HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
HISTORICAL PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF MUNICIPAL ENTITIES’ CHARTERS
KHAZIEV Artur Radikovich
Postgraduate Student of Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law of Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University 420088, Kazan, Kremlevskaya St., Bldg. 18, Russian Federation Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify the prerequisites for the establishment and development of the institution of legal protection of municipal charters. This article examines the development of local self-government as a relatively independent form of public organization in isolated territories of a single state as a historical process. The evolution of legal regulation of municipal institutions, particularly municipal charters, is examined, firstly, in the context of the dynamic development of a more general phenomenon (the state and legal foundations of local self-government), and, secondly, taking into account the specifics of the emergence of individual elements of local self-government and their subsequent development, reflected primarily in the regulatory sources of the relevant historical period. The signifi- cance of this paper lies in its formulation of provisions reflecting the key stages in the development of the institution of legal protection of municipal charters. Keywords: charter of a municipality, historical background of the formation and development of the institution of legal protection of charters of municipalities, local level of government
References
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14. Konstituciya (Osnovnoj Zakon) Rossijskoj Social - isticheskoj Federativnoj Sovetskoj Respubliki (prinyata V Vserossijskim s»ezdom Sovetov v zasedanii ot 10 iyulya 1918 goda) // Oficial’nyj pravovoj internet-portal pravovoj informacii [Elektronnyj resurs ]. URL: https://constitution. garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1918/.
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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
«LAWYER’S MONOPOLY»: EXPOSING THE ANTI-PEOPLE COUNTER-REFORM IN PARLIAMENT
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal 450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article provides a detailed analysis of the roundtable meeting held on October 9, 2025, in the State Duma of the Russian Federation under the auspices of the Communistic Party of Russian Federation faction on the topic «Protection of Citizens’ Rights in the Field of Legal Services: The Role of the State and Professional Communities». The discussion centered on the bill aimed at professionalizing court representation, commonly referred to as the «lawyer`s monopoly». Drawing on the author’s prior reports, the paper systematizes the speeches of 28 participants (politicians, officials, lawyers, attorneys, scholars, and students), highlighting key theses, quotes, and critical evaluations. The analysis reveals profound divisions within the legal community: proponents emphasize improving service quality through «monopolization» of legal profession, while opponents highlight violations of constitutional rights, rising service costs, and threats to professional independence. The conclusions propose alternatives such as self-regulatory organizations, registries, and educational reforms, underscoring the bill’s unconstitutional and socially harmful nature.
Keywords:lawyer’s monopoly, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal profession, legal reform, professional ethics, self-government of the bar
References
1. https://vk.com/video-42591457_456240021.
2. https://youtu.be/SbbZbijWtG4?si=jnuEwXhaL- m09IHz.
3. https://kprf.ru/dep/gosduma/activities/238061.html.
4. http://duma.gov.ru/multimedia/video/events/120501/.
5. h t t p s : / / w w w. a v o c a t r u s . o r g / e n / p o s t / t h e - international-association-of-russian-advocates-has- presented-a-critical-report-on-the-bill-propo.

7. h t t p s : / / z a k o n . r u / b l o g / 2 0 2 5 / 0 7 / 2 5 / k o g d a _ frazeologizm_advokatskaya_monopoliya_po_svoemu_ vpervye_priznayotsya_yavleniem_v_rossijskoj_imp.
8. h t t p s : / / c y b e r l e n i n k a . r u / a r t i c l e / n / z a h v a t - advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy- federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo- grazhdan-na-zaschitu.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
ON APPROACHES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEMOCRATIC PROCEDURES IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION OF RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal 450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article examines approaches to implementing democratic procedures in the bar associations of Russia and Kazakhstan in the context of UN international standards and other norms emphasizing the need for independence and self-governance of professional lawyers’ associations. The author compares the situation in Kazakhstan, where the Republican Bar Association holds open elections, debates, and pre-election campaigns, with Russia, where the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA) is formed through indirect elections and rotation, leading to «capture» of power by a narrow circle of individuals and the absence of real participation by lawyers in governance. The negative consequences of such a system are highlighted: persecution of lawyers, weakening of professional independence, attempts to introduce an «lawyer`s monopoly», and violations of citizens’ rights to defense. It is proposed to dismantle the existing structure of the Russian bar to restore democratic principles and align with international standards.
Keywords:lawyer’s monopoly, Federal Chamber of Advocates, bar association, democratic procedures, independence of advocacy, Republican Bar Association, Russia, Kazakhstan, international standards, power capture, bar reform
References
1. https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/ conventions/role_lawyers.shtml?ysclid=mfwhxjdi fb568376334.
2. https://www.ohchr.org/ru/special-procedures/sr- independence-of-judges-and-lawyers/international-stan - dards-independence-judges-lawyers-and-prosecutors.
3. A/71/348, р. 85-86 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://docs.un.org/ru/A/71/348.
4. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nezavisimost- kak-printsip-rossiyskoy-advokatury?ysclid=mfwhltwn tu448531983.
5. h t t p s : / / a d v o k a t u r a . k z / r u / v y b o r y ? f b c l i d = I w V E R D U A M _ R Z F l e H R u A 2 F l - b Q I x M A A B H u Z Z F V I C 7 P I t m P 5 j 9 7 Pl 0 d q r u C 8 F Z - wB3F6TQWc5jJObUzQQwTGpqEXR3tqJY_aem_S7vj7-v_ dFLEW6EKlkYn_g.
6. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advoka - tury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii- kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan- na-zaschitu?ysclid=mfweo2wubb30979376.
7. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie- pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organi - zatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-v-organy- organizatsii?ysclid=mfwh4zb7pb703233619.
8. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-v-za - schitu-rossiyskih-advokatov-podvergayuschihsya-presle - dovaniyu.
9. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advoka - tury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii- kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan- na-zaschitu.

11. https://eurasialaw-journal.ru/intervyu-s-andreem- viktorovichem-ragulinym.html.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
MANAGERS FROM THE FEDERAL CHAMBER OF ADVOCATES WHO WERE NOT DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED BY ADVOCATES: FIVE YEARS FOR AN «ANSWER» WITHOUT AN ANSWER
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal 450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article examines the five-year delay in the response from the First Vice-President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA) Mikhail Tolcheev to questions posed in 2020 regarding the FCA’s ignoring of lawyers’ complaints about abuses in regional chambers.
Keywords: lawyer’s monopoly, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal profession, legal reform, professional ethics, self-government of the bar, institutional capture, democratic procedures, accountability
References
1. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sudebnye-spory-i-sot - sialnye-modeli-sovremennoy-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvety- i-voprosy-vitse-prezidentu-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov.
2. https://t.me/initiative2018.
3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury- i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-ver - nut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.

 
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0LarZl75lg.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
ANOTHER FAILURE OF THE «LAWYER’S MONOPOLY» SUPPORTERS: THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT ANNOUNCED THE VERDICT TO THE FEDERAL CHAMBER OF ADVOCATES
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal 450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article analyzes the statement made by a representative of the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation at the meeting of the Council of the Federal Chamber of Advocates (FCA). Official data were presented revealing a large number of cases of lawyers failing to appear at court hearings and the inability of the FCA and regional bar chambers to address this problem effectively. Based on the analysis of these materials, the author concludes that the Russian bar is facing a disciplinary and organizational crisis, having lost its self- regulatory capacity and reputation as an institution supporting justice. The situation undermines the FCA’s arguments in favor of introducing an «lawyers’ monopoly» and demonstrates the urgent need for structural reform of the Russian legal profession to ensure accountability, transparency, and true independence from administrative control.
Keywords: Federal Chamber of Advocates, Judicial Department, legal profession, disciplinary liability, lawyers’ monopoly, justice, professional standards, independence of lawyers, self-governance, bar reform
References
1. https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/my-soobshchestvo-koto - roe-zhivet-i-rabotaet-po-opredelennym-pravilam/.

3. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advoka - tury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii- kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan- na-zaschitu.
4. https://eurasialaw-journal.ru/intervyu-s-andreem- viktorovichem-ragulinym.html.

PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR OBSTRUCTION OF LAWYER’S ACTIVITIES UNDER THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE LEGISLATION OF SЕVЕRAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS)
BRYUKHANOVA Alena Dmitrievna
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Procedure of Ulyanovsk State University 432017, Ulyanovsk, Lev Tolstoy Street, 42, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of establishing criminal liability for obstruction of advocacy in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Qualified legal assistance provided by lawyers in Russia must have adequate and guaranteed protection from the state. The article analyzes the current regulatory provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The article considers foreign experience, on the basis of which the author analyzes a proposal for amendments regarding criminal liability for obstruction of advocacy in the legislation of the Russian Federation. The author conducts a comparative legal analysis of the criminal legislation of such foreign countries as the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Armenia, and the Republic of Kazakhstan, which regulate the criminal protection of lawyers from obstruction of their legitimate professional activities. As an example, it is noted that in a number of States such as the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic, the legislation on the legal profession enshrines not only guarantees of the independence of lawyers, but also responsibility for creating obstacles to legitimate advocacy. Ensuring the criminal legal protection of a lawyer in the course of legitimate advocacy is a guarantee of the realization of the «right to protection» of the rights of clients, the effectiveness of advocacy in providing qualified legal assistance.
Keywords:advocate, legal assistance, obstruction of the activities of a lawyer, professional rights of a lawyer, criminal law, criminal legal protection
References
1. Vorob’yov A.S. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ za vmeshatel’stvo v advokatskuyu deyatel’nost’ // Yuridiches - kaya nauka. 2020. № 4. S. 72–74.
2. Popov Yu.V. Sravnitel’no-pravovaya harakteristika posyagatel’stva na zhizn’ lica, osushchestvlyayushchego pravosudie ili predvaritel’noe rassledovanie, po UK RF i zakonodatel’stvu gosudarstv SNG // Vestnik Chelyabin - skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2012. № 27 (281). S. 102–107.
3. Ragulin A.V. Professional’nye prava advokata-za - shchitnika v Rossijskoj Federacii: voprosy teorii i praktiki: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2015.
4. Solov’eva Yu.I. Ugolovno-pravovaya ohrana advo - katov ot prestupnyh posyagatel’stv v stranah postsovetsk - ogo prostranstva // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2022. № 3 (58). S. 28–32.
5. Stecovskij Yu.I. Zashchita advokata ot ugolovnogo presledovaniya // Advokat. 2007. № 9. S. 23–39.
6. Tagieva N.N. Voprosy reglamentacii otvetstven - nosti za posyagatel’stvo na zhizn’ lic, osushchestvlyay - ushchih pravosudie ili predvaritel’noe rassledovanie (po Ugolovnomu kodeksu Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki) // Sovremennoe pravo. 2011. № 12. S. 128–132.
7. Furlet S.P. Ob ugolovnoj i administrativnoj otvetst - vennosti za vosprepyatstvovanie zakonnoj deyatel’nosti advokatov v Respublike Kazahstan // Advokatskaya prak - tika. 2016. № 3. S. 59–64.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
«I AM A PATRIAL. DEPRIVATION OF RIGHTS. LACK OF ACCOUNTABILITY. FAILURE TO ACT»: THE CORE OF THE PSEUDOPATRIOTIC PROJECT FROM THE FEDERAL CHAMBER OF ADVOCATES` REPRESSIVE TEACHERS
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich
Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal 450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article provides a comprehensive legal and institutional analysis of the project «I Am a Citizen: Law. Responsibility. Action» initiated by the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation. The author argues that, under the guise of patriotic and civic education, the project actually performs ideological indoctrination and political mobilization functions that are alien to the legal profession as an independent institution of civil society. The study demonstrates that the Federal Chamber’s involvement in such initiatives reflects a deep institutional crisis of independence and its transformation into a tool of state propaganda. Special attention is given to the content of the program, its contradiction to constitutional values, the substitution of citizens’ rights with duties, and serious violations of attorney–client confidentiality through the digital service «Attorney’s Secret». The author concludes that the project epitomizes the ongoing «seizure» of the Bar and legal profession in Russia and marks the Federal Chamber’s final departure from its human rights mission.
Keywords:legal profession, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal education, patriotism, ideological indoctrination, attorney–client privilege, independence of the bar, human rights, capture of the bar, repressive pedagogy, lawyer`s monopoly
References
1. https://проект-я-гражданин.рф/.
2. https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/ya-grazhdanin-pravo-ot - vetstvennost-deystvie/.
3. https://апчо.рф/novosti/novosti-apcho/ya-grazh - danin-pravo-otvetstvennost-deystvie-chelyabinsk2.html.
4. https://cfuv.ru/news/ya-grazhdanin-v-kfu-star - toval-federalnyjj-patrioticheskijj-proekt?ysclid=mhgkwm bovq936118233.
5. https://t.me/fparf/13330?ysclid=mhgkwoeqe800532833.
6. https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/chtoby-iz-shkol-i-vuzov- vypuskalis-dostoynye-gramotnye-grazhdane-svoey-strany/.
7. https://vk.com/wall-202164931_40380?ysclid=mhgk wrfmoh381456708.
8. https://apmo.ru/poslednie-novosti/?CODE=v- apmo-obsudili-zapusk-federalnogo-proekta-ya-grazh - danin-pravo-otvetstvennost-deystvie&ysclid=mhgkwsu0 7e302054673.
9. https://advokatrd.ru/news/news_1817.html.
10. https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/my-soobshchestvo-koto - roe-zhivet-i-rabotaet-po-opredelennym-pravilam/.
11. http://council.gov.ru/events/news/169878/.
12. https://dzen.ru/a/Z1g_oUjJLmYxW7Ss?ysclid=mhg uezwsn474905616.
13. https://www.ugpr.ru/news/9238-fpa-zapustila- novyy-servis-pravovoy-pomoshchi-podrostkam-advoka - tskaya-tayna?ysclid=mhgkwpnknm773220987.
14. https://проект-я-гражданин.рф/programma.
15. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advoka - tury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii- kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan- na-zaschitu.
16. http://www.publishing-vak.ru/file/archive-psycolo - gy-2023-9/e4-seleverstov-tkach.pdf.
17. https://s.esrae.ru/bulletinpp/pdf/2019/1/1217.pdf.
18. https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/con - ventions/role_lawyers.shtml.
19. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilnyy-put-ili- skolzkaya-dorozhka-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvet-na- statyu-eks-prezidenta-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-ros - siyskoy.

21. https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01007988275. 22. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8179000.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
ADVOCACY AND INVESTOR PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: JURISDICTIONAL CONFLICTS AND LEGAL CERTAINTY
KALUGIN Vadim Ivanovich
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law and the Faculty of Law of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations 119454, Moscow, Lobachevsky St., 90, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article examines the role of the legal profession in ensuring the protection of investors’ rights in the context of the digital economy. The study substantiates that the legal profession has become a key element of the legal infrastructure of the digital society, bridging national and international regulatory frameworks and shaping the foundation of a new procedural standard for the protection of rights in the digital environment.
Keywords: advocacy, digital economy, investments, digital assets, international law, investor protection, BRICS, EAEU, digital sovereignty, electronic evidence, digital law, legal regulation
References
1. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=54729114.
2. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=53987192.
3. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=55200419.
4. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=55100324.
5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/Legal_ Protection_of_Digital_Investors.
6. https://www.indiacode.nic.in/.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
THE GENESIS OF THE CONCEPT OF RELEVANCE OF EVIDENCE MOKROVSKY
Andrey Viktorovich Postgraduate
Student of Ulyanovsk State University 432063, Ulyanovsk, Komsomolsky lane, 15A, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article traces the historical evolution of one of the key properties of evidence in criminal proceedings – its relevance – from antiquity to modern Russian law. Based on the analysis of primary sources and scholarly doctrines, it demonstrates how the understanding of this criterion transformed from its origins in Roman law, where intent and case circumstances were central elements, through formalization in the medieval inquisitorial process, where confession became the «queen of evidence» to a radical revision during the Soviet period, when relevance was re- placed by the expediency of establishing «objective truth». Special attention is paid to the return, in the modern Russian Criminal Procedure Code (CPC RF), of strict formal legal criteria linking relevance to the subject of proof. The author concludes that, despite the absence of a unified scholarly definition, the specific content of the principle of relevance is now actively shaped by the applied practice of higher courts, which develops such aspects as procedural economy, the prohibition of investigating circumstances irrelevant to the accusation, and the mandatory consideration of evidence contradicting the prosecution’s case.
