of self-determination and responsibility. Particular attention is given to the philosophical foundations of autonomy and their significance for justifying consent to harm. The paper also addresses the limits of autonomy in law, including issues of legal capacity, informed consent, and the permissibility of private regulation in tort relations. It is concluded that the principle volenti non fit iniuria is grounded in both deontological and utilitarian considerations, which make it possible to legitimize consent to harm.Keywords: victim’s consent, tort law, autonomy of willReferences1.Buchanan A. Medical paternalism // Paternalism / ed. by R. Sartorius. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.2.Canaris C.-W. Grundrechte und Privatrecht // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 1984. Bd. 184. S. 201-246.3.Cooter R., Ulen T. Law and economics. 3rd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.4.Drexl J. Die wirtschaftliche Selbstbestimmung des Verbrauchers. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998.5.Hollerbach A. Selbstbestimmung im Recht. Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1996.6.Ohly A. Volenti non fit iniuria. Die Einwilligung im Privatrecht. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002.7.Sandel M. Liberalism and the limits of justice. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.8.Belyakova A.M. Grazhdansko-pravovaya otvetstvennost` za prichinenie vreda. M.: Izdatel`stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1986.9.Mill` Dzh.S. O svobode // O svobode. Antologiya mirovoj liberal`noj my`sli (I poloviny` XX veka). M.: Progress-Tradiciya, 2000. S. 288–392. Per. s angl. A.N. Nevedomskogo.10.Yaichkov K.K. Prava, voznikayushhie v svyazi s poterej zdorov`ya. M., 1964.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Practical Application of Cumulative Protection of Intellectual Property in Innovative IndustriesSAPRYKIN Mikhail IvanovichCEO of LLC «AKG», Postgraduate Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: This article analyzes the application of cumulative intellectual property protection in innovative industries. The author views cumulative protection as a mechanism for the simultaneous use of several legal regimes – copyright, patent law, trademarks, know-how – with respect to a single intellectual property object.Keywords: cumulative protection, intellectual property, innovative industries, parallel protection, creative industries, results of intellectual activityReferences1.Vorozhevich A.S. Pravovaya oxrana dizajna: avtorskoe ili patentnoe pravo? // Rol` intellektual`noj sobstvennosti v prory`vnom nauchno-texnologicheskom razvitii obshhestva: tezisy` dokladov XXIII Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii Rospatenta. M.: FGBU «FIPS», 2019. S. 47–50.2.Gajneman A.A. Pravo v industrii mody`. M.: Prospekt, 2020. 160 s.3.Drogovoz P.A., Kashevarova N.A. Nou-xau kak al`ternativny`j instrument zashhity` intellektual`noj sobstvennosti v usloviyax patentny`x vojn // Inzhenerny`j zhurnal: nauka i innovacii. 2014. № 3 (27). S. 1–11.4.Kosiczkij A.O. Avtorsko-pravovaya oxrana proizvedenij dekorativno-prikladnogo iskusstva i dizajna // Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2024. № 1 (154). S. 105–115.5.Kumulyativnaya zashhita: dlya chego odnovremenno registrirovat` tovarny`j znak, avtorskoe pravo i patenty` na primere sudebny`x razbiratel`stv // Blog Byuro patentov Izibrend. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ezybrand.ru/blog/kumulyativnaya-zashhita/.6.L`vicyna A.O., Aliev T.T. K voprosu ob oxrane promy`shlenny`x obrazczov v oblasti farmacevtiki // Obrazovanie i pravo. 2022. № 12. S. 177–180.7.Pravo intellektual`noj sobstvennosti: Uchebnik / O.L. Alekseeva, A.S. Vorozhevich, O.S. Grin` i dr.; pod obshh. red. L.A. Novoselovoj. T. 4: Patentnoe pravo. M.: Statut, 2019. 660 s.8.Rashidov M.A.U. Patentnoe pravo: novy`e realii // PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH SOLUTIONS: sb. st. VI Mezhdunar. nauch.-issled. konkursa. Petrozavodsk, 2022. S. 214–219.9.Rozhkova O.I. Oxrana isklyuchitel`ny`x prav na dizajn po grazhdanskomu zakonodatel`stvu Rossii: problemy` i ix razreshenie // Tvorchestvo molody`x: iskusstvo, dizajn, mediatexnologii. Omsk, 2020. S. 88–93.10.Sofoyan M.E., Agadzhanyan M.A., Xarinova N.N., Krivczova E.A. Sootnoshenie norm patentnogo i avtorskogo prava v otnoshenii pravovoj oxrany` nekotory`x ob``ektov dizajna // Trudy` po intellektual`noj sobstvennosti. 2021. T. 38. № 3. S. 45–51.11.Suxanova I.G. Specifika ocenki sekretov proizvodstva // Imushhestvenny`e otnosheniya v RF. 2022. № 1 (244). S. 49–66.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
On the Constitutional Principles of the Relationship Between the State and the IndividualKHABIBULLINA Gulnara RushanovnaDoctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University420008, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str., 18-1, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the system of constitutional principles of the relationship between the state and the individual. The author assumes that the constitutional principles of the relationship between the state and the individual are a systemic legal entity that combines principles derived from the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. These include: first, principles that are relevant to both the individual and the state; second, principles that define the legal status of the individual; and third, principles that define the constitutional and legal status of public authorities.Keywords: principles, rights and freedoms, human and civil rights, state, foundations of the legal status of an individualReferences1.Filosofskij slovar` / Pod red. I.T. Frolova. M., 1991. 563 s.2.Lavdarenko L.I., Rudy`x S.N. Principy` prava i ix sistema // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2018. № 10 (95). S. 196–203.3.Yavich L.S. Pravo razvitogo socialisticheskogo obshhestva. Sushhnost` i principy`. M., 1978. 224 s.4.Chernobel` G.T. Pravovy`e principy` kak ideologicheskaya paradigma // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2010. № 1. S. 84–94.5.Prudnikova T.A., Egorov S.A. Konstitucionno-pravovoj status lichnosti i ego osnovny`e principy` // Vestnik Akademii e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2014. № 4. S. 28–30.6.Byalt V.S., Demidov A.V. Pravovoj status lichnosti: teoretiko-pravovaya xarakteristika // Leningradskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2018. № 3 (53). S. 19–25.7.Shigabutdinova A.L. Ponyatie i struktura pravovogo statusa lichnosti: sistemny`j podxod k probleme // Problemy` prava. 2015. № 2 (50). S. 75–79.8.Klubnichkina A.A. Principy` pravovogo statusa lichnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii // Molodoj ucheny`j. 2021. № 17 (359). S. 185–188.9.Chepurnov A.A. Pravovoj status lichnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii: konstitucionny`e osnovy` garantirovaniya: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Volgograd, 2006. 34 s.10.Lavrent`ev S.V. Osnovny`e principy` konstitucionnogo statusa lichnosti (Teoretiko-konstitucionny`j analiz): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Volgograd, 2005. 23 s.11.Prudnikova T.A., Egorov S.A. Konstitucionno-pravovoj status lichnosti i ego osnovny`e principy` // Vestnik Akademii e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2014. № 4. S. 28–30.12.Yakimov G.A. Konstitucionny`j status cheloveka v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2009. 28 s.13.Kaby`shev V.T. Chelovek i vlast`: konstitucionny`e principy` vzaimootnoshenij // Lichnost` i vlast` (konstitucionny`e voprosy`): Mezhvuz. sb. nauch. rabot. Rostov n/D; Saratov, 1995. S. 67–75.14.Komkova G.N. Konstitucionny`e principy` vzaimootnoshenij vlasti i lichnosti: realizaciya v sovremennoj Rossii // Lex Russica. 2009. № 2. S. 344–351.15.Rachinskij V.V. Publichnaya vlast` kak obshhepravovaya kategoriya: Teoretiko-prikladnoj aspekt: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2003. 25 s.16.Polyanskij V.V. Metody` i principy` garmonizacii publichnoj vlasti // Lex Russica. 2015. № 10. S. 32–45.17.Avdeev D.A. Principy` organizacii publichnoj vlasti v Rossii // Vestnik Ural`skogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2021. № 3. S. 112–120.18.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 25 aprelya 2023 goda № 20-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti chastej 1, 8 i 10 stat`i 32 i punkta 1 chasti 2 stat`i 57 Zhilishhnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii, punkta 3 stat`i 2 i chasti 3 stat`i 16 Federal`nogo zakona O Fonde sodejstviya reformirovaniyu zhilishhno-kommunal`nogo xozyajstva v svyazi s zhalobami grazhdan S.N. Biryukovoj, A.L. Lebedeva i T.S. Lebedevoj, S.Z. Radzhabova» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_445432/.19.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 2 marta 2010 goda № 5-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozhenij stat`i 242.1 Byudzhetnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj Upolnomochennogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_98203/.
THE ACTUAL QUESTION
Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects in the Context of Land Relations: the Case of the Abraham Monastery in Rostov the GreatRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina str., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines court case No. A82-6251/2026, initiated by the claim of the Yaroslavl Region Prosecutor’s Office in the interests of the Rostov Municipal District. At the center of the dispute is a land plot near the federal cultural heritage object «Ensemble of the Abraham Monastery» in Rostov the Great, which was sold to a commercial organization with violations of the legislation and subsequently used to launch construction works without the approval of the cultural heritage protection authorities. Based on the court ruling on securing the claim, the responses of the prosecutor’s office and the state service for the protection of cultural heritage objects of the Yaroslavl Region, the author analyzes the legal tools for protecting historical and cultural objects under the conditions of commercial pressure on protected territories, the role of the prosecutor’s office as a participant in arbitration proceedings, as well as systemic contradictions in the management of land resources near architectural monuments.Keywords: cultural heritage objects, protection zones, land legal relations, sale and purchase agreement, void transaction, prosecutor’s office, arbitration proceedings, interim measures, falsification of documents, tourist infrastructureReferences1.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva Yaroslavskoj oblasti ot 22.12.2016 № 1333-p ob utverzhdenii proekta zon oxrany` ob``ekta kul`turnogo naslediya federal`nogo znacheniya «Ansambl` Avraamieva monasty`rya», XVI–XVII vv. v gorode Rostove Yaroslavskoj oblasti.2.Opredelenie Arbitrazhnogo suda Yaroslavskoj oblasti ot 08.04.2026 po delu № A82-6251/2026 ob obespechenii iska [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://kad.arbitr.ru/Card/4d9cf57f-ef01-4bb8-bc6d-7cece08784b7.3.Shixanov A. V Yaroslavskoj oblasti priznali neza-konny`mi stroitel`ny`e raboty` okolo monasty`rya // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2026. 15.04 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/04/15/reg-cfo/skvernaia-istoriia.html.4.Shixanov A. Ideya skvera v vide kresta u sten monasty`rya pod Yaroslavlem vy`zvala vozmushhenie // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2026. 18.03 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/03/18/reg-cfo/krestovyj-interes.html.5.Na beregu ozera Nero v Rostove Velikom xotyat postroit` modul`ny`j otel` // Kommersant``-Yaroslavl` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8636338.
