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HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE

Features of the Implementation of the Judicial and Legal Policy of the Russian Empire on the Territory of the Kingdom of Poland in the First Half of the XIX Century

GOLSHEV Ivan Aleksandrovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Theory, History of State and Law and Philosophy of the All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)

117638, Moscow, Azovskaya St., 2, bldg. 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The study of the peculiarities of the implementation of the judicial and legal policy of the Russian Empire on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the XIX century. The study used methods of historical periodization, comparative analysis, historical-legal and formally legal.

The article has a high scientific value, since it examines the problems of implementing the judicial and legal policy of the Russian Empire on the territory of the Kingdom of Poland. The research uses the sources of the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: The Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland, the Court, the Judicial system, judicial and legal policy, the first half of the XIX century, Alexander I, Nicholas I, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland of 1815, the Manifesto of 1832

References

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14.Gosudarstvenny`j arxiv Rossijskoj Federacii. Fond 1165. OSOBENNAYa KANCELYaRIYa MINISTERSTVA VNUTRENNIX DEL. 1811-1826. Opis` 2. Dokumenty` o bor`be so shpionazhem i dr. Delo 145. Delo o nablyudenii za franczuzami gr. Bellevalem i Zhermonom, priby`vshimi v Rossiyu cherez Czarstvo Pol`skoe bez pasportov [GARF, f. 1165, op. 2, ed. xran. 145, d. № 36-1816].

15.Gosudarstvenny`j arxiv Rossijskoj Federacii. Fond 1165. OSOBENNAYa KANCELYaRIYa MINISTERSTVA VNUTRENNIX DEL. 1811-1826. Opis` 2. Dokumenty` o bor`be so shpionazhem i dr. Delo 143. Delo o vy`sy`lke v Permskuyu gub. franczuzskogo poddannogo Barona Francishka-P`era, osuzhdennogo voenny`m sudom za uchastie v volneniyax studentov, i nablyudenii za nim v ssy`lke [GARF, f. 1165, op. 2, ed. xran. 143, d. № 14-1824].

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING

Dmitry Talantov and «Initiative 2018»: Lawyers and Jurists for Democracy and

the Rule of Law

RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich

Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian advocacy» journal, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy

450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation

Abstract: The work is devoted to lawyer Dmitry Talantov and activities of the Interregional Public Organization of Lawyers and Jurists «Initiative 2018». The key aspects of «Initiative 2018»'s advocacy work aimed at protecting the independence of the legal profession, the rule of law and human rights in Russia, carried out in 2018-2024, are covered in detail. The most important initiatives implemented by Dmitry Talantov and his associates are described, including reforming the legal profession, protecting lawyers' rights from persecution, fighting for democratic principles in the legal profession, and transparency and accountability of the legal profession corporate governance bodies. Special attention is paid to Dmitry Talantov's role as a leader promoting the ideas of democracy, freedom of expression, justice, as well as his wrongful criminal prosecution. The article is published in Russian and English.

Keywords: Initiative 2018, Dmitry Talantov, advocacy, lawyer, lawyer's rights, Federal Chamber of Advocates, Advocate`s Chamber

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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING

Lawyer's Monopoly: Myth or Reality

ZARINA Alexandra Mikhailovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of International and Public Law of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky Ave., 49/2, Russian Federation

Abstract: In the modern legal community, the discussion about classifying issues of representation in courts as qualified legal assistance, which should be provided exclusively by lawyers, does not subside. However, it should be noted that society is not fully prepared for these transformations due to the lack of economic prerequisites and the difficulties in implementing this process today. It is also noted that obtaining a higher education in a legal specialty, which has a full range of competencies for practical activities, including in the courts, is of particular value. The solution to the problem of providing poor quality legal assistance is the creation of registers of unscrupulous lawyers.

Keywords: lawyer monopoly, representation, court, higher education, lawyer

References

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2.Berseneva T. Vmesto advokatskoj monopolii – advokatskaya spravedlivost` // Vestnik Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF. 2015. № 2. S. 256–260.

3.Vereshhagin A.N. K ocenke obosnovannosti advokatskoj monopolii // E`konomicheskaya politika. 2017. T. 12. S. 152–179.

4.Kosmy`nina A.S. Obespechenie predstavleniya grazhdanam kvalificirovannoj yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Vestnik YuUrGU. Seriya «Pravo». 2017. T. 17. № 4. S. 69–74.

5.Mamrov F. Advokatskaya monopoliya kak sposob bor`by` s pravovy`m nigilizmom // Advokatskaya gazeta. 2022. 18 noyabrya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: advgazeta.ru/mneniya/advokatskaya-monopoliya-kak-sposob-borby-s-pravovym-nigilizmom.

6.Morshhakova T.G. Konstitucionny`e osnovy` organizacii i reformirovaniya sistemy` kvalificirovannoj yuridicheskoj pomoshhi v Rossijskoj Federacii // Sravni-tel`noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie. 2015. № 5. S. 58–72.

7.Panchenko V.Yu. O strategii razvitiya sistemy` yuridicheskoj pomoshhi v gosudarstvennoj programme «Yusticiya» // Yuridicheskaya texnika. 2015. № 9. S. 533–538.

8.Rudneva Yu.V., Mavrinskaya T.V. Perspektivy` vvedeniya advokatskoj monopolii // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumanitarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2018. № 11-3(26). S. 144–146.

9.Slepova V.V., Sharapova R.A. Advokatskaya monopoliya: za i protiv // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumani-tarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2018. № 12-2. S. 130–133.

10.Shestakov E.N. Pochemu advokatskaya monopoliya nevozmozhna [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.intellectpro.ru/press/works/pochemu_advokatskaya_monopoliya_nevozmozhna.

11.Yarty`x I.S. Reforma advokatury` v svete koncepcii regulirovaniya ry`nka professional`noj yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2016. № 11 (72). S. 163–169.

12.Kleiner M.M. Reforming occupational licensing policies (March 2015) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/THP_KleinerDiscPaper_final.pdf.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES

Concept and Criteria for Arbitrary Deprivation (Termination) of the Status of an Advocate

RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich

450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article considers the issue of formulating the concept and criteria of arbitrary deprivation (termination) of the status of a lawyer (advocate) on the basis of the provisions of international law and scientific research.

Keywords: advocate, lawyer, legal profession, advocate chamber, Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation, the status of an advocate, arbitrary termination of the status of an advocate

References

1.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya / predislovie: G.B. Mirzoev, posleslovie: A.V. Vorob`ev. M.: Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.eurasianadvocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2410-monografiya-doktora-yuridicheskikh-nauk-prorektora-rossijskoj-akademii-advokaturyi-notariata-vitse-prezidenta-gildii-rossijskikh-advokatov-glavnogo-redaktora-zhurnala-evrazijskaya-advokatura-a-vragulina-traktat-ob-obrashchenii-32-kh-printsipakh.

2.Podborka zamechanij obshhego poryadka i obshhix rekomendacij, prinyaty`x dogovorny`mi organami po pravam Cheloveka [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/icm-mc/docs/8th/HRI.GEN.1.Rev9_ru.pdf.

3.A. v. Norway, ECHR, № 28070/06.

4.Bigaeva v. Greece, ECHR, № 26713/05.

5.Malone v. United Kingdom, ECHR, № 8619/79.

6.Ozpinar v. Turkey, ECHR, № 20999/04.

7.Oleksandr Volkov v. Ukraine, ECHR, № 55480/00.

8.Pfeifer v. Austria, ECHR, № 12556/03.

9.Sidabras and Dziautas v. Lithuania, ECHR, № 55480/00 i 59330/00.

10.https://www.ohchr.org/ru/about-arbitrary-detention.

11.https://www.ohchr.org/ru/special-procedures/sr-executions/international-standards.

12.https://www.coe.int/ru/web/portal/-/russia-ceases-to-be-party-to-the-european-convention-on-human-rights.

13.https://web.dev.ohchr.un-icc.cloud/ru/special-procedures/sr-independence-of-judges-and-lawyers/international-standards-independence-judges-lawyers-and-prosecutors.

14.https://rus-eng-phraseology-dict.slovaronline.com/12772-%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%92%D0%95%D0%94%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%AC.

15.https://rus-academic-dict.slovaronline.com/37372-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.

16.https://defendersbelarus.org/ageev_cohr.

17.https://1053.slovaronline.com/219-%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.