Keywords: relevance of evidence, theory of evidence, criminal procedure, genesis, legal history, Roman law, inquisitorial process, CPC RF, subject of proof, judicial practice, admissibility of evidence, procedural economy
References
1. Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficis – «Zakon dikta - tora Korneliya Sully ob ubijcah i otravitelyah», prinyatyj v 81 godu do n. e. v Rime.
2. Mommsen Theodor Criminal law (Roman law). Rö - misches Strafrecht. Leipzig, Verlag von Düncker & Hum - blot, 1899.
3. Aleksandrov A.S., Frolov S.A. Otnosimost’ ugo - lovno-processual’nyh dokazatel’stv: monografiya. N. Novgorod: Nizhegorodskaya pravovaya akademiya, 2011 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://kalinovsky-k. narod.ru/b/aleksandrov_2011/1-1.html.
4. Bartoshek M. Rimskoe pravo: (Ponyatiya, terminy, opredeleniya): per. s cheshsk. M.: Yurid. lit., 1989.
5. Vyshinskij A.Ya. Teoriya sudebnyh dokazatel’stv v sovetskom prave. M.: Yuridicheskoe izdatel’stvo NKYu SSSR, 1941.
6. Gromachevskij S.G. Yasnye dokazatel’stva // Zhurnal Ministerstva yusticii. God chetvertyj. 1898. № 10 (dekabr’).
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8. Digesty Yustiniana = Digesta Ivstiniani: perev. s lat. / otv. red. L.L. Kofanov. T. 7. Polutom 2. M.: Statut, 2003–2005.
9. Dozhdev D.V. Rimskoe chastnoe pravo: ucheb. dlya vuzov / pod red. V.S. Nersesyanca. M.: INFRA-M: Norma, 1996.
10. Karolina: Ugolovno-sudebnoe ulozhenie Karla V / per. so sredneverhnegerm., predisl. i primech.: zasl. deyat. nauki Kaz. SSR prof. S. Ya. Bulatova; otv. red. d-r yurid. nauk S.Z. Zimanov; AN Kaz. SSR; In-t filosofii i prava. Al - ma-Ata: Nauka, 1967.
11. Le Goff Zh. Civilizaciya srednevekovogo Zapa - da / per. s fr. pod obshch. red. V.A. Babinceva; poslesl. A.Ya. Gurevicha. Ekaterinburg: U-Faktoriya, 2005.
12. Orlov Yu.K. Sovremennye problemy dokazyvaniya i ispol’zovaniya special’nyh znanij v ugolovnom sudo - proizvodstve. M., 2020.
13. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo yazyka: 80 000 slov i frazeologicheskih vyr - azhenij / Rossijskaya akademiya nauk; Institut russkogo yazyka im. V.V. Vinogradova. 4-e izd., dop. M.: OOO «A TEMP», 2006.
14. Stefanovskij D.N. O predelah issledovaniya v ugo - lovnom processe. Yaroslavl’, 1894.
15. Stifen D.F. Ugolovnoe pravo Anglii v kratkom ochertanii // Soch. Dzhemsa Fic-Dzhemsa Stifena; per. s angl. i predisl. V. Spasovicha. Vyp. 1–2. Vyp. 1 / 22. SPb.: V. Kovalevskij, 1865–1866, 1865 (obl. 1866). XII, 596, II s.
16. Teoriya dokazatel’stv v sovetskom ugolovnom pro - cesse / otv. red. N.V. Zhogin. 2-e izd., isprav. i dop. M.: Yurid. lit., 1973.
17. Ugolovno-processual’noe pravo Rossijskoj Federa - cii: uchebnik / otv. red. P.A. Lupinskaya, L.A. Voskobi - tova. 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2017.
18. Kassacionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii № 44-UD24-16sp-A4 ot 29 avgusta 2024 goda (Unikal’nyj identifikator dela 59OS0000-01-2021-000229-79).
19. Kassacionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii № 4-UD24-13-A1 ot 28 maya 2024 g. (Unikal’nyj identifi - kator dela 50OS0000-01-2020-000510-27). Arhiv VS RF.
20. Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po ugolovnym delam Verhovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii № 49-APU 19-20sp ot 24 oktyabrya 2019 g. (Unikal’nyj iden - tifikator dela 03OS0000-01-2018-001063-93).

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
SOCIAL MEDIA AS EVIDENCE: LEGAL RISKS AND PROTECTIVE GUARANTEES IN THE RUSSIAN CONTEXT
KIRICHENKO Artyom Viktorovich
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Computer Law and Information Security of Faculty of Higher School of Public Audit of Lomonosov Moscow State University 119234, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, building 1, building 13, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article examines the legal aspects of using social media data as evidence in terms of legal risks and safeguards in Russia. It analyzes the contradictions between the pursuit of personal data protection and the need to ensure access to electronic evidence for the administration of justice. Special attention is paid to the differentiation of the legal regimes governing open and closed accounts, as well as the role of consent in the processing of personal data. In conclusion, the author substantiates the necessity of legislative formalization of the definitions of «social network» «open/closed account» and formulates practical recommendations for legal professionals on handling digital evidence.
Keywords: social networks, electronic evidence, open account, closed profile, personal data, presumption of consent, Information intermediary, website owner
References
1. Antipov A.I. Ugolovno-pravovoe znachenie ispol’zovaniya sredstv massovoj informacii i informa - cionno-telekommunikacionnyh setej pri sovershenii prestuplenij s priznakami prizyvov, skloneniya, nezakon - nogo oborota predmetov i materialov: dis. … kand. nauk. SPb., 2022.
2. Voronin M.I. Osobennosti ocenki elektronnyh (ci - frovyh) dokazatel’stv // Aktual’nye problemy rossijskogo prava. 2021. № 8 (129). S. 118–128.
 3. Kil’deev R.R. Ponyatie metadannyh i ih konstitu - cionnaya zashchita // Izvestiya vysshih uchebnyh zave - denij. Povolzhskij region. Obshchestvennye nauki. 2021. № 3 (59). S. 29–40.
4. Markar’yan R.V. Sovershenstvovanie pravovogo regulirovaniya rasprostraneniya informacii cherez infor - macionno-kommunikacionnye seti v Rossijskoj Federacii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2011.
5. Cheremisina M.E. Pravovoj status sub»ektov v seti Internet: dis. … kand. nauk. M., 2020.
6. Erzin A.D. Princip neposredstvennosti i istochnik elektronnyh dokazatel’stv // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina. 2025. № 2 (126). S. 175–180.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE IN LABOR DISPUTES: AN ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE USE OF DIGITAL AND ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE
GRISHINA Ksenia Vladimirovna
Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Law and Security, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure at the Ural Institute of Management - Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration 119571, Moscow, pr. Vernadsky, 82, bld. 1, Russian Federation LARIONOV Sergey Sergeevich Applicant for the degree of Candidate of Law of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure at the Ural Institute of Mana- gement - Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration 119571, Moscow, pr. Vernadsky, 82, bld. 1, Russian Federation
Abstract: This article examines the phenomenon of circumstantial evidence in labor disputes, focusing on its practical application. The growing importance of such evidence is explained by the unequal position of employees compared to employers and the difficulties in obtaining direct evidence. The study focuses on the courts’ interpretation of circumstantial evidence in the context of labor disputes. Case studies demonstrate the diversity of approaches to evaluating such evidence. Recommendations for developing a system for evaluating circumstantial evidence in labor disputes are offered.