The Evolution of the Legal Status of an Advocate’s Trainee and Advocate’s Assistant in Russia: From Scientific Doctrine to Normative RegulationRAGULINA Indira TagirovnaAdvocate, Candidate of Law, Research Fellow of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal, Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Collegium of Advocates of the city of Moscow «International Collegium of Legal Protection», Professional Mediator.450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the development of legal regulation governing the status of lawyer trainees and lawyer assistants in the Russian Federation during the period from 2020 to 2026. The study focuses on the extent to which the scientific proposals formulated by Indira Ragulina in her dissertation research and subsequent publications have been implemented in the regulations of the Federal Chamber of Lawyers of the Russian Federation and in federal legislation. Using a comparative legal approach, the author examines the regulations governing legal traineeships, the work of lawyer assistants, and the amendments introduced by Federal Law No. 83-FZ of April 22, 2024. The research demonstrates that a significant number of doctrinal proposals have been incorporated into corporate regulation, particularly regarding the registration of trainees, the organization of traineeships, the role of supervising lawyers, and professional training requirements. At the same time, several proposals have not been implemented, including those related to testimonial immunity for trainees and assistants, centralized registration of assistants, and the expansion of their procedural powers. The study concludes that the development of these legal institutions reflects an ongoing effort to balance the autonomy of the legal profession, the requirements of professional training, and the public interests of the state. The findings contribute to understanding the influence of legal scholarship on the evolution of legislation governing the legal profession and identify potential directions for its further improvement.Keywords: legal profession, advocacy, lawyer trainee, lawyer assistant, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal status, professional training of lawyers, corporate regulation, legislative reform, testimonial immunityReferences1.Ragulina I.T. Pravovoj status stazhera advokata i pomoshhnika advokata v Rossijskoj Federacii (analiz zakonodatel`stva i praktiki ego primeneniya): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2017. URL: https://www.prlib.ru/item/1434066.2.Rossijskoe zakonodatel`stvo o pravovom statuse stazhera i pomoshhnika advokata nuzhdaetsya v sovershenstvovanii! Interv`yu s advokatom, kandidatom yuridicheskix nauk, nauchny`m sotrudnikom centra issledovaniya problem organizacii i deyatel`nosti advokatury` Evrazijskogo nauchno-issledovatel`skogo instituta problem prava Indiroi Tagirovnoi Ragulinoj // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2018. № 3 (34) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rossiyskoe-zakonodatelstvo-o-pravovom-statuse-stazhera-i-pomoschnika-advokata-nuzhdaetsya-v-sovershenstvovanii-intervyu-s-advokatom.3.Polozhenie o poryadke raboty` pomoshhnika advokata [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/regulations-on-the-procedure-of-work-of-the-assistant-to-the-lawyer/.4.Polozhenie o poryadke proxozhdeniya stazhirovki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/regulations-on-the-procedure-of-internship/.5.Zayavlenie o proekte Federal`nogo Zakona № 301952-8 «O Vnesenii Izmenenij V Federal`ny`j Zakon «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-proekte-federalnogo-zakona-301952-8-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.6.Nezavisimoe e`kspertnoe zaklyuchenie na proekt Federal`nogo zakona O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii № 301952-8 // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy (data obrashheniya: 28.05.2026).7.Zayavlenie Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o polozhenii v oblasti prav cheloveka v rossijskoj federacii i Special`nogo dokladchika OON po voprosu o nezavisimosti sudej i advokatov v otnoshenii proekta popravok k zakonu «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» (№ 301952-8) // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-spetsialnogo-dokladchika-oon-po-voprosu-o-polozhenii-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-spetsialnogo.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES
Anthology of Lawlessness: How the Court Decision to Terminate the Advocate Status of Alexey Basistov, Dmitry Provodin, and Yuliy Tay Helps to Understand the Essence of the Federal Chamber of Advocates’ Actions to Implant «Advocate Monopoly»RAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina str., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The material analyzes the ongoing crisis within the Russian legal profession against the backdrop of an unprecedented judicial decision to disbar three advocates (Alexey Basistov, Dmitry Provodin, and Julius Tay) following a lawsuit by the Ministry of Justice due to their prolonged absence from the country. The text thoroughly examines the promotion of the «advocate monopoly» bill (referred to as the professionalization of legal representation), which is actively supported and lobbied by the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA) and the Ministry of Justice. The authors strongly criticize the FCA’s leadership for conformity and for facilitating mechanisms that place the advocacy in direct institutional dependence on the executive branch (specifically through the provisions of Federal Law No. 83-FZ of April 22, 2024). Furthermore, the material extensively highlights the consolidated resistance to this reform from independent advocates, jurists, the business community, human rights defenders, and public figures, while also noting the concerns raised by UN Special Rapporteurs regarding the situation.Keywords: advocacy, «advocate monopoly», Federal Chamber of Advocates, independence of the legal profession, legal representation, disbarmentReferences1.Resh. SAPM.prekr. DP № 2 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advokatymoscow.ru/doc/2026.01.29%20Resh.%20SAPM.prekr.%20DP%20№ 2.pdf.2.Nedopustimy`j precedent podchineniya organov professional`nogo samoupravleniya vole ispolnitel`noj [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/law-chambers/nedopustimyy-pretsedent-podchineniya-organov-professionalnogo-samoupravleniya-vole-ispolnitelnoy/.3.Vtorzhenie v konstitucionno obuslovlenny`j princip nezavisimosti advokatury` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/vtorzhenie-v-konstitutsionno-obuslovlennyy-printsip-nezavisimosti-advokatury/.4.Sozdanny`j precedent mozhet razvernut` sudebnuyu praktiku na 180 gradusov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/polemic/interview/sozdannyy-pretsedent-mozhet-razvernut-sudebnuyu-praktiku-na-180-gradusov/.5.Samozarozhdayushhiesya polnomochiya ili chto ne tak v reshenii Xamovnicheskogo suda goroda Moskvy` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2026/4/16/samozarozhdayuschiesya_polnomochiya_ili_chto_ne_tak_v_reshenii_hamovnicheskogo_suda_goroda_moskvy_ot.6.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sciup.org/obrashhenie-zashhitim-rossijskuju-advokaturu-140261859.7.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-zaschitim-rossiyskuyu-advokaturu-2023.8.Zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalpetition.org/zashhitim-rossijskuyu-advokaturu-2023/.9.Videomaterial 7d30aa221b071cb6e2cb9c2f799ee678 // Rutube [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rutube.ru/video/7d30aa221b071cb6e2cb9c2f799ee678/.10.Zayavlenie o vvedenii vozmozhnosti prekrashheniya statusa advokata pri vy`yavlenii fakta ego vy`ezda na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-vvedenii-vozmozhnosti-prekrascheniya-statusa-advokata-pri-vyyavlenii-fakta-ego-vyezda-na-postoyannoe-mesto-zhitelstva.11.Zayavlenie o proekte federal`nogo zakona 301952-8 o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-o-proekte-federalnogo-zakona-301952-8-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.12.Obrashhenie zashhitim rossijskuyu advokaturu 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-zaschitim-rossiyskuyu-advokaturu-2023.13.Nezavisimoe e`kspertnoe zaklyuchenie na proekt federal`nogo zakona o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy.14.Publikaciya № 251608 // Pravo.ru [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.ru/story/251608/.15.Baldancze`re`n A. Kompleksnaya informacionnaya sistema advokatury` Rossii i drugie idei zakonoproekta № 301952-8: e`ffektivny`j put` realizacii prava na kvalificirovannuyu yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` ili ugroza advokatskoj tajne i nezavisimosti advokatury`? // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 2 (61). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompleksnaya-informatsionnaya-sistema-advokatury-rossii-i-drugie-idei-zakonoproekta-301952-8-effektivnyy-put-realizatsii-prava-na.16.Ragulin A.V. «Pravil`ny`j put`» ili «skol`zkaya dorozhka» rossijskoj advokatury`? Otvet na stat`yu e`ks-prezidenta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii Yuriya Sergeevicha Pilipenko // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3 (62). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilnyy-put-ili-skolzkaya-dorozhka-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvet-na-statyu-eks-prezidenta-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-rossiyskoy.17.Recenziya na zakonoproekt pravitel`stva RF o vnesenii izmenenij v federal`ny`j zakon ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/retsenziya-na-zakonoproekt-pravitelstva-rf-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v.18.Ragulin A.V. Novy`j zakonoproekt O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii: put` k utrate nezavisimosti advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 5 (54). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/novyy-zakonoproekt-o-vnesenii-izmeneniy-v-federalnyy-zakon-ob-advokatskoy-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-put-k.19.Ragulin A.V. Strax i nenavist` v «Izmajlovo»: obsuzhdenie «advokatskoj monopolii» putem degumanizacii chastnopraktikuyushhix yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strah-i-nenavist-v-izmaylovo-obsuzhdenie-advokatskoy-monopolii-putem-degumanizatsii-chastnopraktikuyuschih-yuristov.20.Ragulin A.V. Krugly`j stol v Sankt-Peterburge: xolodny`j dush dlya popirayushhix normy` advokatskoj e`tiki «svidetelej «advokatskoj monopolii» iz Federal`noj palaty` advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kruglyy-stol-v-sankt-peterburge-holodnyy-dush-dlya-popirayuschih-normy-advokatskoy-etiki-svideteley-advokatskoy-monopolii-iz.21.Zayavlenie Pravleniya mezhregional`noj obshhestvennoj organizacii advokatov i yuristov «Iniciativa 2018» o zakonoproekte [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zayavlenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-o-zakonoproekte-ob.22.Telegram-kanal «Iniciativa 2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018.23.Sajt Law Unity [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/.24.Telegram-kanal «Lawyer Union» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/Lawyer_Union.25.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: itogi pervogo «antimonopol`nogo marafona» Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-itogi-pervogo-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.26.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: prodolzhenie antimonopol`nogo marafona nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-prodolzhenie-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.27.Ragulin A.V. «Advokatskaya monopoliya»: razoblachenie antinarodnoj kontrreformy` v stenax parlamenta // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 5 (76). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/advokatskaya-monopoliya-razoblachenie-antinarodnoy-kontrreformy-v-stenah-parlamenta.28.Dokument № 7989561 // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/7989561.29.Stat`ya 76079185 // Fontanka.ru [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fontanka.ru/2025/10/20/76079185/.30.Oshibochny`j put` rossijskoj advokatury`: ot instituta grazhdanskogo obshhestva k instrumentu regulirovaniya ry`nka yuridicheskix uslug. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk, professorom Igorem Semenovichem Yarty`x // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. 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URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/89.237.Prinyaty` kompleksny`e popravki v zakon ob advokature [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/prinyaty-kompleksnye-popravki-v-zakon-ob-advokature/.238.Publikaciya № 1286 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/1286.239.Publikaciya № 2269 // Telegram-kanal «initiative2018» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/2269.
PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Advocate of the Collegium of Advocates of the City of Moscow «Vasha Zashchita», Postgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Expert Activity of Pyatigorsk State University357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina Ave., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the specifics of protecting attorneys’ rights against violations by their clients. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing number of cases involving infringement of attorneys’ professional rights through breach of contractual obligations, filing of unfounded complaints with disciplinary bodies, and dissemination of false information about attorneys’ activities. The purpose of the study is to identify legal mechanisms for the protection of attorneys and to develop recommendations for improving legislation. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods were applied. The norms of the Federal Law «On Advocacy and the Legal Profession in the Russian Federation», the Code of Professional Ethics of Attorneys, judicial practice of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign experience were analyzed. Proposals for improving legal guarantees for the protection of attorneys were formulated.Keywords: lawyer; client, protection of lawyer’s rights, attorney-client privilege, legal services agreement, disciplinary proceedings, attorney’s fee, professional ethics, abuse of rights, legal practiceReferences1.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 31.05.2002 № 63-FZ «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_36945/.2.Kodeks professional`noj e`tiki advokata (prinyat I Vserossijskim s``ezdom advokatov 31.01.2003) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_44841/.3.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/.4.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 10.11.2022 № 49-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti abzacza vtorogo punkta 3 stat`i 17 Federal`nogo zakona Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina S.G. Shalavina» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_431176/.5.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 06.07.2000 № 128-O «Po zhalobe grazhdanina Parshutkina Viktora Vasil`evicha na narushenie ego konstitucionny`x prav i svobod punktom 1 chasti vtoroj stat`i 72 UPK RSFSR i stat`yami 15 i 16 Polozheniya ob advokature RSFSR» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28055/.6.Polozhenie «O poryadke osushhestvleniya zashhity` professional`ny`x prav advokatov» (utv. Resheniem Soveta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov ot 18.06.2024, protokol № 14) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_478987/.7.Vajpan V.A. Nastol`naya kniga advokata: postatej-ny`j kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature, normativno-metodicheskie materialy`. M.: Yusticinform, 2006. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://znanium.ru/catalog/product/103806.8.Pilipenko Yu.S. Advokatskaya tajna: teoriya i praktika realizacii: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2009. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_003486955/.9.Ragulin A.V. Professional`ny`e prava advokata-zashhitnika v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2015. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_005567449/.10.Volodina S.I. Nauka ob advokature: prakticheskie vy`vody` i predlozheniya // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina. 2014. № 1 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nauka-ob-advokature-prakticheskie-vyvody-i-predlozheniya.11.Mel`nichenko R.G. Tri tendencii advokatskogo normotvorchestva v popravkax 2017 g. // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2017. № 5 (30) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tri-tendentsii-advokatskogo-normotvorchestva-v-popravkah-2017-g.12.Hazard G.C., Hodes W.W., Jarvis P.R. The Law and Ethics of Lawyering. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2019.13.Henssler M., Prütting H. Anwaltliches Berufsrecht: Handbuch. München: C.H. Beck, 2020.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The legal nature of risk and the specific features of its manifestation in advocacyABRAMKINA Ksenia SergeevnaPostgraduate Student of the Department of Entrepreneurial and Corporate Law of the Moscow State Law University123001, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the main approaches to understanding risk in legal practice, on the basis of which it concludes that the traditional probabilistic understanding of risk is insufficient. Risk in legal practice is proposed to be considered as an integrative category that includes objective uncertainty, the subjective perception of the professional, and the probabilistic nature of consequences. The author proposes a model for risk analysis through the correlation of three elements: threats, vulnerability, and opportunities, which allows for a comprehensive study of the conditions for risk formation and the creation of mechanisms for its minimization in advocacy.Keywords: legal nature of risk, risk in legal practice, risk in advocacy, professional risk of a lawyerReferences1.Alamova S.M., Gajnutdinova A.R. Pravovy`e riski v sovremennoj pravoprimenitel`noj deyatel`nosti: obshheteoreticheskie problemy` // Vestnik e`konomiki, prava i sociologii. 2020. № 4. S. 77–81.2.Baev M.O. Risk v deyatel`nosti zashhitnika v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve // Vestnik VGU. 2019. № 4. S. 212–219.3.Belkin R.S. Takticheskoe reshenie // Kriminalistika: problemy`, tendencii, perspektivy`. Ot teorii – k praktike. M., 1988. S. 104–136.4.Dyatlova E.Yu. Osnovny`e podxody` k ponyatiyu professional`nogo riska v prave: istoricheskij aspekt // Agrarnoe i zemel`noe pravo. 2020. № 11. S. 30–32.5.Zajcev V.V. Upravlenie riskami v advokatskom obrazovanii: monografiya. M., 2025. 175 s.6.Mamchun V.V. Risk v yuridicheskoj deyatel`nosti: sushhnost` i determinaciya // Yuridicheskaya texnika. 2019. № 13. S. 243–248.7.Solomin M.S. Professional`ny`j risk: ot realizma k konstruktivizmu // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. 2019. № 5. S. 44–54.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Information from the Defense in a Criminal Case: Evidence or InformationKHALIKOV Aslam NailevichDoctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology, Professor of the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation450076, Ufa, Z. Validi str., 32, Russian Federation125080, Moscow, Vrubel str.,12, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the concept of information on a criminal case. The classification of the information contained in the materials of the criminal case is given. Special attention is paid to information from the side of the defense, which has equal importance with other types of information. The concept of information and the concept of evidence are compared, when the general concept of information has a dominant meaning as arising from the nature of the reflection of the material and social world.Keywords: lawyer, evidence, information, evaluation of evidence, investigator, criminal caseReferences1.Merkulov I.P. Informaciya // E`nciklopediya e`pistemologii i filosofii nauki. M., 2009.2.Smolin A.V. Vertikal` ugolovno-processual`nogo preobrazovaniya informacii // Altajskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2021. № 4 (36).3.Smolin A.V. Taktika i texnologiya preobrazovaniya dokazatel`stvennoj informacii // Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii: nauch.-prakt. zhurn. Irkutsk: Vostochno-Sibirskij institut MVD Rossii, 2024. № 4.4.Rusakov A.G. Kriminalisticheski znachimaya informaciya v kontekste koncepcii unifikacii dokazatel`stv // Aktual`ny`e voprosy` rossijskogo ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva: materialy` mezhregional`noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Krasnoyarsk, 2026.5.Kozel V.M. O dokazatel`stvennom znachenii informacii v xode sudebnogo razbiratel`stva pri rassmotrenii ugolovnogo dela v sudebny`x instanciyax // Vestnik Grodnenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta imeni Yanki Kupaly`. Seriya 4. Pravovedenie. 2024. Tom 14. № 3.6.Grigor`ev A.N. Ispol`zovanie v raskry`tii i rassledovanii prestuplenij informacii, poluchennoj iz otkry`ty`x istochnikov // Nauka i novaciya: sovremenny`e problemy` teorii i praktiki prava: sbornik materialov mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii v ramkax IV Mezhdunarodnogo Festivalya nauki. M., 2019.7.Efremov D.A., Finogenov N.A. O korrelyacii kriminalisticheski znachimoj informacii s diagnostikoj i upravleniem situaciyami v sledstvennoj // Pravovaya politika i pravovaya zhizn`. 2017. № 3.8.Noviczkij V.A. Sredstva sudebnogo dokazy`vaniya: novy`j podxod // Problemy` realizacii norm, reguliruyushhix dokazy`vanie i dokazatel`stva v grazhdanskom, arbitrazhnom i administrativnom sudoproizvodstve: sb. st. po materialam Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf., Sankt-Peterburg, 16 okt. 2015 g. / pod obshh. red. L.V. Vojtovich, V.I. Kajnova. SPb.: Petropolis, 2015.9.Konvenciya Soveta Evropy` po zashhite professii advokata // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 2 (73).
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Verification Actions at the Stage of Initiating Criminal Proceedings: Legal Nature and Limits of AdmissibilityDEMKOVA Natalya ValeryevnaPostgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Activities of Pyatigorsk State University357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal nature of verification actions carried out at the stage of initiating criminal proceedings in accordance with Article 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the topic is determined by the expansion of permissible procedural actions at this stage and the lack of a uniform understanding of their evidentiary significance. The purpose of the study is to determine the limits of admissibility of verification actions and their relationship with investigative actions. Formal-legal, comparative-legal, and empirical methods were applied. The norms of criminal procedure legislation, positions of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as foreign experience were analyzed. Proposals for improving the legal regulation of the stage of initiating criminal proceedings and enhancing the evidentiary value of pre-investigation materials were formulated.Keywords: initiation of criminal proceedings, pre-investigation verification, verification actions, investigative actions, admissibility of evidence, crime scene examination, explanations, forensic examination, rights of participantsReferences1.Bezlepkin B.T. Kommentarij k Ugolovno-proces-sual`nomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii (postatejny`j). 16-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Prospekt, 2023. 640 s.2.By`kov V.M. Problemy` stadii vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2021. № 7. S. 38–52.3.Golovko L.V. Kurs ugolovnogo processa. 3-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2021. 1328 s.4.Kalinovskij K.B. Proverochny`e dejstviya na stadii vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela: problemy` pravovogo regulirovaniya // Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. 2022. № 2. S. 76–94.5.Ry`zhakov A.P. Vozbuzhdenie ugolovnogo dela: prakticheskoe posobie. M.: Delo i Servis, 2020. 288 s.6.Smirnov A.V., Kalinovskij K.B. Ugolovny`j process : uchebnik; pod red. A.V. Smirnova. 8-e izd. M.: Norma, 2023. 784 s.7.Smirnov A.V. Naznachenie sudebnoj e`kspertizy` do vozbuzhdeniya ugolovnogo dela: problemy` i perspektivy` // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2022. № 4. S. 198–215.8.Shejfer S.A. Dokazatel`stva i dokazy`vanie po ugolovny`m delam: problemy` teorii i pravovogo regulirovaniya. M.: Norma, 2020. 320 s.9.Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (s izm. i dop.) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2001. № 52 (ch. I). St. 4921.10.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 04.03.2013 № 23-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 62 i 303 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii i Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2013. № 9. St. 875.11.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 11.11.2014 № 28-P // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2014. № 47. St. 6632.12.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 27.06.2000 № 11-P // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2000. № 27. St. 2882.13.Thaman S.C. Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Casebook Approach. 3rd ed. Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2020. 720 p.14.Vogler R. A World View of Criminal Justice. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2019. 450 p.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The problem of the victim’s consent to the infliction of harm given under defects of willSUNAGATULLIN Stanislav RuslanovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the issue of the validity of the victim’s consent to the infliction of harm in the presence of defects of will in Russian civil law. It notes the absence of special regulation governing the invalidity of such consent and substantiates the presumption of applying general rules on the invalidity of transactions. Particular attention is paid to a comparative legal analysis of the German approach. The author argues for the necessity of a differentiated approach to assessing defects of will depending on the nature of the protected legal interest and proposes treating involuntary consent to the infliction of harm upon personal non-property rights as void due to its contradiction with the essence of legislative regulation.Keywords: victim’s consent, defects of will, invalidity of transactions, personal non-property rightsReferences1.Kohte W. Die rechtfertigende Einwilligung // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 1985. Bd. 185. H. 2.2.Ohly A. „Volenti non fit iniuria“. Die Einwilligung im Privatrecht. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002.3.Urteil des Bundesgerichtshofes vom 2. Dezember 1963 III ZR 222/62 // Neue Juristische Wochenschrift. München: C.H. Beck Verlag, 1964. Vol. 17.4.Asoskov A.V. Presekatel`ny`e sroki i ix sootnoshenie s drugimi vidami grazhdansko-pravovy`x srokov // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2018. № 4 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».5.Grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik v 4 t. / otv. red. E.A. Suxanov. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. T. 1.6.Grazhdanskoe ulozhenie. Kniga pyataya. Obyazatel`stva. Proekt Vy`sochajshe uchrezhdennoj Redakcionnoj Komissii po sostavleniyu Grazhdanskogo Ulozheniya. Tom pyaty`j. St. 937-1106. S ob``yasneniyami. SPb., 1899.7.Flejshicz E.A. Obyazatel`stva iz prichineniya vreda i neosnovatel`nogo obogashheniya. M., 1951.8.Shevchenko A.S., Shevchenko G.N. Ukaz. soch.; Boltanova E.S., Kratenko M.V. Deliktnoe pravo: uchebnoe posobie. M.: Yusticinform, 2022 // SPS «Garant».