18.http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/russian/gencomm/Rhrcom32.html.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES

Liability of Lawyers in the Republic of Korea

BIRIUKOV Pavel Nikolaevich

Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of Department of International and Eurasian Law of Voronezh State University

394018, Voronezh, University Square, 1, Russian Federation

REKHOVSKY Alexander Fedorovich

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Justice, Prosecutor's Supervision and Criminalistics of Far Eastern Federal University

690090, Vladivostok, Russky Island, Ayaks village, 10, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article completes the series of articles by the authors about the legal profession of the Republic of Korea. The article discusses the disciplinary and criminal liability of Korean lawyers and their entities. The authors describe the legal framework for the activities of lawyers and law firms. The issue of disciplinary committees at bar associations and at the Ministry of Justice of South Korea is discussed in detail. The procedure for bringing lawyers to disciplinary liability is examined in detail. The criminal liability of lawyers and bar associations is analyzed in detail. The legal profession system in Korea is distinguished by high professionalism and the ability of lawyers to represent clients' interests at a high level. The Korean Bar has strict liability rules to ensure strong protection of clients' rights and compliance with the laws.

Keywords: Republic of Korea, advocacy, lawyer's ethics, disciplinary liability of lawyers, criminal liability of lawyers, responsibility of law firms

References

1. 법률판례 징계사례법무법인에 대한 징계 및 구성원변호사의 책임에 관한 사례 [Legal precedents Disciplinary cases Cases regarding disciplinary action against law firms and responsibility of member lawyers] [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://news.seoulbar.or.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=2928.

2. 변호사. 징계정보찾기 [Lawyer. Find disciplinary information] [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://p.peoplepower21.org/lawyer/.

3. 고위공직자범죄수사처 [Senior Public Officials Crime Investigation Office] [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cio.go.kr.

4. 대법원 [1984.5.23] [Supreme Court [1984.5.23]] [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/precInfoP.do?precSeq=99333.

5. 변호사법 시행령 [시행 2022.12.20.] [Enforcement Decree of the Attorney Act [Enforcement 2022.12.20.]] [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.samili.com/law/Content.asp?bcode=1468-2.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Questions of the Fairness of the Establishment of Confiscation of Property and a Court Fine in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

BUNIN Oleg Yurievich

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber

119002, Moscow, Sivtsev Vrazhek Lane, 43, Russian Federation

Abstract: Through the criteria of fairness, gaps and contradictions of the current criminal law norms on confiscation of property and a court fine are considered. When confiscating property, first of all, the issues of compensation for harm to the victim and the rightful owner should be fairly resolved. When exonerating from criminal liability with the imposition of a judicial fine, fair (proportionate) compensation for harm to the state should be of decisive importance. Based on the analysis of the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and judicial practice, the possibilities of fair improvement of the criminal law and the practice of its application are deduced.

Keywords: confiscation of property, compensation for damage to the victim, owner of the property, judicial fine, reconciliation with the victim, exemption from criminal liability, justice

References

1.Akutaev R.M., Yusupov M.Yu. Sudebny`j shtraf kak al`ternativa ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti (ugolovnomu presledovaniyu): komparativistskij aspekt // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2018. № 1. S. 29.

2.Evropejskij Sud po pravam cheloveka (Pervaya Sekciya). Delo «Ismailov (Ismayilov) protiv Rossijskoj Federacii» (Zhaloba № 30352/03). Postanovlenie Suda ot 6 noyabrya 2008 g. // Byulleten` ESPCh. 2009. № 4. S. 42–43.

3.Veklenko S.V., Karpov K.N. Konfiskaciya imushhestva: protivorechiya zakonodatel`stva // Vestnik Voronezhskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2010. № 1. S. 23.

4.Veselov E.G. Sistemny`e svojstva konfiskacii imushhestva v ugolovnom prave // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2008. № 1. S. 230.

5.Karpov K.N. Kogda ne primenyaetsya konfiskaciya imushhestva // Zakonnost`. 2017. № 12 (dekabr`). S. 37–38. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant».

6.Kolosov A.S. Obnovlenny`j institut konfiskacii imushhestva: e`ffektivnoe sredstvo v bor`be s prestupnost`yu ili pravovaya fikciya? // Vestnik Vladimirskogo yuridicheskogo instituta. 2008. № 1 (6). S. 154.

7.Kommentarij k Ugolovnomu kodeksu Rossijskoj Federacii: v 4 t. Tom pervy`j. Obshhaya chast` / kollektiv avtorov; otv. red. d-r yurid. nauk, prof. V.M. Lebedev. M., 2017. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant».

8.Konyaev A.V. K voprosu o vozmozhny`x putyax ustraneniya protivorechij konfiskacii imushhestva // Vestnik Barnaul`skogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2015. № 2 (29). S. 143.

9.Luzhbin A.V., Volkov K.A. Konfiskaciya imushhestva – «novaya» mera ugolovno-pravovogo xaraktera i novy`e problemy` // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2006. № 9 (sentyabr`). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant».

10.Maly`shev A.N. Konfiskaciya imushhestva v ugolovnom prave: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2010. S. 8.

11.Marty`nenko E`.V. Konfiskaciya imushhestva v dejstvuyushhem rossijskom ugolovnom prave: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2010. S. 11.

12.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki osvobozhdeniya ot ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti s naznacheniem sudebnogo shtrafa (stat`ya 76.2 UK RF), utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 10 iyulya 2019 g. // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2019. № 12.

13.Smolyarov M.V. Iny`e mery` ugolovno-pravovogo xaraktera v vide bezvozmezdnogo iz``yatiya imushhestva: konfiskaciya i sudebny`j shtraf (kommentarij k glavam 15.1 i 15.2 UK RF) // Pravo dostupa. 2018. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Garant».

14.Tolkov D.V. Konfiskaciya imushhestva kak institut ugolovnogo prava: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ryazan`, 2010. S. 10.

15.Ragulin A.V. Problemy` primeneniya konfiskacii imushhestva v ugolovnom prave // Ugolovnoe pravo. 2007. № 1. S. 50–54.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

The Role and Possibilities of Artificial Intelligence in Modern Civil Law

ARUTYUNYAN Radmila Eduardovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure of Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina Ave., 9, Russian Federation

AGABEKAYAN Irina Armenovna

Senior Lecturer of Department of Civil Law and Procedure of Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina Ave., 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of artificial intelligence (AI) and its influence in the legal field. The authors analyzed the pros and cons of using artificial intelligence, lawsuits, as well as the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation and Article 141.1. «Digital Rights» of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The paper examines key areas of AI application in civil law, such as predicting court decisions, automating the drafting of contracts and assistance in dispute resolution.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, intellectual property rights, legal branch

References

1.Akimenko M.A. K probleme ocenochnoj kategorii nekotory`x ugolovno-pravovy`x i kriminologicheskix priznakov fejkovoj informacii v usloviyax sovremenny`x ugroz // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 5(64). S. 60–63.

2.Voronczova I.V., Lukonina Yu.A. Definiciya «iskusstvenny`j intellekt» i ee semantiko-processual`noe znachenie v sudebnoj sisteme Rossii i zarubezhny`x stran // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2020. № 10. S. 41–45.

3.Gomes A. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt v prave: Potencial i vy`zovy` // Yuridicheskij vestnik. 2020. № 12(4). S. 95–113.

4.Grazhdanskij kodeks RF (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ (v red. ot 08.08.2024) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/8568bf88dfcddf96ec39cede2444c36c998fbde3.

5.Ivanov S. Rol` II v avtomatizacii yuridicheskix processov // Pravovy`e texnologii. 2021. № 8(1). S. 31–45.

6.Morxat P.M. Pravosub``ektnost` iskusstvennogo intellekta v sfere prava intellektual`noj sobstvennosti: grazhdansko-pravovy`e problemy`: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2018. S. 92–93.

7.Smirnov V. Zashhita danny`x v kontekste II // Mezhdunarodny`j yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2022. T. 45.

8.Smirnov D. Yuridicheskie issledovaniya v e`poxu iskusstvennogo intellekta // Nauchny`e trudy` yuristov. 2022. № 6(2). S. 78–92.

9.Ponkin I.V., Red`kina A.I. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt s tochki zreniya prava // Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby` narodov. Ser. Yuridicheskie nauki. 2018. T. 22. № 1. S. 91–109.

10.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 10.10.2019 «O razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» (v red. ot 15.02.2024) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/44731.