Keywords:circumstantial evidence, labor disputes, evidence, reliability, relevance, admissibility, argumentation, legally significant fact, use of evidence, electronic evidence
References
1. Smol’nikov D.I. Kosvennye dokazatel’stva v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve Rossii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M.: NIU VShE, 2015.
2. Akulinin A.D. Kosvennye dokazatel’stva v grazh- danskom processe: prakticheskie i teoreticheskie prob- lemy // Skif. Voprosy studencheskoj nauki. 2023. № 5(81). S. 225–230.
3. Luk’yanova I.N. Dokazatel’stva v arbitrazhnom processe: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2003. 4. Svedeniya propusknoj sistemy kompanii ne yavlyayutsya dokazatel’stvom sverhurochnoj raboty // Informacionno-pravovoj portal GARANT.RU [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.garant.ru.
5. Opredelenie Vtorogo kassacionnogo suda obshchej yurisdikcii ot 8 fevralya 2024 g. po delu № 8G-1417/2024 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://2kas.sudrf.ru.
6. Opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda ot 11 oktyabrya 2023 g. po delu № 33-38663/2023 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://mos-gorsud.ru.
7. Opredelenie Tret’ego kassacionnogo suda obshchej yurisdikcii ot 3 maya 2023 g. po delu № 8G-3683/2023 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://3kas.sudrf.ru.
8. Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Verhovnogo Suda Respubliki Saha (Yakutiya) ot 15 noyabrya 2017 goda po delu № 33-4401/2017 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https:// vs.jak.sudrf.ru.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
PLACEMENT IN A MEDICAL ORGANIZATION PROVIDING PSYCHIATRIC CARE IN STATIONARY CONDITIONS: ISSUES OF LEGAL NATURE AND APPLICATION PRACTICE
BATANOV Andrey Nikolayevich
Candidate of Law, Assistant Professor of the Department of Criminal Procedure of the Law Faculty of Ulyanovsk State University, Lawyer of the Ulyanovsk Regional Bar Association 432017, Ulyanovsk, Leo Tolstoy St., 42, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article considers the problem of the legal nature of the temporary placement of a person in respect of whom proceedings are underway for the application of a compulsory medical measure in a medical organization providing inpatient care. Certain conclusions are drawn, reflected in the article, that this procedural decision and procedural action should be considered as a measure of criminal procedural coercion. Based on the study, proposals have also been made to improve the current criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation. The article has scientific value and practical significance, since it examines for the first time the legal nature of the temporary placement of a person in respect of whom proceedings are underway for the application of a compulsory medical measure in a medical organization providing inpatient care and its place in the system of current criminal procedure legislation. Keywords: criminal procedure law, criminal law, proceedings on the application of compulsory medical measures, temporary placement in a medical organization providing psychiatric care in inpatient conditions
References
1. Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 24 maya 2018 g. № 20-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti stat’i 435 Ugolovno-processual’nogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii v svyazi s zhalobami grazh - dan D. i K.» // Vestnik Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2018. № 2.
2. Kommentarij k Ugolovno-processual’nomu kodek- su Rossijskoj Federacii v redakcii Federal’nogo zakona ot 29 iyunya 2002 goda / pod obshch. i nauchn. red. d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. A.Ya. Suhareva. M.: NORMA–INFRA- M, 2002. S. 732.
3. Maksimov O.A., Orlov A.A. Trebovanie proveryae - mosti zaklyucheniya eksperta kak element mekhanizma realizacii prava na hodatajstvo v ugolovnom sudoproiz - vodstve // Soyuz kriminalistov i kriminologov. 2018. № 3. S. 37.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
ON SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LIMITS OF CONSTITUTIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF COUNTERING EXTREMIST ACTIVITY
KOLOKOLOVA Marina Vladislavovna
Postgraduate Student of Economic and Financial Investigations Sub-Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, Building 1, Russian Federation Abstract: In the modern world, the problem of extremism is becoming increasingly pressing, posing a threat to both the security of society and the rights and freedoms of citizens. With the growing number of extremist manifestations, the need arises for effective measures that, on the one hand, ensure the protection of society from threats while, on the other, preserving fundamental human rights. Constitutional guarantees play an important role in achieving this balance, provid- ing the legal basis for implementing both security measures and protecting citizen’s rights and freedoms. Their funda- mental significance lies in their ability to organize and regulate social relations within the strict framework of the legal field, creating barriers against arbitrariness. This function of constitutional legal regulation becomes critical when the interests of collective security and individual freedom may come into apparent conflict. Thus, the relevance of this issue stems directly from the need to find an optimal balance between ensuring security and protecting human rights and freedoms.
Keywords: extremist activity, constitutional rights, limits of constitutional rights, protection of human rights, ensuring security, security of Russia, countering extremism, terrorism, extremism, national security
References
1. Zhukova O.S. Pravovye mery protivodejstviya in - formacionnomu ekstremizmu: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Voronezh, 2006. S. 24.
2. Zor’kin V. Konstitucionnyj sud na rubezhe chetver - togo desyatiletiya // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2021. № 247 (8598) [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2021/10/27/konsti - tucionnyj-sud-na-rubezhe-chetvertogo-desiatiletiia.html.
3. Kvitko A.F. Konstitucionno-pravovye osnovy ograni- cheniya prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina v Rossijskoj Federacii: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007.
4. Kudryashova O.A. Ogranichenie svobody raspros - traneniya informacii v celyah protivodejstviya ekstrem - istskoj deyatel’nosti: konstitucionno-pravovoj aspekt: av - toref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2012.
5. Lebedev V.A. Konstitucionnye osnovy ogranichenij prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina // Lex russica. 2017. № 1. S. 135.
6. Odincova D.O. Ogranichenie konstitucionnogo prava na svobodu slova i mery po protivodejstviyu eks - tremizmu: sistema kriteriev dlya razlichiya // Akademi - cheskaya nauka. 2025. № 1. S. 49–55.
7. Romanovskij V.G. Konstitucionnye ogranicheniya prav cheloveka v celyah protivodejstviya terrorizmu v Rossii i za rubezhom: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Kazan’, 2019.
8. Smirnova M.S. Antiekstremistskoe zakonodatel’stvo v sisteme zashchity konstitucionnyh prav cheloveka: prob - lema integracii // Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika. 2021. T. 17. № 1. S. 39–44. 9. Chernyavskiĭ D.O. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ za publichnye prizyvy k soversheniyu dejstvij, napravlennyh na narushenie territorial’noj celostnosti Rossii, i pravo na svobodu slova: problemy sootnosheniya // Rossijskij sle - dovatel’. 2017. № 5. S. 43–46.
10. Yazykeev S.N. Pravovoj mekhanizm ogranicheniya konstitucionnyh prav i svobod cheloveka i grazhdanina v celyah obespecheniya bezopasnosti v Rossii // Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2022. T. 28. № 2. S. 233–238.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
CRIMINALISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES RELATED TO BANKRUPTCY OF LEGAL ENTITIES
GARMAEV Yury Petrovich
Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law, Procedure, and Forensic Science at the Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University. 670000, Ulan-Ude, Smolina St., 24a, Russian Federation
FEDOROV Anatoly Mikhailovich
Arbitration manager 101000, Moscow, st. Myasnitskaya, 26, PO Box 71, Russian Federation Abstract: With the development of the institution of bankruptcy of legal entities, legal relations in the field of economics began to come into contact with the criminal law sphere due to various abuses, so there was a need to systematize law enforcement practices related to the issues of bringing persons controlling the debtor and their representatives, creditors and arbitration managers to criminal responsibility. Along with the criminal law classification of crimes in the field of bankruptcy, the article examines a more expanded, criminalistic classification of crimes in this area, which can be used by law enforcement agencies.
Keywords: bankruptcy of legal entities, criminalistic classification of crimes, method of committing a crime, subject, crimes in the field of economics, arbitration administrator, debtor, creditor, person controlling the debtor
References
1. Yablokov N.P. Kriminalisticheskaya harakteristika prestupleniya – vazhnyj element kriminalisticheskoj teorii i praktiki // Aktual’nye problemy kriminalistiki na sovre - mennom etape: materialy vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf., Krasnodar, 23–24 maya 2002 g. Krasnodar, 2002. S. 25.