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The Correlation of Vindication and Restitution in Case of a Void Transaction: Current Clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian FederationBREKHOVA Kristina YurievnaMaster’s Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, p. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the correlation between vindication and restitution in the event of invalidity of transactions, as well as the problem of competition between these claims in judicial practice. The study examines doctrinal approaches to distinguishing these methods of protecting civil rights. The current clarifications of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, including those contained in the Review of Judicial Practice No. 2 (2025), are summarized. The conditions for the emergence of ownership rights of a bona fide purchaser, as well as the criteria for the disposal of property from the possession of the owner against his will, are determined. The conclusion formulates the inadmissibility of using restitution to circumvent the restrictions of vindication and the priority of the vindication claim in disputes involving a bona fide purchaser.Keywords: vindication, restitution, bona fide purchaser, void transaction, disposal of property against the will, competition of claimsReferences1.Bevzenko R.S. Vvedenie v rossijskoe pravo nedvizhimosti. 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2022. 406 s.2.Bogacheva T.M. Priznanie dobrosovestnogo vladeniya kak sposob zashhity` grazhdanskix prav: na primere vindikacii i restitucii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007. 178 s.3.Braginskij M.I., Vitryanskij V.V. Dogovornoe pravo. 3-e izd., ster. M.: Statut, 2001. Kn. 1: Obshhie polozheniya. 840 s.4.Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii. Chast` pervaya: postatejny`j / [V.G. Anceva i dr.]. 2-e izd. M.: RIOR, 2007. 735 s.5.Lorencz D.V. Vnedogovornaya zashhita registriruemogo imushhestva v Rossii i Germanii: monografiya. Kaliningrad: Izd-vo Baltijskogo federal`nogo un-ta im. Immanuila Kanta, 2023. 274 s.6.Morgunov S.V. Vindikaciya v grazhdanskom prave: Teoriya. Problemy`. Praktika. M.: Statut, 2006. 298 s.7.Murzin D.V. Vindikacionnaya model` zashhity` absolyutny`x imushhestvenny`x prav: monografiya. M.: Yurlitinform, 2023. 357 s.8.Nedejstvitel`nost` sdelki: kommentarij k stat`yam 166–181 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii / R.S. Bevzenko, S.L. Budy`lin, A.A. Gromov [i dr.]; otv. red. A.G. Karapetov. M.: Statut, 2025. 995 s.9.Sklovskij K.I. Sobstvennost` v grazhdanskom prave: ucheb.-prakt. posobie. 2-e izd. M.: Akad. nar. xoz-va pri Pravitel`stve Ros. Federacii; Delo, 2000. 510 s.10.Tuzov D.O. Teoriya nedejstvitel`nosti sdelok: opy`t rossijskogo prava v kontekste evropejskoj pravovoj tradicii. M.: Statut, 2007. 600 s.11.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 21 aprelya 2003 g. № 6-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozhenij punktov 1 i 2 stat`i 167 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Vestnik VAS RF. 2003. № 6.12.Postanovlenie Plenuma VAS RF ot 25 fevralya 1998 g. № 8 «O nekotory`x voprosax praktiki razresheniya sporov, svyazanny`x s zashhitoj prava sobstvennosti i drugix veshhny`x prav» // Vestnik VAS RF. 1998. № 5.13.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 22 iyunya 2017 g. № 16-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozheniya punkta 1 stat`i 302 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina A.N. Dubovcza» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2017. № 27. St. 4069.14.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki Verxovnogo Suda RF № 2 (2025), utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 18 iyunya 2025 g. // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_508032/ .15.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 9 oktyabrya 2017 g. № 308-E`S15-6280 po delu № A32-29459/2012 // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalacts.ru/sud/opredelenie-verkhovnogo-suda-rf-ot-09102017-n-308-es15-6280-po-delu-n-a32-294592012/.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Foreign Experience of Cumulative Protection of Intellectual Property and Its Implementation in the Russian FederationSAPRYKIN Mikhail IvanovichCEO of LLC «AKG», Postgraduate Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The work is devoted to the study of cumulative (dual) protection of intellectual property in foreign legal orders and the possibilities of its implementation into Russian law. It has been established that models allowing parallel protection of one intellectual property asset by several legal regimes dominate in developed jurisdictions. It has been determined that the French theory of the «unity of art» represents the most advanced form of cumulativeness, ensuring the inseparable consolidation of exclusive rights with a single entity. The author concludes that borrowing elements of the French approach would eliminate the fragmentation of titles; in this connection, it is proposed to supplement Article 1235 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with a provision on the licensor’s mandatory statement regarding every possible legal regime for the transferred object.Keywords: cumulative protection, overlapping intellectual property rights, theory of the unity of art, industrial design, trademarkReferences1.Blinov I.S. E`volyuciya pravovogo regulirovaniya intellektual`noj sobstvennosti: retrospektiva i zarozhdenie problemy` peresecheniya prav intellektual`noj sobstvennosti // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2022. № 6. S. 30–34.2.Vorozhevich A.S. Peresechenie prav na tovarny`e znaki, proizvedeniya i promy`shlenny`e obrazcy // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2017. № 18. S. 45–57.3.Dorofeeva A.M. Pravovaya oxrana rezul`tatov intellektual`noj deyatel`nosti v legkoj promy`shlennosti: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk; Moskovskij gos. yurid. un-t im. O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA). Moskva, 2023.4.Kapy`rina N.I. Oxrana zarubezhnogo dizajna: nuzhna li nam vzaimnost`? // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2024. Dekabr`. № 4 (46). C. 60–79.5.Koroleva A.G. Isklyuchitel`ny`e prava na ob``ekty` promy`shlennogo dizajna: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk; Moskovskij gos. yurid. un-t im. O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA). Moskva, 2023.6.Minakova A.I. Voprosy` peresecheniya pravovy`x rezhimov proizvedeniya dizajna i promy`shlennogo obrazcza // Zhurnal Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam. 2023. Sentyabr`. Vy`p. 3 (41). S. 25–38.7.Derclaye E., Leistner M. Intellectual Property Overlaps: A European Perspective. Oxford and Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2011.8.Fuse T. Collaboration of Intellectual Property // APAA e-Newsletter. 2022. Issue No. 27 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://apaaonline.org/article/collaboration-of-intellectual-property/.9.Magliocca G. Ornamental Design and Incremental Innovation // Marquette Law Review. 2003. Vol. 86. № 5. P. 845–855.10.Mimler M. Copyright, trade marks, patents and designs. WIPO/BCC course. London, 11 September 2019 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.britishcopyright.org/wp-content/uploads/Day-8_M_Mimler_Overlaps-2019-.pdf.11.Moffat V.R. Mutant copyrights and backdoor patents: the problem of overlapping intellectual property protection // Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 2004. Vol. 19. № 4. P. 1473–1532 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://btlj.org/data/articles2015/vol19/19_4/19-berkeley-tech-l-j-1473-1532.pdf.12.Strasser M. The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection Revisited: Putting the Dilution Doctrine Into Context // Fordham Intellectual Property, Media & Entertainment Law Journal. 2000. Vol. 10. № 2. P. 375–428.13.Wilkof N., Basheer Sh. Overlapping intellectual property rights (2nd edn). Oxford University Press, 2012 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780192658715_A46966975/preview-9780192658715_A46966975.pdf.14.Yan Z., Yan S. Two-dimensional trademark helps to protect three-dimensional bottle shape [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ab3b4d8f-0a62-4f9d-8452-8c932b2b414b.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
«Digital Accessibility» of Medical Care as an Element of Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: From Telemedicine to Remote MonitoringGULAY Oleg NikolaevichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Constitutional Law and Constitutional Procedure of the Law Institute of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the «digital accessibility» of medical care as an additional dimension of the implementation of Article 41 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital transformation of healthcare. The article aims to identify the parameters of public-law regulation necessary to ensure that access to medical care in a digitally transformed healthcare system remains both non-discriminatory and safe. To achieve this objective, the study employs general scientific methods, including analysis and synthesis, alongside formal legal and comparative legal methods. The article demonstrates how electronic health records, telemedicine, information infrastructure in healthcare, and mobile applications are forming an independent channel of access to medical care, thereby transforming the model of healthcare delivery. At the same time, digital transformation alters not only the conditions of access to healthcare, but also the legal characterization of the actions of physicians and medical organizations. In addition, the study identifies the need to establish requirements relating to connectivity, devices, digital literacy, and the security of information exchange, and substantiates the need for minimum quality standards and the preservation of offline alternatives for groups at risk of digital exclusion.Keywords: digital accessibility, right to health, medical care, telemedicine, remote medical observation, remote patient monitoring, personal medical assistantsReferences1.Gadzhieva A.O., Trubina V.A., Solov`eva-Oposhnyanskaya A.Yu. Mobil`ny`e prilozheniya i e`kosistemy` v sfere zdravooxraneniya: pravovy`e aspekty` // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2025. T. 18. № 4. S. 267–291.2.Davy`dova M.L. Telemedicina i e`ksperimental`ny`e pravovy`e rezhimy` v oblasti zdravooxraneniya: problemy` i perspektivy` vnedreniya // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2023. T. 27. № 3. C. 564–582.3.Zaporozhcev D.S. Biometricheskie danny`e kak sredstvo udalennoj identifikacii cheloveka // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2025. T. 29. № 4. C. 981–994.4.Makarov V.O. Pravovoe regulirovanie telemediciny` v Rossii // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2025. T. 29. № 2. C. 562–581.5.Romanovskaya O.V., Romanovskij G.B. Pravo i cifrovizaciya sovremennogo zdravooxraneniya // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Seriya: Yuridicheskie nauki. 2024. T. 28. № 3. C. 565–583.6.Smirnova E.A., Shishanova A.A. Telemedicina v novy`x pravovy`x realiyax // Rossijskij zhurnal telemediciny` i e`lektronnogo zdravooxraneniya. 2018. № 3. S. 91–97.7.Mine`konomrazvitiya schitaet uspeshny`mi itogi e`ksperimenta po personal`ny`m medicinskim pomoshhnikam // Ministerstvo e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/minekonomrazvitiya_schitaet_uspeshnymi_itogi_eksperimenta_po_personalnym_medicinskim_pomoshchnikam.html.8.Mixail Murashko vy`stupil na kruglom stole «Cifrovaya transformaciya zdravooxraneniya v gosudarstvax–chlenax EAE`S: strategicheskie prioritety`» // Ministerstvo zdravooxraneniya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/news/2025/12/25/29392-mihail-murashko-vystupil-na-kruglom-stole-tsifrovaya-transformatsiya-zdravoohraneniya-v-gosudarstvah-chlenah-eaes-strategicheskie-prioritety.9.«Personal`ny`e medicinskie pomoshhniki» dopolneny` novy`mi sistemami monitoringa // Ministerstvo e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/news/personalnye_medicinskie_pomoshchniki_dopolneny_novymi_sistemami_monitoringa.html.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