11.Shmidt R. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt i perspektivy` ego ispol`zovaniya v yurisprudencii // Pravo i texnologii. 2020. № 73(3). S. 55–68.

12.https://zakon.ru/blog/2024/5/29/sud_vzyskal_kompensaciyu_za_ bezdo govornoe_ispolzovanie_filma_sozdannogo_iskusstvennym_intellektom_no.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Presumption of Suffering in Relation to Recovering Compensation for Moral Damage Caused by Violation of Intellectual Property Rights

ABRAMOV Stepan Borisovich

LLM in Intellectual Property Law (Stockholm University), Postgraduate Student of the Federal Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property, Lead Licensing Lawyer at the Animaccord Group

117279, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya st., 55a, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to determine the expediency and features of applying the presumption of suffering in terms of compensation for moral damage caused by the violation of intellectual property rights. The following methods were used: deduction, systematical analysis, formal legal method, document study method and other methods of research. The article examines relevant legal acts, the practice of Russian courts as well as doctrinal positions on the given topic. A conclusion is made that it is appropriate to apply the mentioned presumption in connection to compensation of moral damage entailed by violation of moral rights of authors. It is argued that the scale of violation of moral rights to intellectual property objects should not affect the applicability of presumption of suffering.

Keywords: moral damage, intellectual property, the presence of suffering, compensation for damage, moral suffering, presumption of harm

References

1.Abramov S.B. Teoretiko-metodologicheskie pod-xody` k opredeleniyu ponyatiya moral`nogo vreda i ponyatiya moral`nogo vreda kak posledstviya narusheniya intellektual`ny`x prav // Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika. 2024. № 4(232). S. 279–282.

2.Dmitrieva O.V. Nekotory`e problemy` instituta kompensacii moral`nogo vreda // Vestnik Voronezhskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2010. № 1. S. 62.

3.E`rdelevskij A.M. Problemy` kompensacii za prichinenie stradanij v rossijskom i zarubezhnom prave: dis. … d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2000.

4.E`rdelevskij A.M. O prezumpcii prichineniya moral`nogo vreda // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2017. № 11(490). S. 102–108.

5.Solomeina E.A. Raspredelenie bremeni dokazy`va-niya po delam o kompensacii moral`nogo vreda // Arbi-trazhny`j i grazhdanskij process. 2008. № 8. S. 7.

6.Shelengovskij P.G., Dyukareva A.A. Institut moral`-nogo vreda v Rossii: probely` pravovogo regulirovaniya i perspektivy` zakrepleniya principa prezumpcii moral`no-go vreda // Vestnik e`konomiki, prava i sociologii. 2018. № 1. S. 162–166.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

The Role of the Risk Matrix in Conclusion and Execution of Foreign Trade Transactions

KAURAKOVA Maria Viktorovna

Candidate of Law, Assistant Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activities of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky Ave., 49/2, Russian Federation

Abstract: Purpose of article is a to deal with the issues of minimizing risks arising and accompanying the conclusion and execution of foreign trade transactions. The basis of this study forms dialectical, system and modeling methods.

This study shows some features of (1) collection of necessary information on the foreign legal order for the purpose of localizing commercial activities or any other interaction; (2) preparation for the conclusion of foreign trade transactions; (3) conclusion and execution of foreign trade transactions. This paper answers the most pressing issues that arise at the conclusion and execution of foreign trade transactions.

Keywords: foreign trade activity, risk matrix, freedom of contract, contract and law, applicable law

References

1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ (red. ot 08.08.2024, s izm. ot 31.10.2024).

2.Konvenciya o pravovoj pomoshhi i pravovy`x otnosheniyax po grazhdanskim, semejny`m i ugolovny`m delam (Zaklyuchena v g. Kishineve 07.10.2002).

3.Konvenciya, otmenyayushhaya trebovanie legalizacii inostranny`x oficial`ny`x dokumentov (Zaklyuchena v g. Gaage 05.10.1961).

4.Unificirovanny`e pravila Mezhdunarodnoj torgovoj palaty` dlya dogovorny`x garantij (URCB) (Publikaciya Mezhdunarodnoj torgovoj palaty` № 524).

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

The Concept and Essence of Subsidiary Liability of the Debtor in the Framework of Bankruptcy Proceedings

SHUBENIN Alexandr Nikolaevich

Postgraduate Student of the Moscow Financial and Industrial University «Synergy»

129090, Moscow, Meshchanskaya st., 9/14, building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article analyzes in detail the problem of the legal nature of subsidiary liability, which is an important element of legal regulation in the field of bankruptcy (insolvency). Subsidiary liability is a form of liability in which the person controlling the debtor may be held liable for the obligations of a legal entity if that person has not fulfilled its obligations. An important aspect of the study is to identify the essential features that distinguish subsidiary liability from other legal institutions of liability. One of the key tasks of the work is to determine the significance of differentiation of segments of the legal nature of subsidiary liability in the context of the practice of applying bankruptcy legislation in Russia.

Keywords: bankruptcy, subsidiary liability, controlling debtor, legal entity, claims, creditor, recognition

References

1.Vatamanyuk K.I., Adabashev T.K. Opredelenie pravovoj prirody` instituta privlecheniya kontroliruyushhix dolzhnika licz k subsidiarnoj otvetstvennosti pri bankrotstve // Aktual`ny`e nauchny`e issledovaniya v sovremennom mire. 2020. № 5-3(61). S. 39–44.

2.Galkin S.S. Konkursny`j kontrol` v kontekste norm glavy` III.2 Zakona o bankrotstve // Zakony` Rossii: opy`t, analiz, praktika. 2018. № 7. S. 21–25.

3.Korporativnoe pravo: uchebnik / otv. red. I.S. Shitkina. M.: Statut, 2019.

4.Musabirova D.A. Subsidiarnaya otvetstvennost` pri bankrotstve kak raznovidnost` kvazideliktnoj yuridicheskoj otvetstvennosti // Tendencii razvitiya nauki i obrazovaniya. 2020. № 67-6. S. 73–76.

5.Ry`kov I.Yu. Subsidiarnaya otvetstvennost`: tendencii sovremennogo menedzhmenta. M.: Statut, 2019.

6.Saviny`x V.A. Subsidiarnaya otvetstvennost`: e`konomicheskoe soderzhanie i pravovaya sushhnost` // Vestnik VAS RF. 2012. № 12. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

7.Xrapunova E.A., Popivnenko N.R. Pravovaya priroda subsidiarnoj otvetstvennosti kontroliruyushhix licz pri nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve) // Vestnik yuridicheskogo fakul`teta Yuzhnogo federal`nogo universiteta. 2023. T. 10. № 3. S. 74–80.

8.Cherny`x E.V. O normativnom xaraktere yuridicheskoj otvetstvennosti // Voprosy` teorii gosudarstva i prava. 1998. № 1 (10). S. 80–81.

9.Shitkina I. Otvetstvennost` kontroliruyushhix dolzhnika licz pri nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve) // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2017. № 8. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Execution of a sentence: the activity of a lawyer in proving at this stage, controversial issues, conflicts, possible solutions

MAYKO Daria Petrovna

Postgraduate Student at Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University

660049, Krasnoyarsk, Mira Ave., 90, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to proving at the stage of execution of a sentence. Various approaches are considered as to whether a lawyer is an active subject of proof. The question of whether a lawyer can act as a defender at this stage is considered. The conflicts of the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law on Advocacy and the Bar in the Russian Federation are outlined, and possible solutions are proposed. The conclusion is substantiated that the lawyer acts as an active subject of proof at the stage of execution of the sentence.

Keywords: lawyer, proving by a lawyer at the stage of execution of a sentence, problems, solutions

References

1.Bezlepkin B.T. Spravochnik advokata po ugolovnomu processu. M.: Prospekt, 2004.

2.Besedin A.V. Zashhita v stadii ispolneniya prigovora: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Voronezh, 1996.

3.Yusupova I.F. Zashhitnik kak uchastnik stadii ispolneniya prigovora // Biznes v zakone. E`konomiko-yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2010. № 5. C. 87.

4.Belik V.N. Pravovaya zashhita osuzhdenny`x. Osobennosti rossijskogo ugolovno-ispolnitel`nogo zakonodatel`stva i praktiki ego primeneniya // Ugolovno-ispolnitel`noe pravo. 2011. № 1. C. 9.