2. Lyaskalo A. Protivorechiya sudebnoj praktiki po delam o kriminal’nom bankrotstve // Advokatskaya gaze - ta [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/ mneniya/protivorechiya-sudebnoy-praktiki-po-delam-o- kriminalnom-bankrotstve.
3. Garmaev Yu.P., Fedorov A.M. Ponyatie prestu - plenij, svyazannyh s bankrotstvami yuridicheskih lic, v kriminalisticheskom aspekte // Yuridicheskaya nauka i praktika: Vestnik Nizhegorodskoj akademii MVD Rossii. 2025. № 3 (71). S. 133–138.
4. Grigor’eva L.V. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost’ za moshennichestvo: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 1996. S. 177.
5. Popov D.A. Obshchestvennaya opasnost’ nepra - vomernyh bankrotstv v Rossijskoj Federacii // Pravo i gos - udarstvo: teoriya i praktika. 2021. № 1 (193).
6. Ugolovnoe pravo. Osobennaya chast’: uchebnik dlya vuzov / pod obshch. red. L.M. Prozumentova. Glava 8. Prestupleniya v sfere ekonomicheskoj deyatel’nosti / M.T. Valeev, I.A. Nikitina. Tomsk: Izdatel’skij Dom Tom - skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2019. S. 288–297. 7. Prigovor Kujbyshevskogo rajonnogo suda goroda Omska ot 15.05.2019 po delu № 1-22/2019 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://sudact.ru/regular/doc/xR3dVHXY - HyHZ.
8. Prigovor Zavodskogo rajonnogo suda g. No - vokuznecka Kemerovskoj oblasti ot 04.10.2023 po delu № 1-5/2023 (№ 1-60/2022, № 1-635/2021) [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: http //sudact.ru/regular/doc/4Itc60ptqM15/.
9. Federal’nyj zakon ot 26 oktyabrya 2002 g. № 127-FZ «O nesostoyatel’nosti (bankrotstve)» // SZ RF. 2002. № 1. St. 4190.
10. Prigovor Leninskogo rajonnogo suda g. Saranska Respubliki Mordoviya ot 22.06.2023 № 1-99/2023 [Elek - tronnyj resurs]. URL: sudact.ru/regular/doc/Xk4mrGaW - 9fg5.
11. Prigovor Dzerzhinskogo rajonnogo suda goroda Volgograda № 1-122/2021 1-643/2020 ot 22.06.2021 [Ele - ktronnyj resurs]. URL: sudact.ru/regular/doc/Pql6rooM - VQUd.
12. Sychev S.N. Elementy kriminalisticheskoj harakter - istiki nezakonnogo bankrotstva // Problemy ekonomiki i yuridicheskoj praktiki. 2010. № 1 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/elementy-kriminal - isticheskoy-harakteristiki-nezakonnogo-bankrotstva.
13. Orlova L.A. Razgranichenie prestuplenij, svyazan - nyh s bankrotstvom, so smezhnymi pravovymi delik - tami // Probely v rossijskom zakonodatel’stve. 2018. № 6. S. 182–190.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
ON THE PROBLEM OF USING FORENSIC PROFILING TECHNOLOGIES AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRECTION OF COMBAT STRESS IN MILITARY PERSONNEL
AKIMENKO Marina Alekseevna
Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Pyatigorsk State University 357500, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin ave., 9, Russian Federation
Abstract: In the article, the author attempted to analyze the parallel between the tasks of forensic profiling (assessing the reliability of information, predicting behavior) and the current problems of diagnosing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and providing psychological assistance with combat stress. Some aspects of the hypothesis that technologies for analyzing non-verbal behavior and speech patterns can be adapted to create objective protocols for detecting maladaptive states and increasing the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic contact are substantiated. Keywords: forensic profiling, combat stress, PTSD, psychological help, non-verbal behavior, military personnel, SVO, interdisciplinary approach
References
1. Malyuchenko G.N. Metodika «SLIR (BV)»: Sopro - vozhdenie lichnostnyh izmenenij v readaptacii boevogo veterana: ucheb. posob. Saratov: Saratovskij istochnik, 2025.
2. Bryuhnov A.A., Koval’chuk V.A. Profajling kak metod opredeleniya psihologo-kriminalisticheskogo por - treta // Ugolovno-ispolnitel’noe pravo. 2022. T. 17. № 3. S. 386–392.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
FEATURES OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES RAMAZANOV Fuad Nariman ogly
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Judicial Authority, Law Enforcement and Human Rights Activities of Institute of Law of Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia 117198, Moscow, st. Miklouho-Maklaya, 6, Russian Federation
Abstract: This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the structure and functioning of the judicial system of the United Arab Emirates within the federal structure of the state. It examines the multi-tiered organization of the justice system, with a division of powers between the federal and local judicial bodies of the seven emirates. It examines the hierarchical structure of the federal judicial system, including the Supreme Federal Court, courts of first instance, and appellate courts, as well as the specifics of the autonomous judicial systems of Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
Keywords: UAE judicial system, federal structure, Supreme Federal Court, local courts of the Emirates, Islamic law, Sharia, secular legislation, digitalization of justice, artificial intelligence in legal proceedings
References
1. Ballantyne W.M. Commercial Law in the Arab Mid - dle East: The Gulf States. Lloyd’s of London Press, 1986.
2. Davidson C. The United Arab Emirates: A Study in Survival. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2005. 3. Dubai Courts Annual Report 2022. Government of Dubai, 2023 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.duba - icourts.gov.ae.
4. Elsaman R.S. The Legal Systems of the United Arab Emirates: Modernization and Tradition. International Jour - nal of Legal Information. 2019. Vol. 47. № 2. P. 120–135.
5. Federal Law № 11 of 1992 (as amended). On the Regulation of the Judicial Authority in the UAE. Official Gazette, UAE.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
ON SOME CRIMINOLOGICAL AND CRIMINAL LAW ASPECTS OF COUNTERING CYBERCRIME
KUVSHINOV Aleksey Nikolaevich
Lecturer of Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Expertise of Law Institute of Pyatigorsk State University 357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinin Ave., 9, Russian Federation
Abstract: This article discusses the current topic of improving criminal policy in the context of the growing threat of cybercrime. The conclusions emphasize the importance of adapting criminal policy to the rapidly changing cyber environment, the need for professional development and active cooperation in the international arena to counter cybercrime.
Keywords: cybercrime, criminal policy, legal regulation, international cooperation
References
1. Akimenko M.A. O nekotoryh kriminologicheskih osobennostyah proyavleniya kriminal’noj aktivnosti transnacional’noj organizovannoj prestupnosti v period pandemii COVID-19 // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 3(52). S. 109–110.
2. Akimenko M.A., Popov A.P. Uchebno-metodiches - koe posobie dlya provedeniya laboratornyh rabot po krim - inalistike. Pyatigorsk: OOO «Reklamno-informacionnoe agentstvo na Kavkazskih Mineral’nyh Vodah», 2025.
3. Akimenko M.A., Cukanova O.V. O nekotoryh kriminologicheskih priznakah kiberterrorizma i kiberek - stremizma v sovremennyh usloviyah // Universitetskie chteniya–2024: materialy Vserossijskoj konferencii s mezh - dunarodnym uchastiem, Pyatigorsk, 11–12 yanvarya 2024 goda. Pyatigorsk: Pyatigorskij gosudarstvennyj uni - versitet, 2024. S. 117–121.
4. Klychev R.A. Problemy kvalifikacii prestuplenij ekstremistskoj napravlennosti v social’nyh setyah i mes - sendzherah // Problemy ekonomiki i yuridicheskoj prak - tiki. 2025. T. 21. № 1. S. 135–140.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE
INFORMATION SYSTEMS AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL LAW RELATIONS
MALAFEEV Mikhail Alexandrovich
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil and Business Law of Law Faculty of Ulyanovsk State University 432970, Ulyanovsk, Goncharova St., 40/9, Russian Federation Abstract: The article examines the features of software as a complex object of civil law relations. Information systems are being analyzed as an modern object of the contract. This work propose to a separate interpretation of the concept of «information system» as an object of civil law relations with its inherent technical features. A comparative legal research method is applied, current standards are analyzed that regulates current concept of understanding information systems as an object of civil law, also this work analyzes the interpretation of information systems in the documents of IT organizations.
