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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Methodology of Professional Rehabilitation of Persecuted Lawyers Through the International Expert Review of the Arbitrary Termination of Advocate Status
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal
450006, Ufa, Lenina Str., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The methodology of professional rehabilitation of persecuted lawyers through making international expert review represents a comprehensive supranational mechanism for the protection of advocates arbitrarily deprived of their professional status in conditions of inefficiency or actual degradation of national legal remedies. The methodology proceeds from the premise that the formal legality of a disciplinary or judicial decision does not in itself indicate its legitimacy if such a decision is based on political motivation, violation of international standards of fair trial, discrimination, or the use of disciplinary procedures as an instrument of pressure on lawyer. Under these conditions, the international professional community has the right to conduct an independent assessment of the circumstances of the deprivation of advocate status, to recognize the respective decisions as arbitrary, and to carry out the international professional rehabilitation of the advocate. The methodology is based on conducting an independent international expert review under the auspices of independent professional associations of lawyers. The expert review is aimed at identifying signs of arbitrary termination of advocate status, assessing compliance with international standards of the independence of the legal profession and fair trial, as well as determining the presence of politically motivated or discriminatory persecution. The methodology is based on international standards for the protection of human rights and the independence of the legal profession, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers. An adapted methodology of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention is used as a conceptual basis. A key element of the methodology is a system of five categories (criteria) of arbitrary termination of advocate status: the lack of a proper legal basis; persecution for the exercise of fundamental rights and freedoms; gross violation of fair trial guarantees; lack of effective legal remedies; as well as the persecution of a lawyer for carrying out professional or other socially significant activities. Each category includes a system of objective criteria and typical forms of external manifestation of arbitrariness subject to expert verification. The practical significance of the methodology consists in the formation of an international mechanism for the professional rehabilitation of lawyers, the recognition of the preservation of their professional status in the international professional space, as well as the use of expert opinions for international protection, migration procedures, admission to legal practice in foreign jurisdictions, and further review of the case. The methodology is aimed at reducing the «chilling effect» on members of the lawyer community, strengthening the international solidarity of the legal profession, developing mechanisms to protect its independence, and counteracting the use of disciplinary procedures as an instrument of political and corporate persecution.
Keywords: professional rehabilitation of lawyers, arbitrary termination of advocate status, international expert review, independence of the legal profession, disciplinary proceedings against lawyers, international standards of the legal profession, human rights, international protection of lawyers, arbitrary persecution, rule of law
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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
The Bar in the Russian Federation: Chronicle of the Crisis (August 2025 – May 2026): Scientific and Practical Report
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal
450006, Ufa, Lenina Str., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The report is an analytical review of the systemic problems faced by the modern bar in the Russian Fede-ration. Numerous cases of criminal prosecution of lawyers, which are directly linked to their professional and public activities, have been documented. An alarming trend has been recorded: lawyers working on high-profile or politically sensitive cases are subjected to selective justice, including detentions, searches, and unfounded criminal charges. Special attention is paid to the pressure on lawyers through the disciplinary mechanisms of the bar chambers, which, contrary to their intended purpose, are increasingly used as an instrument of «punitive ethics». The campaign for the forced introduction of the so-called «advocate monopoly», conducted by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Fede-ration and supported by the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA), is highlighted. Facts of state interference in confidential communication between lawyers and their clients, violations of attorney-client privilege, and illegal searches in defenders’ offices are presented. A separate section highlights the problems associated with the implementation of the Comprehensive Information System of the Russian Bar, which in reality is an instrument of cyber espionage and total control over lawyers. The report analyzes the activities of the FCA, which has lost its human rights function and turned into an appendage of the state apparatus. It is shown how the FCA and the leadership of the bar chambers, using administrative resources, suppress freedom of speech within the corporation and hinder the real democratization of the profession. Acute issues of lawyer protection, financial transparency of bar chambers, and the misuse of funds collected from lawyers are raised. Measures aimed at bringing the bar system out of the crisis state are proposed. The report is published in Russian and English.
Keywords: professional rehabilitation of lawyers, arbitrary termination of advocate status, disbarment, independence of the legal profession, disciplinary proceedings against lawyers, international standards of the legal profession, human rights, international protection of lawyers, arbitrary persecution, rule of law, the Bar in Russia
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