5.Akimov S.K. Pravovy`e i organizacionny`e aspekty` zashhity` i vosstanovleniya prav i svobod osuzhdenny`x, otby`vayushhix nakazanie v vide lisheniya svobody`: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006. S. 100.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Administrative-Legal Protection of Taxpayers

VITZKE Regina Eduardovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Department of Financial and Administrative Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky st., bldg. 131, office 308, Russian Federation

ZARIPOV Shamil Rishatovich

Postgrsduate Student and Assistant of the Department of Financial and Administrative Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky st., bldg. 131, office 308, Russian Federation

SHARYGIN Yaroslav Dmitrievich

Student of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky st., bldg. 131, office 308, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article examines the rights of taxpayers in Russia and the mechanisms of their administrative and judicial protection provided by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The primary focus is on the procedure for appealing non-regulatory acts of tax authorities, as well as the actions and inaction of their officials. The article provides a detailed description of taxpayers' rights, the procedures for filing complaints, appeal mechanisms, and the process for decisions made by higher tax authorities, along with the judicial prospects for protecting citizens' interests.

Keywords: taxpayer, appeal, rights, complaint, Tax Code

References

1.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 31.07.1998 № 146-FZ (red. Ot 30.09.2024).

2.Arbitrazhny`j processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 24.07.2002 № 95-FZ (red. Ot 08.08.2024).

3.Pis`mo FNS Rossii ot 03.10.2023 № BV-4-9/12603@ «Obzor pravovy`x pozicij, sformirovanny`x FNS Rossii po rezul`tatam rassmotreniya zhalob (apellyacionny`x zhalob) nalogoplatel`shhikov».

4.Kroxina Yu.A. Nalogovoe pravo: uchebnik dlya vuzov. 10-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2024. (Vy`sshee obrazovanie) // Obrazovatel`naya platforma Yurajt [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://urait.ru/bcode/535411/p.1.

5.Migachev Yu.I. Administrativnoe pravo Rossijskoj Federacii: uchebnik dlya vuzov / Yu.I. Migachev, L.L. Popov, S.V. Tixomirov; pod red. L.L. Popova. 6-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2024. (Vy`sshee obrazovanie) // Obrazovatel`naya platforma Yurajt [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://urait.ru/bcode/536340/p.1.

6.Veselova Yu.E`, Galimov F.X., Zaripov Sh.R., Sultanov A.D., Shamsutdinov Sh.A. Administrativno-pravovaya zashhita prav potrebitelej // Obrazovanie i pravo. № 6. 2023. S. 474–478.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Problem Issues in the Construction and Application of the Regulation Providing for Criminal Liability for Disclosure of Preliminary Investigation Data

NAMNYASEVA Victoriya Vyacheslavovna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Criminal Law Department of the Volgograd Academy of the Internal Affairs Ministry of Russia

400075, Volgograd, st. Historical, 130, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the problems that affect the insufficient effectiveness of criminal law counteraction to the disclosure of preliminary investigation data. In particular, it is noted that the shortcomings in the construction of the norm provided for in Article 310 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation lead to problems in the application of this norm, as a result of which a number of infringements on the interests of justice, as well as on the legal rights and interests of citizens, including in the area of ensuring their safety and privacy, remain unpunished. Attention is drawn to the inconsistency of the norms of criminal and criminal procedural legislation. Ways to solve this problem are proposed.

Keywords: criminal liability, disclosure, subject of the crime, warning, closed trial, non-disclosure agreement

References

1.Sostoyanie prestupnosti za 2014–2023 gody`. M.: GIACz MVD Rossii, 2024.

2.Svedeniya o chisle osuzhdenny`x po vsem sostavam prestuplenij Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii za 2014–2023 gody` // Sudebny`j departament pri Verxovnom Sude RF: oficz. sajt [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www. cdep.ru.

3.Teplyashin P.V. Prestupleniya protiv pravosudiya: ucheb. posob. Krasnoyarsk: SibYuI MVD Rossii, 2004.

4.Gorelik A.S., Lobanova L.V. Prestupleniya protiv pravosudiya: monografiya. SPb.: YuridCentrPress, 2005.

5.Tuchkova A. Advokata Larisu Move priznali vinovnoj // Nezavisimaya gazeta. 2000. 25 oktyabrya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.ng.ru/events/2000-10-25/2_move.html.

6.Brilliantov A.V., Kosevich N.R. Nastol`naya kniga sud`i: prestupleniya protiv pravosudiya. M.: Prospekt, 2008.

7.Esina A.S., Blinova E.V. Nerazglashenie danny`x predvaritel`nogo sledstviya: problemy` pravoprimeneniya i voprosy` tolkovaniya // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2020. № 3. S. 113–117.

8.Kuleshov Yu.I. Prestupleniya protiv pravosudiya: ponyatie, sistema, yuridicheskij analiz i problemy` kvalifikacii: ucheb. posob. Xabarovsk: Xabar. gos. akad. e`konomiki i prava, 2001.

9.Metel`skij P.S. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost` za razglashenie danny`x predvaritel`nogo rassledovaniya (st. 310 UK RF) // Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pravo. 2008. T. 4. № 1. S. 68–74.

10.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 24 maya 2005 g. № 218-O. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

11.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 21 dekabrya 2004 g. № 467-O. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

12.Apellyacionnoe postanovlenie Stavropol`skogo kraevogo suda № 22K-4973/2023 ot 21 noyabrya 2023 g. po delu № 3/10-272/2023 // Baza danny`x sudebny`x reshenij «Sudact.ru» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http:// sudact.ru/regular/doc/WK7WCbOsS8Yq.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Resocialization of Convicts in Russia: a Modern View

STRILETS Oleg Valentinovich

Candidate of Law, Docent, Professor at the Department of Criminal Law of the Educational and Scientific Complex on the Preliminary Investigation in the Interior Bodies of the Volgograd Academy of the Interior Ministry of the Russian Federation

400075, Volgograd, st. Historical, 130, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the current state of the process of resocialization of convicts in Russia. The author notes that this process covers both legal and socio-psychological aspects, requiring coordination of the efforts of various state bodies and society as a whole. The position is justified that the main goal of resocialization is to reduce recidivism in the country. A consideration is expressed about the significance of the Federal Law «On Probation in the Russian Federation» for the process of resocialization of convicts.

Based on the analysis of modern problems of resocialization, the author concludes that the process of resocialization of convicts is complex and directly depends on the activities of the legislative and executive branches.

Keywords: resocialization, probation, convicts, penitentiary, legislation, process, stages

References

1.Kennedy D.B., Kerber A. Resocialization: an American Experiment. N.-Y., 1973.

2.Koby`lkina A.V. Ponyatie i sushhnost` resocializacii v social`ny`x i filosofskix naukax // Obshhestvo: filosofiya, istoriya, kul`tura. 2024. № 1. S. 60–65.

3.Struchkov N.A. Kurs ispravitel`no-trudovogo prava. Problemy` obshhej chasti. M.: Yurid. lit., 1984.

4.Yuzhanin V.E. Process resocializacii i ego obespechenie v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve. Ryazan`: In-t prava i e`konomiki MVD Rossii, 1992.

5.Ry`bak M.S. Resocializaciya osuzhdenny`x k lisheniyu svobody`: problemy` teorii i praktiki. Saratov: Izd-vo GOU VPO «Saratovskaya gosudarstvennaya akademiya prava», 2004.

6.Gorban` D.V. Dosudebnaya probaciya kak stadiya processa resocializacii // Ugolovno-ispolnitel`noe pravo. 2017. T. 12 (1–4). № 3. S. 317–320.

7.Brovkina A.A., Korneeva S.A. Resocializaciya osuzhdenny`x kak cel` ugolovnogo nakazaniya // Vestnik Ural`skogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2020. № 1. S. 97–102.

8.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 29 aprelya 2021 g. № 1138-r «O Koncepcii razvitiya ugolovno-ispolnitel`noj sistemy` Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2030 goda». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

9.Federal`ny`j zakon RF ot 6 fevralya 2023 g. № 10-FZ «O probacii v Rossijskoj Federacii». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

10.Svodny`e statisticheskie svedeniya o sostoyanii prestupnosti v Rossii za 2019–2023 gg. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.cdep.ru/?id=79.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

On the Question of the Importance of Judicial Discretion in the Exercise of the Right

KASIMOV Timur Salavatovich

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of Department of Theory of State and Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky str., 131, Russian Federation

MUSTAFIN Fanzil Rasimovich

Postgraduate Student of Department of Theory of State and Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky str., 131, Russian Federation

Abstract: The issues of ensuring the sustainable development of the state, from our point of view, are directly related to the effective implementation of public administration, especially in conditions of political and economic turbulence. The institutionalization of the main issues of fulfilling the functions assigned to the state, which consists in creating a system and structure of state bodies in the field of social policy and economic development, cannot occur haphazardly. In the process of optimizing and improving the efficiency of public administration, an important place is occupied by the implementation of law in the form of law enforcement by judicial authorities. Judicial discretion, in turn, is an integral part of the exercise of the right by the courts. This article provides a general description of such a legal phenomenon as judicial discretion, which has become widespread in many democratic and legal states, and also substantiates the interdependence and interrelation of this concept with topical issues of the implementation of law in the form of law enforcement.