УДК 347.9:004.8doi 10.52068/2304-9839_2026_79_2_121Machina Adiuvat, Homo Iudicat: системные пороки инструментов искусственного интеллекта и критерии допустимости в судопроизводствеЕСЬКОВ Александр АлександровичСудебный эксперт, сотрудник ООО «Кадастровая оценка и экспертиза»628601, г. Нижневартовск, ул. Ханты-Мансийская, д. 2, стр. 1, оф. 213, Российская ФедерацияАннотация: На основе сценарного анализа диспозиции участников процесса (включая внесудебное правоприменение) впервые систематизированы и классифицированы 16 базовых пороков автоматизации, в том числе: цифровое неравенство, дефицит транспарентности, уязвимость к атакам на модель, алгоритмическая предвзятость, разрыв ответственности, ИИ-обструкция, когнитивная атрофия и тиражирование некорректных правовых позиций. Сформулированы шесть нормативных условий интеграции ИИ в правосудие, включая этапный стандарт человеческого контроля, запрет полной автоматизации, введение процессуальных противовесов злоупотреблениям, императивное раскрытие факта использования ИИ, персонифицированную юридическую ответственность и обеспечение технологического суверенитета. Ключевой принцип допустимости: machina adiuvat, homo iudicat – машина помогает, судит человек.Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект в судопроизводстве, большие языковые модели (LLM), принцип достаточного основания, юридическая техника, допустимость доказательств, цифровое неравенство, дефицит транспарентности, алгоритмическая предвзятость, разрыв ответственности, злонамеренные атаки на ИИ, ИИ-обструкция, когнитивная атрофия, аудит алгоритмов, технологический суверенитет, человеческий контрольReferences1.Advokat vy`yavil priznaki ispol`zovaniya II pri sostavlenii obvinitel`nogo prigovora // Advokatskaya gazeta [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/novosti/advokat-vyyavil-priznaki-ispolzovaniya-ii-pri-sostavlenii-obvinitelnogo-prigovora-/.2.Baginskij V.D. Pravovaya priroda i specifika realizacii iskusstvennogo intellekta v rossijskoj sudebnoj sisteme // Pravovaya informatika. 2026. № 1. S. 00–16. DOI: 10.24412/1994-1404-2026-1-00-16.3.V kubanskix prigovorax poyavilsya intellekt // Kommersant`` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8120207.4.Vol`f Xr. Razumny`e my`sli o Boge, mire i dushe cheloveka, a takzhe o vsex veshhax voobshhe, soobshhenny`e lyubitelyam istiny` Xristianom Vol`fom // Xristian Vol`f i filosofiya v Rossii / pod red. V.A. Zhuchkova. SPb., 2001.5.Gun Nan`. Sudebnoe primenenie i ogranicheniya iskusstvennogo intellekta // Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Pravo. 2025. № 1. S. 230–251. URL: https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2025.117.6.Zakonoproekt «Ob osnovax gosudarstvennogo regulirovaniya sfer primeneniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Mincifry` Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://regulation.gov.ru/projects/166424/.7.Zakonoproekt № 1069302-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob informacii, informacionny`x texnologiyax i o zashhite informacii» (v chasti obyazatel`noj markirovki videomaterialov, sozdanny`x s ispol`zovaniem texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/1069302-8.8.Zakonoproekt № 467977-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii» (v chasti ispol`zovaniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v period izbiratel`ny`x kampanij) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/467977-8.9.Zakonoproekt № 993193-8 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O vy`borax deputatov Gosudarstvennoj Dumy` Federal`nogo Sobraniya Rossijskoj Federacii» (o primenenii texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta pri izgotovlenii agitacionny`x materialov) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/993193-8.10.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobrenny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020).11.Konferenciya «Advokatura i pravosudie v e`poxu II» 11.04.2026 g. // Centr konstitucionnogo pravosudiya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://constitutional-center.ru/product/advokatura-i-pravosudie-v-epohu-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-konstituczionnye-riski-i-sposoby-zashhity/.12.Koncepciya razvitiya texnologij mashinochitaemogo prava (utv. Pravitel`stvennoj komissiej po cifrovomu razvitiyu, ispol`zovaniyu informacionny`x texnologij dlya uluchsheniya kachestva zhizni i uslovij vedeniya predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti, protokol ot 15.09.2021 № 31).13.Lejbnicz G.V. Opy`ty` teodicei / per. s fr. i lat. K. Istomina i F. Smirnova; primech. V. Sokolova; vstupit. st. A. Markova. M.: RIPOL klassik, 2018. 496 s.14.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` vtoraya) ot 05.08.2000 № 117-FZ.15.Postanovlenie Suda po intellektual`ny`m pravam ot 12.05.2025 № A60-39444/2024, S01-284/2025.16.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 19.08.2020 № 2129-r «Ob utverzhdenii Koncepcii razvitiya regulirovaniya otnoshenij v sfere texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta i robototexniki do 2024 goda».17.Iering R. fon. Yuridicheskaya texnika / per. s nem. F.S. Shendorfa. SPb., 1905.18.Sviridova P.M. O zakone dostatochnogo osnovaniya: Lejbnicz, Kant, Shopengaue`r // Obshhestvo: filosofiya, istoriya, kul`tura. 2022. № 6. S. 65–71. URL: https://doi.org/10.24158/fik.2022.6.10.19.Talapina E`.V. Prozrachnost` algoritmov iskusstvennogo intellekta // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2025. T. 18. № 3. S. 4–27. DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2025.3.4.27.20.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 10.10.2019 № 490 «O razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» (vmeste s «Nacional`noj strategiej razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta na period do 2030 goda»).21.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 03.07.2016 № 230-FZ «O zashhite prav i zakonny`x interesov fizicheskix licz pri osushhestvlenii deyatel`nosti po vozvratu prosrochennoj zadolzhennosti i o vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O mikrofinansovoj deyatel`nosti i mikrofinansovy`x organizaciyax».22.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 13.03.2006 № 38-FZ «O reklame».23.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 24.04.2020 № 123-FZ «O provedenii e`ksperimenta po ustanovleniyu special`nogo regulirovaniya v celyax sozdaniya neobxodimy`x uslovij dlya razrabotki i vnedreniya texnologij iskusstvennogo intellekta v sub``ekte Rossijskoj Federacii – gorode federal`nogo znacheniya Moskve, ob osobennostyax obrabotki perso-nal`ny`x danny`x pri formirovanii regional`ny`x sostavov danny`x i predostavleniya dostupa k regional`ny`m sostavam danny`x i vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 6 i 10 Federal`nogo zakona «O personal`ny`x danny`x».24.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.07.2006 № 152-FZ «O per-sonal`ny`x danny`x».25.Fetisova V.E. Zakon dostatochnosti osnovaniya v nemeczkoj filosofii e`poxi prosveshheniya // MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova, filosofskij fakul`tet. 2013. DOI: 10.5922/0207-6918-2013-4-5.26.Frolov A.A. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt v sudebnoj sisteme: mezhdu e`ffektivnost`yu i spravedlivost`yu // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2026. № 3. S. 56–60. DOI: 10.18572/1812-3791-2026-3-56-60.27.AI Diffusion Report: Where AI is most used, Developed, And built // Microsoft AI Economy Institute [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Microsoft-AI-Diffusion-Report.pdf.28.Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07139.29.Reiling A.D. Courts and Artificial Intelligence // International Journal for Court Administration. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 8. URL: https://doi.org/10.36745/ijca.343.30.European ethical charter on the use of artificial intelligence in judicial systems and their environment // CEPEJ. 2018 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rm.coe.int/ethical-charter-en-for-publication-4-december-2018/16808f699c.31.Conley A.C. Legal Educations Role in Combating Automation Bias and Complacency with Generative AI in the Practice of Law // Kilaw Journal. 2024.32.Conley A.C. Understanding the Duty of Competence for Attorneys Using Generative AI // North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology. 2025. Vol. 27. Iss. 1. P. 65.33.EU AI Act [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1689.34.Gerlich M. AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking // Societies. 2025. Vol. 15. Iss. 1. P. 6. DOI: 10.3390/soc15010006.35.Global AI Adoption in 2025 – A Widening Digital Divide // Microsoft AI Economy Institute [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/aiei/ai-diffusion/.36.Government AI Readiness Index 2025 // Oxford Insights [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://oxfordinsights.com/ai-readiness/government-ai-readiness-index-2025/.37.Tomlinson K., Jaffe S., Wang W., Counts S., Suri S. Working with AI: Measuring the Applicability of Generative AI to Occupations [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07935.38.Kolbeinsson A., Kolbeinsson B. Adversarial negotiation dynamics in generative language models // NeurIPS 2024 Workshop on Red Teaming GenAI [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.00069.39.McConnell V., Odegard L. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Critical Thinking (White Paper). Thomson Reuters, 2025.40.The OECD Digital Government Policy Framework: Six dimensions of a Digital Government // OECD Public Governance Policy Papers. No. 2. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/f64fed2a-en.41.Recommendation of the Council on Access to Justice and People-Centred Justice Systems // OECD. 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0498.42.Governing with Artificial Intelligence: Are governments ready? // OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers. No. 20. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2024. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/26324bc2-en.43.Governing with Artificial Intelligence: The State of Play and Way Forward in Core Government Functions. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2025. URL: https://doi.org/10.1787/795de142-en.44.Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/artificial-intelligence.html.45.Redden J., O’Donovan Dix M. Artificial intelligence in the criminal justice system: Demystifying artificial intelligence, its applications, and potential risks. 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/artificial-intelligence-criminal-justice-system-demystifying.46.The EU general data protection regulation (GDPR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/data-protection-regulation/.47.Which Economic Tasks are Performed with AI? Evidence from Millions of Claude Conversations // The Anthropic Economic Index [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.anthropic.com/news/the-anthropic-economic-index.