Keywords: information systems, the concept of an information system, software, object of civil law relations, civil law relations
References
1. SAP enterprise support schedule («Schedule») [Elek - tronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.sap.com/about/trust-cen - ter/agreements/on-premise/product-use-and-support-terms. html?sort=latest_desc&tag=agreements%3Aproduct-use- and-support-terms%2Fon-premise-software%2Fsupport- t e r m s & p d f - a s s e t = 1 e 2 c 2 9 2 c - b 4 7 e - 0 0 1 0 - b c a 6 - c68f7e60039b&page=1.
2. SAP Plans Russia Exit [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://news.sap.com/2022/04/sap-plans-russia-exit.
3. Abramov V.Yu., Abramov Yu.V. Pravovoe regu - lirovanie novyh vidov predprinimatel’skoj deyatel’nosti: praktich. posob. M.: Yusticinform, 2023.
4. Arhitektura platformy 1S:Predpriyatie (versiya 8.3.27) Klient-servernyj variant raboty [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://v8.1c.ru/platforma/klient-servernyy-variant- raboty/?ysclid=mfvkgtmtnt452740458.
5. Barahnin V.B., Fedotov A.M. Informacionnaya siste - ma: vzglyad na ponyatie // Vestnik novosibirskogo gosu - darstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Informacionnye tekh - nologii. 2007. № 2. T. 5. S. 12–19.
6. Belyackaya T.N., Amelin M.A. Analiz intellektual’- nyh informacionnyh sistem na primere SCRM i ERP // Prikladnaya informatika. 2015. T. 10 № 3(57). S. 12–23.
7. Dogovor prisoedineniya. Klub Garant [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.garant.ru/company/disclaim - er/club.
8. Licenzionnoe soglashenie [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://1c.ru/texts/kp_license.htm?ysclid=mfh7onscrq840348104.
9. O chestnom znake [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://chestnyjznak.rf/o-chestnom-znake/nacionalnaya- sistema-markirovki.
10. Obshchie usloviya okazaniya uslug SAP STAN - DARD SUPPORT po soprovozhdeniyu programmnogo obespecheniya SAP STANDARD SUPPORT SCHEDULE («Obshchie usloviya») [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https:// www.sap.com/about/trust-center/agreements/on-prem - ise/product-use-and-support-terms.html?sort=latest_ desc&tag=agreements%3Aproduct-use-and-support- terms%2Fon-premise-software%2Fsupport-terms&pdf- asset=8001e9d0-737d-0010-87a3-c30de2ffd8ff&page=1.
11. Perechen’ produktov sistemy Garant [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://lt.garant.ru/#rec132098952.
12. Suvorov I.N., Askhatzyanova A.R., Miheev P.R. Klassifikaciya prikladnogo programmnogo obespecheni - ya // Aktual’nye nauchnye issledovaniya v sovremennom mire. 2021. № 1–2(69). S. 75–77.
13. Usloviya predostavleniya dostupa [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://login.consultant.ru/demo-access/agree - ment/. 14. Chernichenko A.N., Chernichenko L.L. Komp’yuternye seti v korporativnyh ekonomicheskih sistemah: ucheb. posob. Pyatigorsk: Reklamno-informacionnoe agentstvo na KMV, 2024. S. 78.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
CONTROLLED FOREIGN COMPANIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE REPUBLIC OF TURKIYE
KROKHINA Yulia Aleksandrovna
Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Legal Disciplines of the Higher School of Public Audit of Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, Building 1, Bldg. 13, Russian Federation
Abstract: In the Russian Federation, legal regulation of the taxation of controlled foreign companies is undergoing significant changes due to the impact of unprecedented illegal sanctions imposed on our country by unfriendly countries. In response to foreign economic challenges, Russian tax legislation has focused on mitigating the consequences of sanctions and adapting the tax system for individuals and legal entities controlling foreign entities. This article analyzes the corrective measures introduced in the Russian Federation in 2022 to support taxpayers managing foreign companies. It is concluded that the essence of the changes is to encourage voluntary disclosure of information and simplify the calculation of the tax base. At the same time, regulatory amendments have increased the level of legal and financial liability, requiring taxpayers to pay particular attention to structuring their foreign asset ownership.
A comparative analysis of the legal regulation of liability for violating CFC rules in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey revealed comparable grounds and measures of liability, aimed at protecting the fiscal sovereignty of each state. At the same time, violations of the CFC rules in the Republic of Turkey often result in criminal sanctions, which serves as a powerful preventative tool for curbing tax abuses involving foreign entities. The updated Russian model of regulations has a distinctly anti-offshore focus.
Keywords:controlled foreign companies, foreign assets, tax information, deoffshorization, tax incentives, corporate income tax, personal income tax, tax legislation of the Republic of Turkey, taxation of foreign assets
References
1. Federal’nyj zakon ot 9 noyabrya 2020 g. № 368-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v chasti pervuyu i vtoruyu Nalogo - vogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/46021/page/1.
2. Muratov R.A. Istoriya vozniknoveniya pravovogo regulirovaniya deyatel’nosti kontroliruemyh inostrannyh kompanij v RF // Mezhdunarodnoe pravo i mezhdunarod - nye organizacii / International Law and International Or - ganizations. 2021. № 2. S. 48.
3. Kupin M.S. Nalogovyj kontrol’ za nalogooblozhe - niem pribyli kontroliruemyh inostrannyh kompanij: pra - vovye osobennosti i mesto v sisteme gosudarstvennogo kontrolya // Nalogi i nalogooblozhenie. 2023. № 2. S. 26.
 4. Federal’nyj zakon ot 28 dekabrya 2022 g. № 565- FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v chasti pervuyu i vtoruyu Nalogovogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii i otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii o nalogah i sbo - rah» [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://publication.pravo. gov.ru/Document/View/0001202212280041.
5. Pis’mo Federal’noj nalogovoj sluzhby ot 7 iyunya 2023 g. № ShYu-4- 13/7148@ «O poryadke primeneniya punkta 1.2 i 1.3 stat’i 25.15 NK RF» [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn77/about_fts/about_na - log/13677410/.
6. Federal’nyj zakon ot 03.08.2018 № 290 - FZ «O mezh - dunarodnyh kompaniyah i mezhdunarodnyh fondah» (red. ot 24.02.2021) // SZ RF. 2018. № 32. Ch. I. St. 5083.
7. Ahmadova E.N. Problemy dvojnogo nalogoob - lozheniya v mezhdunarodnyh dogovorah o nalogoob - lozhenii // Innovacii i investicii. 2023. № 7. S. 208–211.
 8. Gribachev S.P. O predmete issledovaniya kon - vencionnogo rezhima vozvrata naloga, ischislennogo v otnoshenii pribyli predstavitel’stva kontroliruemoj in - ostrannoj kompanii, pri ustranenii dvojnogo nalogoob - lozheniya // Dialog. 2024. № 2. S. 28.
9. Hamidullin T.R. Osobennosti nalogooblozheniya pribyli kontroliruemyh inostrannyh kompanij v Rossijskoj Federacii: istoriya razvitiya i aktual’nyj poryadok // Vo - prosy rossijskoj yusticii. 2024. № 37. S. 560–563.
10. Borzenko E.A. Pravovye instrumenty realizacii politiki deofshorizacii: obobshchenie rossijskogo i mezh - dunarodnogo opyta // Yuridicheskaya nauka. 2024. № 1. S. 6–11.
11. Zakon o nalogovyh procedurah № 213 ot 4 yan - varya 1961 g.
12. Kontrol Edilen Yabancı Kurum Kurallarının Güçlendirilmesi: Beps ve Atad Projelerindeki ve Türk Mevzuatındaki Düzenlemeler – Strengthening Con - trolled Foreign Company Rules: Beps, Atad And Turkish Cfc Rules. December 2019. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi.