Keywords: judicial authorities, judicial discretion, implementation of law, law enforcement, legal norms, sustainable development

References

1.Berg L.N. Sudebnoe usmotrenie i ego predely` (obshheteoreticheskij aspekt): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2008.

2.Vedernikov V.V. K voprosu o ponyatii sudejskogo usmotreniya i ego prakticheskoj znachimosti // Sudejskoe usmotrenie: ponyatie, osnovaniya, predely`: materialy` VI Mezhregional`noj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. / otv. red.: O.A. Egorova, Yu.F. Bespalov. M.: Prospekt, 2015. S. 41–44.

3.Vy`stuplenie predsedatelya Soveta sudej Rossijskoj Federacii V.V. Momotova na zasedanii kluba imeni D.N. Zamyatnina po teme «Sudejskoe usmotrenie: blago ili zlo, vozmozhnost` ili neobxodimost` v kontekste primeneniya prava» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ssrf.ru/news/vystuplieniia-intierv-iu-publikatsii/33310.

4.Vy`stuplenie S.V. Astashova na zasedanii Kluba im. D.N. Zamyatnina na temu «Sudejskoe usmotrenie v ugolovnom i grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/sudeyskoe-usmotrenie-vugolovnom-i-grazhdanskom-sudoproizvodstve/.

5.Ermakova K.P. Predely` sudebnogo usmotreniya: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2010.

6.Kasimov T.S. Mesto yuridicheskoj texniki v yuridicheskoj nauke, sisteme yuridicheskogo obrazovaniya i zakonodatel`stve // Vestnik Instituta prava Bashkirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2020. № 4(8). S. 10–20.

7.Kaufman M.A., Kaufman M.A. Probely` v ugolov-nom prave i sudejskoe usmotrenie. M.: Yurlitinform, 2009.

8.Kirillova A.D. Diskrecionny`e polnomochiya v pravoprimenitel`noj deyatel`nosti sudej. SPb.: Yuridiches-kij centr, 2017.

9.Korablina O.V. Usmotrenie v pravoprimenitel`noj deyatel`nosti (obshheteoreticheskij i nravstvenno-pravovoj aspekty`): avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2009.

10.Pokrovskij I.A. Osnovny`e problemy` grazhdanskogo prava. M.: Statut, 1998.

11.Xajdarov A.A. Sudejskoe usmotrenie i ego predely` v sudebny`x stadiyax ugolovnogo processa Rossii: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2011.

12.Markov P.V. Pravovaya priroda i usloviya osushhestvleniya sudebnogo usmotreniya: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2012.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

On the Issue of Studying Juvenile Delinquency in Domestic Criminology at Various Historical Stages

PODGORBUNSKAYA Anastasia Igorevna

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure of the International Faculty of Law and Business of the Trans-Baikal State University, Advocate of Moscow Advocate`s Chamber, Member of Moscow Bar Association «ROSAR»

125080, Moscow, Vrubela st., 13A, building 1-5, floor 2, off. 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: This study using the example of the scientific works of some Russian criminologists, identifies and analyzes trends in the study of juvenile delinquency at the following historical stages: pre-revolutionary, Soviet, post-Soviet, modern, with the aim of developing some preventive measures, taking into account the historical aspect, the phenomenon being studied. The historically preserved patterns of some factors that influence the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency as a socially negative process are also considered and some areas of preventive measures are proposed based on the historical aspect.

Keywords: juvenile delinquency, domestic criminologists, trends, preventive measures

References

1.Kupriyanova A.V. Kriminologicheskaya xarakteristika zhenskoj prestupnosti nesovershennoletnix v Vostochno-Sibirskom regione i ee preduprezhdenie: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Irkutsk, 2008, S. 77.

2.Korobejnikov B.V. Prestupnost` i ee prichiny` v sovremennoj Rossii: ucheb.-metod. posob. M.: Izdatel`stvo Nacional`nogo Instituta biznesa, 2007. S. 25.

3.Gernet M.N. Deti-prestupniki. M.: V.I. Znamenskij i K°, 1912. S. 42.

4.Bortkevich Ya.P. Detskaya prestupnost` // Tyurem-ny`j vestnik. 1905. № 10. S. 132.

5.Dryomova N.A. Motiv i cel` v prestupleniyax nesovershennoletnix: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 1972. S. 2.

6.Sadovskij A.V. Preduprezhdenie pravonarushitelej i bor`ba s prestupnost`yu nesovershennoletnix: po materialam BSSR: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Minsk, 1964. S. 3.

7.Ry`bal`skaya V.Ya. Viktimologicheskie problemy` prestupnosti nesovershennoletnix: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. Irkutsk, 1984. S. 31.

8.Antonyan Yu.M., Goncharova M.V. Sostoyanie i prichiny` prestupnosti nesovershennoletnix v Rossii // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. 2018. № 2. S. 87.

9.Buz`ko N.M. Prestupnost` nesovershennoletnix i ee preduprezhdenie (regional`ny`j aspekt): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Krasnodar, 1999. S. 4.

10.Prozumentov L.M. Gruppovaya prestupnost` nesovershennoletnix i ee preduprezhdenie: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Tomsk, 2001. S. 38.

11.Golubichnaya L.S. Prestupnost` nesovershennoletnix: kriminologicheskaya xarakteristika i problemy` preduprezhdeniya (po materialam Dal`nevostochnogo Federal`nogo okruga): dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Xabarovsk, 2011. S. 26.

12.Demidova-Petrova E.V. Prestupnost` nesovershennoletnix v sovremennoj Rossii: teoretiko-metodologicheskie i prikladny`e problemy` ee poznaniya i preduprezhdeniya: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. Kazan`, 2019. S. 20.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Theft Using Information and Telecommunication Technologies (Networks):

The Territorial Dimension

RUFULLAYEV Rafail Aligulu ogly

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Criminal Law and Procedure of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

119571, Moscow, ave. Vernadsky, 82, building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The text discusses the problem of using information and telecommunication technologies (networks) and their impact on simplifying people's lives, as well as on crime. The author notes that, on the one hand, the development of technology has brought many benefits, such as simplification of transactions, acquisition and sale of property, provision of services and obtaining loans. On the other hand, it has also made life easier for criminals who can commit crimes remotely.

Special attention is paid to the problem of determining the crime scene in the context of the use of information and telecommunication technologies. The author hypothesizes that the crime scene is an obligatory sign of the objective side of the crime, as it plays an important role in the qualification of the act. The author also discusses the problem of bringing a person to criminal responsibility without determining the crime scene and suggests ways to solve this problem.

In conclusion, the author emphasizes the need to comply with the principle of territoriality of the criminal law when bringing a person to criminal responsibility and determining the place of commission of a crime. Establishes the difficulty of determining the location of theft using ITS, and also suggests a way to solve this problem.

Keywords: theft using ITS, crime scene, mandatory signs of the objective side, problems of qualification of theft from ITS, territorial feature of theft from ITS

References

1.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 29.09.2020 № 2047-O «Ob otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhaloby` grazhdanina Batishheva M.M. na narushenie ego konstitucionny`x prav ch. 1 st. 10 FZ «O gosudarstvennoj sudebno-e`kspertnoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Fede-racii».

2.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po ugolovny`m delam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 11.03.2020 № 10-UDp20-1.

3.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 15.12.2022 № 38 «O vnesenii izmenenij v nekotory`e postanovleniya Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii po ugolovny`m delam».

4.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 27.12.2002 № 29 (red. ot 29.06.2021) «O sudebnoj praktike po delam o krazhe, grabezhe i razboe».

5.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 29.06.2021 № 22 «O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e postanovleniya Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii po ugolovny`m delam».