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Ensuring the Reliability of the Victim’s Testimony: Interrogation Tactics in Case of Suspected External InfluenceAKHMETGALEEV Vadim RalifovichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminalistics of the Ufa Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation450103, Ufa, Muksinova str., 2, Russian FederationAbstract: The article systematizes a three-stage model of interrogation of a victim with potential negative impact from those involved in the crime. Tactical techniques have been developed for each stage of the interrogation, criteria for assessing the risks of distortion of testimony, and methods for collecting information about channels of influence. The rules for recording evidentiary information are formulated, the need for interaction between the investigation and operational units is substantiated, and recommendations are given on the application of security measures within the framework of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and Federal Law No. 119-FZ.Keywords: interrogation, victim, negative impact, interrogation tactics, investigative actions, security measures, criminalistic tactics, preventive measures, protection of participants in legal proceedingsReferences1.Zhizhina M.V., Zav`yalova D.V. Rassledovanie prestuplenij v sfere komp`yuternoj informacii v Rossijskoj Federacii i zarubezhny`x stranax: monografiya. M.: Prospekt, 2023.2.Kozy`reva I.E. Psixologicheskie osobennosti vy`yavleniya i preodoleniya lozhny`x pokazanij svidetelej i poterpevshix na predvaritel`nom sledstvii // Izvestiya TulGU. E`konomicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki. 2023. № 4.3.Fadeev P.V. Pravovaya pomoshh` uchastnikam ugolovnogo processa v dosudebnom proizvodstve: monografiya. M.: Yurlitinform, 2020.4.Mishin A.V. Tipichnaya kriminalisticheskaya xarakteristika postkriminal`nogo protivopravnogo vozdejstviya kak komponent chastnoj kriminalisticheskoj teorii obespecheniya bezopasnosti uchastnikov ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva // VE`PS. 2024. № 1.5.Belkin R.S. Kriminalisticheskaya e`nciklopediya. M., 2000.6.Enikeev M.I., Cherny`x E`.A. Psixologiya doprosa: uchebnoe posobie. M., 1994.7.Obrazczov V.A., Bogomolova S.N. Kriminalisticheskaya psixologiya. M., 2010.8.Porubov N.I. Dopros: processual`ny`e i kriminalisticheskie aspekty`: monografiya. M., 2013.9.Sibil`kova A.V. Psixologicheskie aspekty` taktiki doprosa v paradigme razvitiya kriminalistiki // Trudy` Akademii upravleniya MVD Rossii. 2022. № 1 (61).10.Polyakov V.V. Kriminalisticheskaya klassifikaciya sub``ektov protivodejstviya rassledovaniyu vy`sokotexno-logichny`x prestuplenij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2023. № 2 (147).11.Ty`dy`kova N.V. O problemax ponimaniya priznakov sostava ugrozy` ubijstvom // Yurislingvistika. 2023. № 28 (39).12.Kashin O.V. Ob ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti za podkup svidetelya, poterpevshego, istcza, e`ksperta, specialista ili perevodchika // Chelovek: prestuplenie i nakazanie. 2016. № 1 (92).13.Axmetgaleev V.R. Taktiko-kriminalisticheskie osobennosti primeneniya mer presecheniya v processe pred-varitel`nogo rassledovaniya: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2024.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Effectiveness of Administrative Penalties: Criteria, Indicators, and Methodology of Assessment (Theoretical and Applied Analysis)ZAGUMENNY Kirill IlyichSenior Lecturer of the Department of Administrative Law and Administrative Activities of Internal Affairs Bodies of the Branch of the Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation400075, Volgograd, Istoricheskaya str., 130, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a theoretical and applied analysis of the effectiveness of administrative penalties as a key institution of administrative tort law. It is argued that the effectiveness of administrative penalties cannot be reduced to formal statistical indicators (such as the number of protocols issued and the amount of fines imposed), but rather represents a comprehensive characteristic that reflects the achievement of the goals set out in Article 3.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, while minimizing the costs of law enforcement. There are four criteria for the effectiveness of administrative penalties: preventive, feasibility, economic, and socio-legal.Keywords: administrative punishment, efficiency, efficiency criteria, prevention, enforceability, economic efficiency, social justiceReferences1.Veremeenko I.I. Administrativno-pravovy`e sankcii. M., 1975.2.Gusev V.A., Deryuga A.N. Prichiny` snizheniya e`ffektivnosti administrativnogo nakazaniya // Yuridicheskaya nauka i pravooxranitel`naya praktika. 2021. № 4 (58). S. 20–25.3.Mardieva E`.R., Yaxina R.R. Ob e`ffektivnosti admi-nistrativny`x nakazanij // Al`manax mirovoj nauki. 2016. № 4–3 (7). S. 30–34.4.Pashkov A.S., Yavich L.S. E`ffektivnost` dejstviya pravovoj normy` (k metodologii i metodike sociologicheskogo issledovaniya) // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1970. № 3.5.Rogacheva O.S. E`ffektivnost` norm administrativno-deliktnogo prava: avtoref. dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. Voronezh, 2012.6.Solov`eva S.V. E`ffektivnost` pravoprimeneniya administrativny`x nakazanij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` administrativnogo i finansovogo prava. Sbornik statej konferencii. Krasnodar, 2025. S. 259–267.7.Czukanov N.N. Teoriya i praktika proizvodstva po delam ob administrativny`x pravonarusheniyax, osushhestvlyaemogo v organax vnutrennix del: avtoref. dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. Chelyabinsk, 2011.
JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Some aspects of organizational support for preliminary investigation in emergency situationsTSOPANOVA Indira GeorgievnaCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Russian Customs Academy140074, Lyubertsy, Komsomolsky Prospect, 4, Russian FederationMIKHAILOV Petr IgorevichApplicant for the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the Russian Customs Academy140074, Lyubertsy, Komsomolsky Prospect, 4, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines problematic aspects of organizational support for preliminary investigation in non-standard settings, substantiates the expediency of using a group form of investigation, and puts forward a proposal for the formation of specialized investigative teams, with a definition of a specialized investigative team being formulated. The necessity of using a group form of investigation in emergency situations is predetermined, first of all, by the complexity of the investigation due to the presence of many negative factors, including those entailing a constant presence of danger to the life and health of participants in criminal proceedings, as well as the ineffectiveness of «traditional» legal and organizational mechanisms for ensuring the investigation. The destabilization of the activities of local state bodies, not only investigative bodies, but also others involved in the investigation, in turn, predetermines the need to involve law enforcement officers from «non-problematic» territories in the investigation, which determines the interdepartmental nature of such a team’s work and the need to include, in addition to investigators, other officials and other persons providing the investigation. The authors propose to endow a specialized investigative team with the authority to investigate all crimes committed in a «problematic» territory, and not just those directly related to the occurrence of an emergency situation. To solve the designated tasks and increase the effectiveness of the group form of investigation, a number of proposals are put forward on reforming the current criminal procedure law.Keywords: investigative team, specialized investigative team, investigative-operational group, investigation in an exceptional situation, preliminary investigation in an emergency situation, organizational support of the investigation, exceptional situation, emergency situation, emergency circumstancesReferences1.Federal`ny`j konstitucionny`j zakon ot 07.02.2011 № 1-FKZ (red. ot 31.07.2023) «O sudax obshhej yurisdikcii v Rossijskoj Federacii», stat`ya 37 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_110271/.2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 17.12.1998 № 188-FZ (red. ot 01.07.2021) «O mirovy`x sud`yax v Rossijskoj Federacii», stat`ya 10 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_21335/.3.Doktrina informacionnoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii, utverzhdennaya Ukazom Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 05.12.2016 № 646 «Ob utverzhdenii Doktriny` informacionnoj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii», punkt 33 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_208191/.4.Averina K.N., Podkatilina M.L., Shamaev G.P. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 31 maya 2001 g. № 73-FZ «O gosudarstvennoj sudebno-e`kspertnoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Federacii» (postatejny`j) // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://login.consultant.ru/link/?req=doc&base=CMB&n=18722&dst=102225&demo=1.5.Grigor`ev V.N. Rassledovanie prestuplenij v chrezvy`chajny`x usloviyax: pravovoe obespechenie, organizaciya, metodika: dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk: 12.00.09. M., 1993. 564 s.6.Popov I. A. Sledstvennaya gruppa kak odna iz form kollektivnogo metoda rassledovaniya prestuplenij: sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy` razvitiya // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2013. № 3 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sledstvennaya-gruppa-kak-odna-iz-form-kollektivnogo-metoda-rassledovaniya-prestupleniy-sovremennoe-sostoyanie-i-perspektivy-razvitiya.7.Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (red. ot 07.06.2025), stat`ya 163 // Spravochno-pravovaya sistema «Konsul`tantPlyus» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/.8.Lubyagin M.S. Sledstvenny`e gruppy` v rossijskom ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: teoreticheskie osnovy`, poryadok formirovaniya i deyatel`nosti: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk: 5.1.4. Irkutsk, 2024. 272 s.9.Kratkaya xarakteristika sostoyaniya prestupnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii za yanvar` – dekabr` 2025 goda // Ministerstvo vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://xn--b1aew.xn--p1ai/reports/item/77848182/.10.Larichev V.D., Kuchkina V.G. Ponyatie i sushhnost` sledstvennoj i sledstvenno-operativnoj grupp // Vestnik Voronezhskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2016. № 1. S. 118–124.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