13. Global Guide to Criminalization of Tax Offenses – Turkiye. International Guide on Criminalization of Tax Of - fenses. Baker & McKenzie. 2023 [Elektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://resourcehub.bakermckenzie.com/en/resources/tax- dispute-resolution---criminal-proceedings.
14. Ugolovno-processual’nyj kodeks (Zakon № 5271 ot 04.12.2004, s izm., vnesyonnymi Zakonom № 6217 ot 31.03.2011).

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
OWNER’S CHOICE OF INSTITUTION TYPE: LEGAL BASIS AND PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION
YAKOVLEV Alexander Yurievich
Doctor of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher of Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences 117218, Moscow, Nakhimovsky prospect, 32, Russian Federation
Abstract: The Russian Federation and its regions burdened with a significant volume of tasks forced to look for organizational and legal forms of legal entities through which they will implement them. Institutions became widespread. The legal basis for them as an organizational and legal form consists of blocks of norms: relating to all legal entities, common to institutions and characteristics of the institution type. Choosing the type of institution is one of the important issues facing its founder. Keywords: institution, state institution, autonomous institution, budget institution, official duty institution, institution type
References
1. Borisova O.V., Ivanova N.A. Protivodejstvie korrup - cii v gosudarstvennom upravlenii: normativno-pravovye akty antikorrupcionnogo zakonodatel’stva i rezonansnye prestupleniya v Moskovskoj oblasti // Vestnik GGU. 2023. № 6. S. 328–333.
2. Vechernin D.S. Evolyuciya instituta ocenki regu - liruyushchego vozdejstviya: problemy i perspektivy // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo uni - versiteta. Seriya: Yurisprudenciya. 2014. № 4. S. 22–28.
3. Demin A.V., Rybal’chenko I.V., Uzunyan A.S. Gene - zis sovremennyh sistem upravleniya v period cifroviza - cii // Municipal’naya akademiya. 2022. № 2. S. 16–23.
4. Zashchita duhovno-nravstvennyh cennostej v rossi - jskoj gosudarstvenno-pravovoj tradicii: monografiya / pod red. R.V. Shagievoj, N.N. Kosarenko. M.: RUSAJNS, 2025.
5. Matveeva N.S., Psareva N.Yu. Gosudarstvennye i municipal’nye zakupki // Municipal’naya akademiya. 2022. № 3. S. 105–111.
6. Smotrickaya I.I., Frolova N.D. Upravlenie v kom - paniyah s gosudarstvennym uchastiem: empiricheskij analiz s uchetom otraslevyh effektov // Menedzhment i biznes-administrirovanie. 2022. № 2. S. 100–112.
7. Smotrickaya I.I., Frolova N.D. Upravlenie kom - paniyami s gosudarstvennym uchastiem: voprosy teorii i empiricheskie izmereniya: nauchnyj doklad. M.: IE RAN, 2024.
8. Titov S.Yu., Borisova O.V Osobennosti upravleniya municipal’nym imushchestvom i ego vliyanie na razvitie municipal’nogo obrazovaniya // Vestnik GGU. 2019. № 1. S. 111–122.
9. Frolova N.D. O roli kompanij s gosudarstvennym uchastiem v ekonomike Respubliki Belarus’ // Vestnik In - stituta ekonomiki Rossijskoj akademii nauk. 2025. № 4. S. 167–182.
10. Frolova N.D., Shashkova N.V. Rol’ kompanij s gosu - darstvennym uchastiem v realizacii gosudarstvennoj inno - vacionnoj politiki // Ekonomika nauki. 2025. № 1. S. 50–65.
11. Chebotnikov I.V., Yakovlev A.Yu., Glazunova I.V. Organizacionno-pravovye aspekty upravleniya i finanso - vogo kontrolya za deyatel’nost’yu gosudarstvennyh byudzhetnyh uchrezhdenij goroda Moskvy: monografiya. M.: Izdatel’stvo MosGU, 2019.
12. Chernyh S.I. Metody «myagkoj sily» v politike i eko - nomike // Obshchestvo i ekonomika. 2023. № 1. S. 27–36. 13. Yakovlev A. Corruption in state economic entities in Russia (legal aspects) // Advances in Social Science, Educa tion and Humanities Research. 2020. Vol. 49. P. 419–424.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
THE INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM IN RUSSIA AND ABROAD
POPOV Pavel Valerievich
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Fundamental Legal and Social-Humanitarian Disciplines of the Moscow University «Synergy» 129090, Moscow, Meshchanskaya St., 9/14, building 1, Russian Federation
Abstract: This article addresses the issue of digitalization of the public administration system and the moderniza- tion of the institution of public oversight. The author analyzes current trends toward integrating digital technologies into the activities of public authorities. Particular attention is paid to the need to create a unified digital portal for public oversight, providing citizens with access to information on the activities of state and local government bodies and their participation in governance processes. The article emphasizes the particular importance of legal support, data protec- tion and improving the digital literacy of the population. It is proposed the concept of a «smart public administration system», combining information resources and oversight mechanisms to foster a more open and inclusive public administration.
Keywords: digitalization, public administration system, public control, transparency, blockchain, artificial intel- ligence
References
1. Lisina N.S. Administrativno-pravovoe regu - lirovanie obshchestvennogo kontrolya v usloviyah ci - frovizacii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2024.
2. Lukonina Yu.A. Dialektika civilisticheskih pravoot - noshenij v usloviyah cifrovoj transformacii // Pravootnosh - enie: teoriya i praktika sovremennogo pravovogo regu - lirovaniya: materialy Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Kazan’, 15 oktyabrya 2021 goda. Kazan’: Otechestvo, 2022. S. 443–447.
3. Murzanov I.A. Profsoyuzy kak institut grazhdansk - ogo obshchestva i odin iz instrumentov zashchity kollek - tivnyh trudovyh prav rabotnikov v usloviyah formirovaniya koncepcii «Servisnoe gosudarstvo 2.0» // Konstitucionnoe i municipal’noe pravo. 2025. № 7. S. 27–31.
4. Peskov D.V. Cifrovaya transformaciya obshchestva: effektivnost’ ispol’zovaniya elektronnyh platform dlya vzaimodejstviya s organami publichnoj vlasti // Gosu - darstvennaya sluzhba. 2024. T. 26. № 4(150). S. 105–111.
5. Reent Ya.Yu. Perspektivy cifrovizacii obshchestven - nogo kontrolya v penitenciarnoj sfere // Chelovek: prestu - plenie i nakazanie. 2023. T. 31. № 1. S. 75–84.
6. Tihonov A.V., Bogdanov V.S. Ot «umnogo regu - lirovaniya» k «umnomu upravleniyu»: social’naya prob - lema cifrovizacii obratnyh svyazej // Sociologicheskie issledovaniya. 2020. № 1. S. 74–81.
7. Tret’yakov N.A., Korobov A.A. Ocenka effektivnosti obshchestvennogo kontrolya publichnoj politiki v uslovi - yah cifrovizacii // Social’no-politicheskie nauki. 2025. T. 15. № 3. S. 72–78.
8. Frolova I.V. Obshchestvennyj kontrol’ v sovremen - noj Rossii: trendy i zadachi cifrovizacii / I.V. Frolova, A.I. Urazova, O.N. Ignat’eva // Ekonomika i upravlenie: nauchno-prakticheskij zhurnal. 2021. № 6(162). S. 166–169.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
PREREQUISITES FOR THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC CONTROL BABAEV Rasim Vagifovich
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Judicial Authority, Law Enforcement and Human Rights Activities of Institute of Law of Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia 117198, Moscow, st. Miklouho-Maklaya, 6, Russian Federation Abstract: The article examines the social and legal preconditions for the emergence of public oversight in Russia: from pre-revolutionary participation practices to Soviet «people’s control» and modern institutions after 2014. The paper argues that the institutional robustness of public oversight depends on legal guarantees, governmental openness, and effective follow-up mechanisms.