6.Ugolovnoe pravo. Obshhaya chast`: uchebnik / pod red. d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. L.V. Inogamovoj-Xegaj, d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. A.I. Raroga, d-ra yurid. nauk, prof. A.I. Chuchaeva. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yuridicheskaya firma «KONTRAKT»: INFRA-M, 2008. S. 120.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

УДК 340.13

doi 10.52068/2304-9839_2024_71_6_155

Пределы и области саморегулирования деятельности российских профессиональных объединений корпоративных директоров

ЯКОВЛЕВ Александр Юрьевич

Доктор политических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института экономики Российской академии наук

117218, г. Москва, Нахимовский пр., д. 32, Российская Федерация

Аннотация: Саморегулирование присутствует в организациях различных организационно-правовых форм. Степень и возможности для инициативного регулирования также разнятся. Саморегулирование имеет место быть и в деятельности профессиональных объединений корпоративных директоров. Подобные организации по-разному подходят к вопросам саморегламентации. Разнятся области и глубина саморегулирования в них.

Ключевые слова: саморегулирование, инициативное регулирование, саморегулирование профессиональных объединений, профессиональное объединение, профессиональное объединение корпоративных директоров

References

1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 01.12.2007 № 315-FZ «O samoreguliruemy`x organizaciyax» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

3.Aminov D.I., Baczanova T.A., Zajceva-Savkovich E.V., Opokin A.B. Pravovaya ocenka nerassmotreniya sudom xodatajstv storon v grazhdanskom processe // Vestnik e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 320–322.

4.Vechernin D.S. E`volyuciya instituta ocenki reguliruyushhego vozdejstviya: problemy` i perspektivy` // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Yurisprudenciya. 2014. № 4. S. 22–28.

5.Vechernin D.S., Pozdnyakov K.K. Institut samoregulirovaniya kak instrument povy`sheniya e`ffektivnosti upravleniya gosudarstvennoj sobstvennost`yu. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivy` pravovogo regulirovaniya // Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba i kadry`. 2019. № 4. S. 99–103.

6.Glazunova I.V. Problemny`e voprosy` publichno-pravovoj otvetstvennosti yuridicheskogo licza // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2019. № 4. S. 512–517.

7.Dexanov S.A. Korporacii i uchrezhdeniya: opy`t stanovleniya otdel`ny`x form yuridicheskogo licza // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 4. S. 21–24.

8.Kovaly`shin R.V., Kalinina O.V. Organizacionnaya struktura vnutrennego kontrolya upravleniya organizaciej kak osnova ee funkcional`nosti // Biznes i dizajn: revyu. 2024. № 3. S. 34–41.

9.Kovaly`shin R.V., Kalinina O.V. Razvitie kriteriev ocenki e`ffektivnosti sistem vnutrennego kontrolya v sovremenny`x usloviyax // E`konomika i upravlenie: problemy`, resheniya. 2024. № 5. S. 170–179.

10.Petuxov S.V., Racheeva Yu.V. Subsidiarnaya otvetstvennost` kontroliruyushhix licz v kontekste principa pravovoj opredelennosti // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3. S. 62–65.

11.Svirina L.N. Professional`ny`e standarty` kak mexanizm povy`sheniya kachestva podgotovki specialistov v sfere gosudarstvennogo i korporativnogo upravleniya // Menedzhment i biznes-administrirovanie. 2020. № 3. S. 42–50.

12.Smotriczkaya I.I., Anchishkina O.V., Cherny`x S.I. Problemy` i strategicheskie zadachi razvitiya instituta obshhestvenny`x zakupok // Problemy` prognozirovaniya. 2017. № 5. S. 70–78.

13.Smotriczkaya I.I., Frolova N.D. Osobennosti razvitiya instituta korporativnogo upravleniya v rossijskoj e`konomike // Obshhestvo i e`konomika. 2023. № 3. S. 5–16.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

Trends in the Development and Prospects of Regulatory Legal and Contractual Regulation of Advertising on the Internet

KOROTKOVA Ekaterina Alexandrovna

Advisor to the General Director of JSC «Voentorg»

115035, Moscow, Sadovnicheskaya st., 55/26, building 3, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to identify the most significant trends in the development of regulatory legal and contractual regulation of advertising on the Internet and to establish prospects for the settlement of these relations in Russia, taking into account today's realities in society and the economic system during the crisis period.

The presented scientific work is based on a sufficiently deep methodological base and general scientific methods of cognition of legal research, such as synthesis, method of analogy, formal logic, comparative legal method and others, including private scientific methods used to establish the most promising trends in the development of regulatory legal and contractual regulation of advertising, acted as methods of cognition on the Internet in Russian business practice.

Having subjected to a careful and comprehensive analysis of the actual problems of normative legal and contractual regulation of advertising on the Internet, the author comes to the conclusion that the private legal nature of advertising legal relations on the Internet is dependent on public legal regulation by the state, which determines the establishment of a special legal regime of advertising in the Internet space.

The synergetic unity of private law and public law regulation, state regulation and self-regulation is aimed at establishing an effective multi-level model for regulating relations in the field of online advertising.

The article has high scientific value, since it is argued that one of the main trends of the group of public relations considered in this article is also the attempts made by the legislator to resolve the issue of finding the optimal balance between imperative and dispositive norms of law governing the distribution of advertising in the Internet space. According to the author, achieving a balance of legal regulation based on the norms of private and public law, normative legal and contractual regulation and the distribution of powers between self-regulatory bodies and the state is a guarantee of protection of the rights of subjects of legal relations of online advertising.

The scientific novelty of the research also consists in a generalizing private law analysis of existing ideas about the normative and contractual regulation of relations regarding Internet advertising and the formation of a holistic scientific understanding of the legal relations of Internet advertising. In the work at the level of doctrinal research, the advertising contract in the Internet space is considered through the prism of a private law structure. The allocation of contracts regulating advertising activities into an independent contractual group is carried out by determining the content of its essential elements.

Keywords: advertising, online advertising, Internet space, entrepreneurial activity, regulatory legal regulation, contractual regulation, digital space, private law structure

References

1.Barinov A.G. Problemy` pravovogo regulirovaniya cifrovoj reklamy` // Civilist. 2024. № 1. S. 70–74.

2.Karpova S.V. Reklamnoe delo: uchebnik i praktikum dlya srednego professional`nogo obrazovaniya. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2024. S. 14.

3.Korotkova E.A. Kontrol` i yuridicheskaya otvetstvennost` v sfere reklamnoj deyatel`nosti // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2021. № 4 (53). S. 91–100.

4.Korotkova E. Pravovaya priroda otnoshenij reklamnogo xaraktera v seti «Internet» v ramkax normativnogo pravovogo i dogovornogo regulirovaniya // Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika. 2025. № 1.

5.Korotkova E.A. Reklama v social`ny`x setyax: sovremennoe pravovoe sostoyanie i gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie // Pravo i e`konomika. 2023. № 8 (426). S. 78–82.

6.Korotkova E.A. Pravovoj status inflyuenserov kak sub``ektov e`konomicheskoj deyatel`nosti v Rossii i za rubezhom // Pravo i e`konomika. 2021. № 12 (406). S. 11–16.

7.Korotkova E.A. Dogovornoe regulirovanie reklam-ny`x otnoshenij v seti «Internet» pri organizacii semejnogo predprinimatel`stva v paradigme chastnopravovogo regulirovaniya // Semejnoe i zhenskoe predprinimatel`stvo v paradigme chastnopravovogo regulirovaniya: monografiya / otv. red. I.V. Ershova, A.N. Levushkin. M.: Prospekt, 2025. S. 328–335.

8.Levushkin A.N., Zgonnikov A.P. Kollektorskaya deyatel`nost` kak vid e`konomicheskoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Federacii: teoriya i praktika primeneniya // Pravo i e`konomika. 2019. № 4. S. 5–12.

9.Levushkin A.N. Special`ny`e dogovorny`e konstrukcii: ramochny`j, opcionny`j i abonentskij dogovory` // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2018. № 2. S. 19–26.

10.Levushkin A.N., Tatar O. Soderzhanie i specifika dogovorny`x obyazatel`stv v sfere reklamny`x uslug v Rossijskoj Federacii i Respublike Moldova // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 5 (48). S. 49–57.

11.Levushkin A.N., Tyulin A.V. Deepfake i sistemy` iskusstvennogo intellekta v paradigme razvitiya cifrovogo prava // Yurist. 2021. № 11. S. 19–24.