The Doctrine of Guilt in Contemporary Criminal Law Dissertation ResearchPORAIKO Vasily VyacheslavovichAdvocate, Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure of the Far Eastern Institute (branch) of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RLA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)680021, Khabarovsk, Gerasimova street, 31, Russian FederationAbstract: The doctrine of guilt remains one of the most dynamically developing areas of criminal law scholarship, as evidenced by numerous dissertation studies over the past decades. Scholarly interest in this subject is driven by the need to adapt classical doctrinal approaches to contemporary challenges such as digitalization, the growth of crimes in the economic and environmental spheres, and the increasing influence of international legal standards on the interpretation of guilt and the presumption of innocence.Modern dissertations reveal several key directions of development: clarification of the content of intent and negligence; examination of mixed forms of guilt; elaboration of criteria for differentiating liability with consideration of the motivational sphere of the individual (S.V. Sklyarov); conceptualization of guilt as a systemic element of the corpus delicti (A.I. Plotnikov); analysis of the problems of qualification of guilt and forms of negligence (S.Yu. Korableva); emphasis on the value-motivational level of intent and the necessity of unifying judicial practice (V.V. Naiboychenko); identification of the specificity of the subjective element in formal offences (A.Yu. Shiryaev); examination of the principle of subjective imputation in crimes with two forms of guilt (T.S. Kovalenko); justification of «special innocence» on psychophysiological grounds (I.V. Teslitsky); and the development of a formalized model of causality in negligent medical crimes (E.O. Igonina). The analysis of these studies demonstrates a clear trend toward the expansion of the methodological basis of the doctrine of guilt through the integration of psychological, criminological, and comparative-legal approaches. Promising avenues of research include: the formalization of criteria for distinguishing forms of guilt, the development of probabilistic models of causality, the consideration of psychophysiological characteristics of the perpetrator in qualification, the adaptation of categories of guilt to the digital environment, and the introduction of interdisciplinary methods into judicial and expert practice.Keywords: guilt, intent, negligence, subjective element of crime, mixed forms of guilt, casus, principle of subjective imputation, blameless harm, medical error, causalityReferences1.Sklyarov S.V. Vina i motivy` prestupnogo povedeniya kak osnovanie differenciacii i individualizacii ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2004.2.Plotnikov A.I. Ob``ektivnoe i sub``ektivnoe v prestuplenii: avtoref. dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2012.3.Korableva S.Yu. Vina kak ugolovno-pravovaya kategoriya i ee vliyanie na kvalifikaciyu prestuplenij: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2013.4.Najbojchenko V.V. Vina v umy`shlenny`x prestupleniyax: zakon, teoriya, praktika: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2016.5.Shiryaev A.Yu. Predmetnoe soderzhanie viny` v prestupleniyax s formal`ny`m sostavom: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2013.6.Kovalenko T.S. Princip sub``ektivnogo vmeneniya i problemy` ego realizacii v prestupleniyax s dvumya formami viny`: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2016.7.Tesliczkij I.V. Nevinovnoe prichinenie vreda po psixofiziologicheskomu osnovaniyu v ugolovnom prave: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Stavropol`, 2004.8.Igonina E.O. Prichinnaya svyaz` v prestupleniyax, sovershyonny`x medicinskimi rabotnikami po neostorozhnosti: dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. M., 2025.9.Zajceva N.V. Sposoby` opredeleniya razumnosti v deliktny`x pravootnosheniyax na primere stran obshhego prava // Vestnik Saratovskoj gosudarstvennoj yuridicheskoj akademii. 2020. № 5 (136). S. 170–178.10.Al`-Baiti Muxtar Avad Abdulla. Vina v strukture sub``ektivnoj storony` prestupleniya po ugolovnomu pravu respubliki Jemen: problemy` i ix reshenie: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2019.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Continuity in Law as an Object of Study of the Anthropology of Law: Problem StatementKUZYUROVA Daria DmitrievnaApplicant of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University420008, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya str., 18, bldg. 1, Russian FederationAbstract: The anthropology of law is a vital field of study that explores the nature of law and related concepts, developed in response to the challenges of the postmodern era. This article aims to apply the main principles of the anthropological approach to law to the study of legal continuity, a phenomenon that has long been of interest to scholars, yet remains unexplored in terms of post-non-classical theory. The author emphasizes the significance of understanding the core aspects of legal succession, while identifying several areas that require further investigation. By examining these issues, we can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and intricacies of legal change over time. In particular, the author discusses the challenges of defining the role of an individual in the process of succession in law, as well as the transcendental basis of succession. The author also explores the relationship between succession and other aspects of legal development, such as legal acculturation and expansion, and examines traditional and innovative aspects in the evolution of law.Keywords: continuity in law, anthropology of law, legal acculturation, legal expansion, legal cultureReferences1.Pavlov V.I. Postklassicheskaya yurisprudenciya v sovremennom obshheteoreticheskom pravovedenii: formirovanie antropologicheskoj koncepcii prava // Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya yurisprudenciya. 2025. № 3. S. 41–54.2.Chestnov I.L. Antropologiya kak metodologiya postsovremennoj yurisprudencii // Zhurnal Yuridicheskoj antropologii i konfliktologii. 2022. № 1. S. 21–26.3.Chestnov I.L. Konstruktivizm v postsovremennoj yurisprudencii // Teoreticheskaya i prikladnaya yurisprudenciya. 2024. № 2. S. 8–13.4.Polyakov A.V. Postklassicheskaya yurisprudenciya, e`volyucionnaya teoriya i nejronauka (ispoved` kommunikativista) // Postklassicheskie issledovaniya prava: perspektivy` nauchno-issledovatel`skoj programmy`: kollektivnaya monografiya / pod red. E.N. Tonkova, I.L. Chestnova. SPb.: Aletejya, 2023. 500 s.5.«Koncepciya razvitiya grazhdanskogo zakonoda-tel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii» (odobrena resheniem Soveta pri Prezidente RF po kodifikacii i sovershenstvovaniyu grazhdanskogo zakonodatel`stva ot 07.10.2009) // Vestnik VAS RF. 2009. № 11.6.Songinajte N.S. Social`naya antropologiya Bronislava Malinovskogo // ZhSSA. 1998. № 2. S. 36–43.7.Baxtin M.M. E`stetika slovesnogo tvorchestva. M.: Iskusstvo, 1979. 423 s.8.Bibler V.S. Kul`tura. Dialog kul`tur (opy`t opredeleniya) // Voprosy` filosofii. 1989. № 6. S. 31–42.9.Rulan N. Yuridicheskaya antropologiya. Uchebnik dlya vuzov. Perevod s francz. Otvetstvenny`j redaktor – chlen-korr. RAN, doktor yuridicheskix nauk, professor V.S. Nersesyancz. M.: Izdatel`stvo NORMA, 1999. 310 s.10.Kartashov V.N. Yuridicheskaya akkul`turaciya i yuridicheskaya e`kspansiya: problemy` sootnosheniya // Vestnik KGU. 2019. № 3. S. 153–157.11.Aktual`ny`e problemy` teorii i istorii pravovoj sistemy` obshhestva: sb. nauch. tr. / otv. red. prof. V.N. Kartashov; Yarosl. gos. un-t. Yaroslavl`: YarGU, 2015. Vy`p. 14. 180 s.12.Litvinovich F.F. Preemstvennost` v prave (Voprosy` teorii i praktiki): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2000. 179 c.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
On the Meaning of the Term «General Contract» in Russian Construction LawABDULLIN Ildar RafisovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the ambiguity of the term «general contract» (generalnyy podryad) in Russian civil law scholarship. The author identifies two distinct meanings: (a) a subcontracting chain where the general contractor redistributes the scope of work by engaging subcontractors (Article 706 of the Russian Civil Code); (b) a contractual structure in construction that reflects the project delivery method where design is provided by the client and the contractor performs construction according to the technical documentation (design-bid-build). Тhe author argues for a terminological distinction between these two meanings.Keywords: general contract, construction contract, subcontract, contractual structure, design and construction, design-bid-buildReferences1.Verb S.A. Kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii (uchebno-prakticheskij). Chasti pervaya, vtoraya, tret`ya, chetvyortaya (postatejny`j) / pod red. S.A. Stepanova. 2-e izd. M., 2009. S. 309 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Grazhdanskoe pravo: uchebnik: v 4 t. T. IV / otv. red. E.A. Suxanov. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. 606 s.3.Zikun I.I. Dogovor subpodryada: kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2021. № 4. T. 21. S. 130–176.4.Nikolaeva Z.E., Egorov K.F. Upravlenie dogovor-ny`mi svyazyami v stroitel`nom proekte: otechestvenny`j i mezhdunarodny`j opy`t // Problemy` stroitel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 2 / M.: Statut, 2023. S. 317–348.5.Ponomarev N.A. Est` li v Rossii mesto dogovoru stroitel`nogo podryada «pod klyuch»? // Problemy` stro-itel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 2 / M.: Statut, 2023. S. 437–462.6.Ponomarev N.A. Rossijskaya i anglijskaya modeli otvetstvennosti podryadchika v kontekste dogovora na proektirovanie i stroitel`stvo // Problemy` stroitel`nogo prava: sb. st. Vy`p. 3 / M.: Statut, 2024. S. 523–538.7.Rovny`j V.V. Kommentarij k st. 706 GK RF // Kommentarij k Grazhdanskomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii. Chast` vtoraya (postatejny`j): uchebno-prakticheskij kommentarij / pod red. A.P. Sergeeva. M.: Prospekt, 2010.8.Bailey J. Construction Law. 2nd ed. London: Informa Law from Routledge, 2016. 2203 p.9.Klee L. International Construction Contract Law. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2015. 563 p.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Classification of Commercial Legal Entities in Russian Law and Its Legal SignificanceMELIKIAN Albert SpartakovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of the Moscow Financial-Industrial University «Synergy»129090, Moscow, Meshchanskaya str., 9/14, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the classification of commercial legal entities in Russian law and reveals its significance for law enforcement. The main criteria for dividing commercial organizations are analyzed, including the distinction between corporate and unitary forms, differences in the method of founder participation, specifics of the property regime, and the model of internal governance. Particular attention is paid to the legal consequences of classification, which are reflected in the content of corporate rights, the structure of governing bodies, the limits of property risk, the nature of liability, and the methods of protecting the interests of participants and creditors. It is substantiated that the classification of commercial legal entities has not only theoretical but also direct practical significance, since it determines the legal regime of a particular organization and the predictability of its participation in civil turnover.Keywords: commercial legal entities, classification of legal entities, commercial organizations, corporate legal entities, unitary legal entities, legal consequences of classification, civil law, corporate law.References1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30 noyab. 1994 g. № 51-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1994. № 32. St. 3301.2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 8 fevr. 1998 g. № 14-FZ «Ob obshhestvax s ogranichennoj otvetstvennost`yu» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1998. № 7. St. 785.3.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 26 dek. 1995 g. № 208-FZ «Ob akcionerny`x obshhestvax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1996. № 1. St. 1.4.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 8 maya 1996 g. № 41-FZ «O proizvodstvenny`x kooperativax» // Sobranie zakonoda-tel`stva RF. 1996. № 20. St. 2321.5.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 14 noyab. 2002 g. № 161-FZ «O gosudarstvenny`x i municipal`ny`x unitarny`x predpriyatiyax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2002. № 48. St. 4746.6.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 3 dek. 2011 g. № 380-FZ «O xozyajstvenny`x partnerstvax» // Sobranie zakonodatel`-stva RF. 2011. № 49 (ch. V). St. 7058.7.Gutnikov O.V. Klassifikaciya yuridicheskix licz v sovremennom korporativnom prave: organizacionno-pravovy`e formy` i kriterii ix razgranicheniya // Pravo. Zhurnal Vy`sshej shkoly` e`konomiki. 2022. T. 15. № 2. S. 128–163.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