Keywords: public oversight; genesis, preconditions, civic participation, people’s control, legal culture, civil society institutions, constitutionalization, government openness
References
1. Agibalov Yu.V. Obshchestvennyj kontrol’: praktika, problemy, napravleniya sovershenstvovaniya // Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo. 2020. № 2. S. 57–73.
2. Goncharov V.V. Princip kollegial’nosti i edi - nonachaliya v organizacii i deyatel’nosti sub»ektov ob - shchestvennogo kontrolya v Rossijskoj Federacii // Vestnik Kazanskogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2023. № 4. S. 24–32.
3. Zalesny Ya., Goncharov V.V., Borisova A.A., Pe - trenko E.G. O nekotoryh aspektah osushchestvleniya obshchestvennogo kontrolya v otnoshenii deyatel’nosti, aktov i reshenij Federal’nogo Sobraniya Rossijskoj Fed - eracii // Yuridicheskij vestnik DGU. 2023. T. 45. № 1(65). S. 38–47.
4. Zemskova O.A. Ponyatie obshchestvennogo kon - trolya i ego pravovaya priroda // Al’manah sovremennoj nauki i obrazovaniya. 2008. № 6-2. S. 76–79.
5. Ivanov O.B. Institut obshchestvennogo kontrolya v politicheskoj sisteme sovremennoj Rossii // Vestnik RUDN. Seriya: Gosudarstvennoe i municipal’noe upravle - nie. 2017. T. 4. № 2. S. 107–115.
6. Krickaya A.A. Osobennosti osushchestvleniya ob - shchestvennogo kontrolya v sovremennoj Rossii // Gosu - darstvennoe i municipal’noe upravlenie. Uchyonye zapis - ki. 2021. № 3. S. 186–190.
7. Miheev D.S. Glasnost’ i obshchestvennyj kontrol’ za deyatel’nost’yu vlasti na municipal’nom urovne // Is - toricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i prak - tiki. Tambov: Gramota, 2015. № 6(56). Ch. I. S. 136–139.
8. Nikitina E.E. Pravovaya priroda obshchestvennogo kontrolya i podhody k ego regulirovaniyu v Rossijskoj Federacii // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2024. № 4. S. 1–10.
9. Orlova I.V., Sokolova T.D. Rol’ i funkcii obshchest - vennyh sovetov v povyshenii effektivnosti organov regional’noj gosudarstvennoj vlasti // Vestnik RUDN. Seri - ya: Sociologiya. 2017. T. 17. № 1. S. 124–132.
10. Perel’shtejn Yu.A. Obshchestvennye i konsul’tativnye sovety pri organah gosudarstvennoj vlasti kak kanaly predstavitel’stva interesov // Vestnik Vorone - zhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo. 2021. № 1. S. 46–49.
11. Plotnikov A.A., Teterin A.V. Stanovlenie i razvi - tie obshchestvennogo kontrolya v Rossii: transformaciya podhodov na razlichnyh etapah otechestvennoj gosu - darstvennosti // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul’turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy teorii i praktiki. 2015. № 9(59). Ch. II. S. 146–150.
12. Sankina N.N. Obshchestvennyj kontrol’ nakanune i v revolyuciyah 1917 goda: opyt i uroki // Grazhdanin. Vy - bory. Vlast’. 2017. № 4. S. 138–150.
13. Semeleva E.Yu. Sushchnost’ obshchestvennogo kontrolya i ego vliyanie na funkcionirovanie gosudarst - va // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Yuridicheskie nauki. 2011. № 2(12). S. 65–70. 14. Spiridonov A.A. Gosudarstvennyj, municipal’nyj i obshchestvennyj kontrol’: soderzhanie i sootnoshenie po - nyatij s pozicij konstitucionnogo prava // Aktual’nye prob - lemy rossijskogo prava. 2022. T. 17. № 5 (138). S. 33–45.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
ON THE METHODS AND FORMS OF TAX CONTROL
RODIONOVA Alina Aleksandrovna
Postgraduate Student of the Department of Administrative, Information and Financial Law of Faculty of Law named after M.M. Speransky Institute of Law and National Security of Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Adminis- tration under the President of the Russian Federation, Lawyer of Moscow Bar Association «R&MDefence» 119571, Moscow, Prospekt Vernadskogo, 84, building 1, Russian Federation
Abstract: This article raises the problem of determining the forms and methods of tax control, examines different approaches from the point of view of the doctrine, highlights the main forms of tax control and related methods, and highlights the direction of the Russian Federation’s tax system in terms of interaction between the fiscal authority and the taxpayer. The author classifies tax audits based on various criteria, such as the depth of the period covered, as tax audits can vary in terms of the depth of the period covered. For example, a current period audit is typically limited to a desk audit, which focuses on the taxpayer’s submitted declarations, while a field audit can cover past tax periods for one or more types of taxes.
Keywords: tax control, form and method, tax authority, tax audit, tax monitoring, legislation, tax, and tax liability
References
1. Ponomarev A.I. Nalogovoe administrirovanie v Rossijskoj Federacii: ucheb. posob. dlya vuzov / A.I. Pono - marev, T.V. Ignatova. M.: Finansy i statistika, 2006.
2. Smirnova E.E. O kontrol’noj rabote nalogovyh or - ganov // Nalogovyj vestnik. 2004. № 11. S. 86–88.
3. Kucherov I.I. Nalogovoe pravo Rossii: kurs lekcij. M.: YurInfoR, 2001. S. 188.
4. Kormilicyn A.S. Formy i metody nalogovogo kon - trolya // Administrativnoe i municipal’noe pravo. 2008. № 6.
5. Korotkova L.A., Kovalevskaya D.E. O pravah i obyazannostyah nalogovyh organov // Nalogovyj vestnik. 2003. № 6. S. 49–64.
6. Pepelyaev S.G. Nalogovoe pravo: kurs lekcij / pod red. S.G. Pepelyaeva, A.M. Ema. M.: Statut, 2022. S. 301– 323.
7. Lobanov A.V. O soderzhanii i formah nalogovogo kontrolya // Finansy. 2008. № 3. S. 30–32. 8. «Nalogovyj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast’ per - vaya)» ot 31.07.1998 № 146-FZ (red. ot 29.11.2024, s izm. ot 21.01.2025) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 05.02.2025).
9. Kurdyukova Yu.S. K voprosu o sootnoshenii nal - ogovoj otvetstvennosti s inymi vidami yuridicheskoj ot - vetstvennosti // Sovremennye nauchnye issledovaniya i razrabotki. 2019. № 1(30). S. 617–619.
10. Il’in A.Yu. Nalog na professional’nyj dohod: uslovi - ya perekhoda, primeneniya i prekrashcheniya // Pravovoj al’manah. 2025. № 5(45). S. 6–15.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW UMBRELLA CLAUSE IN VIETNAMESE INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AGREEMENTS
DAO Le Minh Trang
Postgraduate Student of Kutafin Moscow State Law University 123242, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., 9, building 1, Russian Federation
Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of arbitration practice explaining the umbrella clause. Based on an analysis of the provisions of Vietnam’s international treaties on the protection of «new generation» investments and arbi- tration practice, it has been established that the new umbrella clause has a narrower scope, which focuses specifically on violations related to the exercise of sovereign power. The characteristics of the new umbrella clause are highlighted: 1) The umbrella clause applies to a breach of contract when the State acts in its sovereign capacity (de iure imperii) rather than in its commercial capacity (de iure gestionis); 2) In order to successfully file a claim under the new umbrella clause, the investor must prove that the State has interfered with his rights through specific actions a government agency, rather than through the execution (or non-execution) of a standard contract; 3) The investor must demonstrate that a breach of contract also constitutes a violation of the material norms guaranteed by international investment trea- ties; 4) The State is responsible, in accordance with international law, for the actions of its own government agencies, but not necessarily for contracts concluded by these authorities.
Keywords: umbrella clause, internationalization, sovereign state, contract between foreign investments and the state, new generation international investment agreement
References
1. Ahmadova M.A. Grazhdansko-pravovoj mekha - nizm regulirovaniya investicionnoj deyatel’nosti v stra - nah BRIKS: na primere Indii, Kitaya i YuAR: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2019.
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