12.Minbaleev A.V. Pravovoe regulirovanie reklamnoj deyatel`nosti. M.: Yurisprudenciya, 2010. S. 42–44.

13.Raxmatullin T. E`. Suprugi kak sub``ekty` dogovor-ny`x form regulirovaniya reklamny`x predprinimatel`skix otnoshenij // Semejny`j biznes & kachestvo pravovoj sredy`. M.: Prospekt, 2023. S. 441–452.

14.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 2 iyulya 2021 g. № 347-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O reklame» // SZ RF. 2021. № 27. Ch. I. St. 5175.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

Objects of information and legal support of the digital economy

RUSTAMOV Pavel Anvarovich

Applicant of the Department of Legal Informatics, Information and Digital Law of Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, p. 13, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the paper is to analyze the legal regulation of objects of information and legal support of the digital economy in the context of the Russian legal system and to identify the necessary changes to improve the protection of digital property rights. The article applies the methods of comparative jurisprudence and theoretical research. Current problems related to the determination of the status of virtual assets and their legal regime, as well as the need to adapt Russian legislation to international standards are considered. Different positions among researchers regarding the definition and classification of virtual assets, including the differences between digital and virtual assets, are discussed. The importance of a comprehensive approach to legal regulation, taking into account both the economic and legal nature of virtual assets, is emphasized. The importance of the work lies in the need to create clear and transparent norms regulating the rights to virtual property, which will improve the protection of users' interests and adapt the legal system to the modern challenges of the digital economy.

Keywords: account, virtual asset, regulatory models, digital offshore

References

1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1994. № 32. St. 3301.

2.Federal`ny`j zakon «Ob ispolnitel`nom proizvodstve» ot 02.10.2007 № 229-FZ (poslednyaya redakciya) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_71450/#dst735.

3.Vajpan V.A. Osnovy` pravovogo regulirovaniya cifrovoj e`konomiki // Pravo i e`konomika. 2017. № 11 (357). S. 5–18.

4.Vasilevskaya L.Yu. Token kak novy`j ob``ekt grazhdanskix prav: problemy` yuridicheskoj kvalifikacii cifrovogo prava // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2019. № 5. S. 111.

5.Karczxiya A.A. Grazhdansko-pravovaya model` regulirovaniya cifrovy`x texnologij: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2019.

6.Kirsanova E.E. Informaciya kak ob``ekt grazhdanskix prav // Yuridicheskaya nauka v XXI veke: aktual`ny`e problemy` i perspektivy` ix reshenij: sbornik nauchny`x statej po itogam raboty` chetvertogo kruglogo stola so Vserossijskim i mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem / Donskoj gosudarstvenny`j texnicheskij universitet. Shaxty`, 2020. S. 51–54.

7.Kirsanova E.E. Obzor osnovny`x teorij opredeleniya pravovogo rezhima ob``ektov, sozdanny`x iskusstvenny`m intellektom // Zakon. 2023. № 9. S. 36–46.

8.Kirsanova E.E. Pravovoe regulirovanie oborota prav na rezul`taty` intellektual`noj deyatel`nosti v cifrovoj e`konomike: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2021.

9.Telyukina M.V. Problemy` opredeleniya mesta fotografii v sisteme ob``ektov grazhdanskix pravootnoshenij // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2018. № 8. S. 21–36.

10.Igoshkina M.E. Virtual`ny`e ob``ekty` grazhdanskix prav // Gosudarstvo i pravo: materialy` 58-j Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj studencheskoj konferencii. Novosibirsk, 2020. S. 110–111.

11.Abazaliev A.X., Vasilevskaya L.Yu. O dopustimosti primeneniya veshhno-pravovogo rezhima v otnoshenii cifrovy`x prav // Sovremenny`e problemy` pravotvorchestva i pravoprimeneniya: materialy` Vserossijskoj studencheskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii v ramkax Bajkal`skogo studencheskogo yuridicheskogo foruma–2020. T. 2 / otv. red.: E`.I. Deviczkij, S.I. Suslova. Irkutsk, 2020. C. 50–55.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

On the correlation of the principle of balanced budget with other principles of the budget system

SHEVLIAKOVA Alina Nikolaevna

Postgraduate Student of the Financial Law of Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Moscow, Leninskie gory, 1, p. 13, Russian Federation

Abstract: Speaking about the principle of budget balance, we should consider that the content and form are closely connected in it. And if the form is the legal «shell» and the mechanism of ensuring the implementation of such norm-principle, the content of the balance is always conditioned by the methodology of calculation of the main budget indicators and compliance with other principles of the budget system of the Russian Federation, in particular: (1) completeness of reflection of revenues, expenditures and sources of financing budget deficits, (2) reliability of the budget and (3) efficiency of the use of budgetary funds.

Keywords: budget, budget balance, principle of balance, budget revenues, budget expenditures, principle of completeness of reflection of revenues, expenditures and sources of financing budget deficits, principle of budget credibility, principle of efficiency of budgetary funds utilization

References

1.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 15.04.2014 № 327 «Ob utverzhdenii gosudarstvennoj programmy` Rossijskoj Federacii «Upravlenie federal`ny`m imushhestvom» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102425047&backlink=1&&nd=102349624.

2.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 29.01.2015 № 72 «O nekotory`x merax po sovershenstvovaniyu statisticheskogo nablyudeniya v sfere upravleniya gosudarstvenny`m imushhestvom» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001201502060002?index=1.

3.Bojko N.N. Nekotory`e voprosy` pravovogo rezhima doxodov byudzhetny`x uchrezhdenij // Finansovoe pravo. 2007. № 3. S. 16–19.

4.Gosudarstvenny`j byudzhet SSSR. Statisticheskij sbornik. Ch. II. 1938–1950 gg. M., 1955 // Sajt Minfina Rossii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/document?id_4=131949-gosudarstvennyi_byudzhet_sssr._statisticheskii_sbornik._chast_ii._1938-1950_gg._m._1955.

5.Ignatova M.S. E`ffektivnost` upravleniya gosudarst-venny`m imushhestvom v Rossii // Vestnik YuUrGU. Seriya: Pravo. 2017. № 1. S. 90–95.

6.Komyagin D.L. Sistema principov byudzhetnogo prava: rossijskoe zakonodatel`stvo i nauchnaya doktrina // Reformy` i pravo. 2012. № 4. S. 19–31.

7.Nalogovoe pravo: uchebnik dlya vuzov / pod red. S.G. Pepelyaeva. M.: Al`pina Pablisher, 2017.

8.Piskotin M.I. Sovetskoe byudzhetnoe pravo. M., 1971.

9.Rovinskij E. Sovetskoe finansovoe pravo: ucheb. posob. dlya studentov VYuZI. M., 1957.

10.«Daniil Egorov podvel itogi nalogovy`x postuplenij za 10 mesyacev na vstreche s prezidentom Rossii Vladimirom Putiny`m» // Federal`naya nalogovaya sluzhba: oficial`ny`j sajt [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn77/news/activities_fts/15426130/.

11.Kto provalil federal`ny`j proekt «Ozdorovlenie Volgi» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.pnp.ru/politics/kto-provalil-federalnyy-proekt-ozdorovlenie-volgi.html.

12.Federal`ny`j proekt «Ozdorovlenie Volgi» // Nacional`ny`e proekty` RF [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://nacional`ny`eproekty`.rf/projects/ekologiya/ozdorovlenie_volgi/.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

On the Vulnerability of the Russian Tax System to Certain Kinds of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements

KHARIN Alexander Konstantinovich

The Applicant of the Department of Financial Law of Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University

119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article provides a legal analysis of the tax system of the Russian Federation for vulnerability to the main types of hybrid mismatch arrangements. Based on the data obtained, the author reasons out the properties of the anti-hybrid provisions system, which is preferable for implementation into Russian tax legislation.

Keywords: hybrid mismatch arrangements, hybrid structured arrangements, DTT, double taxation treaties, MLI, BEPS, international taxation, international tax law, SAAR, special anti-tax avoidance rules, tax reform

References

1.Mnogostoronnyaya konvenciya po vy`polneniyu mer, otnosyashhixsya k nalogovy`m soglasheniyam, v celyax protivodejstviya razmy`vaniyu nalogovoj bazy` i vy`vodu priby`li iz-pod nalogooblozheniya (Zaklyuchena v g. Parizhe 24.11.2016). Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

2.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 31.07.1998 № 146-FZ. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

3.Nalogovy`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` vtoraya) ot 05.08.2000 № 117-FZ. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

4.Xarin A.K. O pravovy`x faktorax, prepyatstvuyushhix bor`be protiv gibridny`x nalogovy`x sxem v Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2024. № 2 (189). S. 272–275.