Private Autonomy in Tort Law as a Prerequisite for Consent to HarmSUNAGATULLIN Stanislav RuslanovichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law of the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal and ethical content of the principle volenti non fit iniuria as a fundamental basis for the victim’s consent to harm. The author analyzes this principle through the lens of private autonomy, revealing its connection with the ideas of self-determination and responsibility. Particular attention is given to the philosophical foundations of autonomy and their significance for justifying consent to harm. The paper also addresses the limits of autonomy in law, including issues of legal capacity, informed consent, and the permissibility of private regulation in tort relations. It is concluded that the principle volenti non fit iniuria is grounded in both deontological and utilitarian considerations, which make it possible to legitimize consent to harm.Keywords: victim’s consent, tort law, autonomy of willReferences1.Buchanan A. Medical paternalism // Paternalism / ed. by R. Sartorius. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.2.Canaris C.-W. Grundrechte und Privatrecht // Archiv für die civilistische Praxis. 1984. Bd. 184. S. 201-246.3.Cooter R., Ulen T. Law and economics. 3rd ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997.4.Drexl J. Die wirtschaftliche Selbstbestimmung des Verbrauchers. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998.5.Hollerbach A. Selbstbestimmung im Recht. Heidelberg: C. F. Müller, 1996.6.Ohly A. Volenti non fit iniuria. Die Einwilligung im Privatrecht. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002.7.Sandel M. Liberalism and the limits of justice. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.8.Belyakova A.M. Grazhdansko-pravovaya otvetstvennost` za prichinenie vreda. M.: Izdatel`stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1986.9.Mill` Dzh.S. O svobode // O svobode. Antologiya mirovoj liberal`noj my`sli (I poloviny` XX veka). M.: Progress-Tradiciya, 2000. S. 288–392. Per. s angl. A.N. Nevedomskogo.10.Yaichkov K.K. Prava, voznikayushhie v svyazi s poterej zdorov`ya. M., 1964.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Practical Application of Cumulative Protection of Intellectual Property in Innovative IndustriesSAPRYKIN Mikhail IvanovichCEO of LLC «AKG», Postgraduate Student of Lomonosov Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, bldg. 13, Russian FederationAbstract: This article analyzes the application of cumulative intellectual property protection in innovative industries. The author views cumulative protection as a mechanism for the simultaneous use of several legal regimes – copyright, patent law, trademarks, know-how – with respect to a single intellectual property object.Keywords: cumulative protection, intellectual property, innovative industries, parallel protection, creative industries, results of intellectual activityReferences1.Vorozhevich A.S. Pravovaya oxrana dizajna: avtorskoe ili patentnoe pravo? // Rol` intellektual`noj sobstvennosti v prory`vnom nauchno-texnologicheskom razvitii obshhestva: tezisy` dokladov XXIII Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii Rospatenta. M.: FGBU «FIPS», 2019. S. 47–50.2.Gajneman A.A. Pravo v industrii mody`. M.: Prospekt, 2020. 160 s.3.Drogovoz P.A., Kashevarova N.A. Nou-xau kak al`ternativny`j instrument zashhity` intellektual`noj sobstvennosti v usloviyax patentny`x vojn // Inzhenerny`j zhurnal: nauka i innovacii. 2014. № 3 (27). S. 1–11.4.Kosiczkij A.O. Avtorsko-pravovaya oxrana proizvedenij dekorativno-prikladnogo iskusstva i dizajna // Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2024. № 1 (154). S. 105–115.5.Kumulyativnaya zashhita: dlya chego odnovremenno registrirovat` tovarny`j znak, avtorskoe pravo i patenty` na primere sudebny`x razbiratel`stv // Blog Byuro patentov Izibrend. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ezybrand.ru/blog/kumulyativnaya-zashhita/.6.L`vicyna A.O., Aliev T.T. K voprosu ob oxrane promy`shlenny`x obrazczov v oblasti farmacevtiki // Obrazovanie i pravo. 2022. № 12. S. 177–180.7.Pravo intellektual`noj sobstvennosti: Uchebnik / O.L. Alekseeva, A.S. Vorozhevich, O.S. Grin` i dr.; pod obshh. red. L.A. Novoselovoj. T. 4: Patentnoe pravo. M.: Statut, 2019. 660 s.8.Rashidov M.A.U. Patentnoe pravo: novy`e realii // PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH SOLUTIONS: sb. st. VI Mezhdunar. nauch.-issled. konkursa. Petrozavodsk, 2022. S. 214–219.9.Rozhkova O.I. Oxrana isklyuchitel`ny`x prav na dizajn po grazhdanskomu zakonodatel`stvu Rossii: problemy` i ix razreshenie // Tvorchestvo molody`x: iskusstvo, dizajn, mediatexnologii. Omsk, 2020. S. 88–93.10.Sofoyan M.E., Agadzhanyan M.A., Xarinova N.N., Krivczova E.A. Sootnoshenie norm patentnogo i avtorskogo prava v otnoshenii pravovoj oxrany` nekotory`x ob``ektov dizajna // Trudy` po intellektual`noj sobstvennosti. 2021. T. 38. № 3. S. 45–51.11.Suxanova I.G. Specifika ocenki sekretov proizvodstva // Imushhestvenny`e otnosheniya v RF. 2022. № 1 (244). S. 49–66.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
On the Constitutional Principles of the Relationship Between the State and the IndividualKHABIBULLINA Gulnara RushanovnaDoctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University420008, Kazan, Kremlevskaya str., 18-1, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the system of constitutional principles of the relationship between the state and the individual. The author assumes that the constitutional principles of the relationship between the state and the individual are a systemic legal entity that combines principles derived from the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. These include: first, principles that are relevant to both the individual and the state; second, principles that define the legal status of the individual; and third, principles that define the constitutional and legal status of public authorities.Keywords: principles, rights and freedoms, human and civil rights, state, foundations of the legal status of an individualReferences1.Filosofskij slovar` / Pod red. I.T. Frolova. M., 1991. 563 s.2.Lavdarenko L.I., Rudy`x S.N. Principy` prava i ix sistema // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2018. № 10 (95). S. 196–203.3.Yavich L.S. Pravo razvitogo socialisticheskogo obshhestva. Sushhnost` i principy`. M., 1978. 224 s.4.Chernobel` G.T. Pravovy`e principy` kak ideologicheskaya paradigma // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2010. № 1. S. 84–94.5.Prudnikova T.A., Egorov S.A. Konstitucionno-pravovoj status lichnosti i ego osnovny`e principy` // Vestnik Akademii e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2014. № 4. S. 28–30.6.Byalt V.S., Demidov A.V. Pravovoj status lichnosti: teoretiko-pravovaya xarakteristika // Leningradskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2018. № 3 (53). S. 19–25.7.Shigabutdinova A.L. Ponyatie i struktura pravovogo statusa lichnosti: sistemny`j podxod k probleme // Problemy` prava. 2015. № 2 (50). S. 75–79.8.Klubnichkina A.A. Principy` pravovogo statusa lichnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii // Molodoj ucheny`j. 2021. № 17 (359). S. 185–188.9.Chepurnov A.A. Pravovoj status lichnosti v Rossijskoj Federacii: konstitucionny`e osnovy` garantirovaniya: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Volgograd, 2006. 34 s.10.Lavrent`ev S.V. Osnovny`e principy` konstitucionnogo statusa lichnosti (Teoretiko-konstitucionny`j analiz): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Volgograd, 2005. 23 s.11.Prudnikova T.A., Egorov S.A. Konstitucionno-pravovoj status lichnosti i ego osnovny`e principy` // Vestnik Akademii e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti MVD Rossii. 2014. № 4. S. 28–30.12.Yakimov G.A. Konstitucionny`j status cheloveka v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2009. 28 s.13.Kaby`shev V.T. Chelovek i vlast`: konstitucionny`e principy` vzaimootnoshenij // Lichnost` i vlast` (konstitucionny`e voprosy`): Mezhvuz. sb. nauch. rabot. Rostov n/D; Saratov, 1995. S. 67–75.14.Komkova G.N. Konstitucionny`e principy` vzaimootnoshenij vlasti i lichnosti: realizaciya v sovremennoj Rossii // Lex Russica. 2009. № 2. S. 344–351.15.Rachinskij V.V. Publichnaya vlast` kak obshhepravovaya kategoriya: Teoretiko-prikladnoj aspekt: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2003. 25 s.16.Polyanskij V.V. Metody` i principy` garmonizacii publichnoj vlasti // Lex Russica. 2015. № 10. S. 32–45.17.Avdeev D.A. Principy` organizacii publichnoj vlasti v Rossii // Vestnik Ural`skogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2021. № 3. S. 112–120.18.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 25 aprelya 2023 goda № 20-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti chastej 1, 8 i 10 stat`i 32 i punkta 1 chasti 2 stat`i 57 Zhilishhnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii, punkta 3 stat`i 2 i chasti 3 stat`i 16 Federal`nogo zakona O Fonde sodejstviya reformirovaniyu zhilishhno-kommunal`nogo xozyajstva v svyazi s zhalobami grazhdan S.N. Biryukovoj, A.L. Lebedeva i T.S. Lebedevoj, S.Z. Radzhabova» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_445432/.19.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 2 marta 2010 goda № 5-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti polozhenij stat`i 242.1 Byudzhetnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhaloboj Upolnomochennogo po pravam cheloveka v Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_98203/.
THE ACTUAL QUESTION
Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects in the Context of Land Relations: the Case of the Abraham Monastery in Rostov the GreatRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina str., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines court case No. A82-6251/2026, initiated by the claim of the Yaroslavl Region Prosecutor’s Office in the interests of the Rostov Municipal District. At the center of the dispute is a land plot near the federal cultural heritage object «Ensemble of the Abraham Monastery» in Rostov the Great, which was sold to a commercial organization with violations of the legislation and subsequently used to launch construction works without the approval of the cultural heritage protection authorities. Based on the court ruling on securing the claim, the responses of the prosecutor’s office and the state service for the protection of cultural heritage objects of the Yaroslavl Region, the author analyzes the legal tools for protecting historical and cultural objects under the conditions of commercial pressure on protected territories, the role of the prosecutor’s office as a participant in arbitration proceedings, as well as systemic contradictions in the management of land resources near architectural monuments.Keywords: cultural heritage objects, protection zones, land legal relations, sale and purchase agreement, void transaction, prosecutor’s office, arbitration proceedings, interim measures, falsification of documents, tourist infrastructureReferences1.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva Yaroslavskoj oblasti ot 22.12.2016 № 1333-p ob utverzhdenii proekta zon oxrany` ob``ekta kul`turnogo naslediya federal`nogo znacheniya «Ansambl` Avraamieva monasty`rya», XVI–XVII vv. v gorode Rostove Yaroslavskoj oblasti.2.Opredelenie Arbitrazhnogo suda Yaroslavskoj oblasti ot 08.04.2026 po delu № A82-6251/2026 ob obespechenii iska [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://kad.arbitr.ru/Card/4d9cf57f-ef01-4bb8-bc6d-7cece08784b7.3.Shixanov A. V Yaroslavskoj oblasti priznali neza-konny`mi stroitel`ny`e raboty` okolo monasty`rya // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2026. 15.04 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/04/15/reg-cfo/skvernaia-istoriia.html.4.Shixanov A. Ideya skvera v vide kresta u sten monasty`rya pod Yaroslavlem vy`zvala vozmushhenie // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2026. 18.03 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/03/18/reg-cfo/krestovyj-interes.html.5.Na beregu ozera Nero v Rostove Velikom xotyat postroit` modul`ny`j otel` // Kommersant``-Yaroslavl` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8636338.
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