5.Xarin A.K. O problemax primeneniya mezhdunarodny`x dogovorov Rossijskoj Federacii dlya protivodejstviya gibridny`m sxemam snizheniya nalogovoj nagruzki // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 6 (65). S. 109–115.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

Master Plans of the Main Cities of the Arctic as a Tool for Realization of Land Relations in the Arctic Territories

BALASHOV Daniil Vladimirovich

Postgraduate Student of the State University of Land Management

105064, Moscow, Kazakova St., 15, Russian Federation

Abstract: Throughout 2024, active work was carried out to introduce the institute of master planning into urban planning activities. Master plans for the development of cities in the Far Eastern Federal District have been developed and approved, master plans for the key cities of the Arctic are at the final stages of preparation, and the concept of a master plan is proposed to be enshrined in legislation. The article presents the key stages of modern master planning, analyses the concept of a Master plan, and emphasizes the need to take into account aspects of land legal relations during it developing.

The article is dedicated to the memory of E.G. Bagreeva, Doctor of Law, Professor, leading researcher at the Department of Planning and Organization of Scientific Research at the State University of Land Management, member of the Editorial Board of the «Eurasian Advocacy» journal.

Keywords: Strategic development of the Arctic, Master plans of key cities of the Arctic, Arctic hectare, land legal relations

References

1.http://kremlin.ru/acts/assignments/orders/75533.

2.http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/75762.

3.Sosnin D.P. Master-planirovanie, ili Novy`j instrument prostranstvennogo razvitiya municipal`ny`x obrazovanij // Byudzhet. 2024. № 10 (262). S. 84–86.

4.https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=484647#w8S6mWUqgSFQLDAk1.

5.https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?searchFilters=&BASENODE=1-1&bases=&req=doc&cacheid=EFBEEC5AFB336513E3BBBE8DC69D3CA1&mode=backrefs&base=LAW&n=484594&rnd=XwhVKg#5dYBmWUn4vLN74V5.

6.https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_455391/.

7.https://tass.ru/ekonomika/22042121.

8.https://finance.rambler.ru/economics/53883126-artyuhov-schitaet-chto-salehard-i-labytnangi-mogut-stat-tsentrom-turizma-na-yamale/.

9.https://minvr.gov.ru/press-center/news/pri_uchastii_rosatoma_razrabotany_master_plany_polyarnykh_zor_bilibino_i_peveka/.

10.https://murmansk.plus.rbc.ru/pressrelease/6752d52b7a8aa9592a6f2af6.

11.https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=475984#h7b7yWUcPbrrgwn5.

12.https://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=MOB&n=417158&dst=100513#XzTFyWU7blPAYyG6.

13.https://regulation.gov.ru/Regulation/Npa/PublicView?npaID=152224.

14.https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_197427/.

15.Balashov D.V. Aktual`ny`e voprosy` peredachi grazhdanam prav sobstvennosti na zemel`ny`e uchastki na dal`nevostochny`x i arkticheskix territoriyax // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. № 4 (69). S. 89–94.

16.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/22625149.

17.https://gov-murman.ru/info/news/537248/.

18.Lipski S.A. Izvestiya vy`sshix uchebny`x zavedenij. Geodeziya i ae`rofotos``emka. 2018. T. 62. № 2. S. 196–203.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

The Transferable Ruble of the Soviet Union and the Digital Ruble of the Russian Federation: a Comparative Financial and Legal Analysis

ZARIPOV Shamil Rishatovich

Assistant Professor of the Department of Financial and Administrative Law of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

GAZIZOVA Renata Tagirovna

Student of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

IVASHCHENKOVA Karina Alekseevna

Student of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

ROZHENTSEV Alexey Alekseevich

Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Culture, Health Improvement and Sports of Bashkir State Agrarian University

450001, Ufa, 50th Anniversary of October Str., 34, Russian Federation

ROZHENTSEV Mikhail Alekseevich

Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Culture, Health Improvement and Sports of Bashkir State Agrarian University

450001, Ufa, 50th Anniversary of October Str., 34, Russian Federation

TAJANOVICH Veniamin Igorevich

Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Culture, Health Improvement and Sports of Bashkir State Agrarian University

450001, Ufa, 50th Anniversary of October Str., 34, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the work is to identify and evaluate the most significant features of the transferable ruble of the Soviet Union and the digital ruble of the Russian Federation. The method of system analysis, the historical method, the formal legal method, the method of studying documents, the method of included observation, the structural and functional method and other methods of cognition were used. The article examines current trends in the improvement of the transferable ruble of the Soviet Union and the digital ruble of the Russian Federation. The article examines the specifics of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation's efforts to improve the digital ruble.

Keywords: transferable ruble, Soviet Union, digital ruble, Russian Federation, comparison, analysis, finance, law, legislation, transformation, development, reform, digitalization, informatization, computer technologies

References

1.Soglashenie o mnogostoronnix raschyotax v perevodny`x rublyax i organizacii Mezhdunarodnogo banka e`konomicheskogo sotrudnichestva ot 22 oktyabrya 1963 g. // Oficial`ny`j sajt e`lektronnogo fonda pravovy`x i normativno-texnicheskix dokumentov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://pravo.gov.ru.

2.Konstituciya RF. Prinyata vsenarodny`m goloso-vaniem 12 dekabrya 1993 g. (s izmeneniyami, odobren-ny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 1 iyulya 2020 g.) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://pravo.gov.ru.

3.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27 iyunya 2011 g. № 161-FZ «O nacional`noj platyozhnoj sisteme» (s posl. izm. i dop. ot 23 noyabrya 2024 g. № 412-FZ) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://pravo.gov.ru.

4.Grigor`ev V.V. Nacional`naya cifrovaya valyuta kak faktor ozhivleniya e`konomiki Rossii // E`konomika. Nalogi. Pravo. 2023. № 1. S. 33.

5.Zaripov Sh.R. Finansovo-pravovoe regulirovanie kriptoaktivov kak sredstva mezhdunarodny`x raschyotov Rossijskoj Federacii // Voprosy` rossijskoj yusticii. 2024. № 32. S. 540.

6.Sariev G.S. Cifrovoj rubl` kak novaya forma nacional`noj valyuty` Rossijskoj Federacii // Molodoj uchyony`j. 2023. № 52 (499). S. 309.

7.Putin raskry`l chislo provedyonny`x operacij s cifrovy`m rublyom // Oficial`ny`j sajt informacionnogo agentstva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lenta.ru/news/2024/07/17/putin-raskryl-chislo-provedennyh-operatsiy-s-tsifrovym-rublem.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF ЕURASIA

The System-Forming Categories of Currency Law

AKHMEDOV Ali Jamolidinovich

Student of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

NIGMATULLIN Ilnar Ruzelevich

Student of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

ZARIPOV Shamil Rishatovich

Assistant Professor of the Department of Financial and Administrative Law of the Institute of Law of the Ufa University of Science and Technology

450005, Ufa, Dostoevsky St., 131, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article examines currency law as a complex branch of Russian legislation regulating public relations in the field of currency transactions and control. The main focus is on the key categories of currency law: currency, currency values, residents and non-residents, as well as currency control authorities and agents. Currency is presented as a system—forming element that defines the structure of currency law, and its legal regulation is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of currency relations. Currency values are considered as an object of legal regulation that requires a clear legislative definition to ensure the stability of currency transactions. The categories of residents and non-residents make it possible to differentiate the legal status of subjects of currency relations, which is important for currency control. Currency control authorities and agents perform key functions to ensure compliance with currency legislation. The article highlights the need to develop currency law to ensure financial security and sustainable economic development in the context of globalization.

Keywords: currency law, currency, currency values, residents, non-residents, currency control authorities, currency control agents, currency transactions

References

1.Federal`ny`j zakon «O valyutnom regulirovanii i valyutnom kontrole» ot 10.12.2003 № 173-FZ (poslednyaya redakciya) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru/.

2.Valyutnoe pravo: uchebnik dlya vuzov / E.M. Andreeva, Yu.M. Litvinova. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Yurajt, 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://urait.ru/bcode/556143.

3.Zaripov Sh.R. K voprosu o sistemoobrazuyushhix kategoriyax finansovogo prava // Vestnik Akademii prava i upravleniya. 2024. № 4(79). S. 30–34.

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