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HISTORICAL EXPERIENCELegislative Framework for the Institutionalization of Local Referendums: A Historical and Legal AnalysisPROTASEVICH Mikhail GennadievichPostgraduate Student of the Department of Constitutional and Administrative Law at Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityAbstract: Based on an analysis of the main doctrinal concepts of municipal democracy, which are divided into political-legal, public-legal and formal-legal concepts, the article examines the evolution of legislative regulation of local referendums as one of its mandatory institutions at the federal level. The author not only systematizes the relevant legislative norms in their static and dynamic aspects, but also identifies the specific features of legislative regulation of local referendums at each historical stage of development of federal legislation, which allows for the identification of key priorities for the process of its institutionalization.Keywords: municipal democracy, local referendum, norms of federal lawReferences1.Abasov G.G. K voprosu o ponyatii municipal`noj demokratii v mexanizme garantirovaniya prav mestnogo samoupravleniya // Ucheny`e zapiski Kry`mskogo federal`nogo universiteta imeni V. I. Vernadskogo. Yuridicheskie nauki. 2020. T. 6 (72). № 4. P. 73–78.2.Lermontov M.Yu. Konstitucionno-pravovaya institucionalizaciya municipal`noj demokratii v sovremennoj Rossii: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2009. 24 s.3.Sevast`yanov S.A. Mestnoe soobshhestvo kak sub``ekt municipal`noj demokratii: problemy` stanovleniya i razvitiya praktik samoupravleniya v rossijskix regionax (na primere Respubliki Bashkortostan) // Municipal`naya demokratiya: problema stanovleniya i razvitiya usloviyax rossijskix regionov: sbornik materialov Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. / pod obshh. red. I.V. Frolovoj, L.I. Gazizovoj, N.A. Evdokimova. Ufa: Mir pechati, 2016. P. 30–40.4.Novoselov A.A. Primenenie koncepcii «mestnoj demokratii» v sovremennom processe gosudarstvennogo stroitel`stva evropejskix stran: avtoref. dis. … kand. polit. nauk. Nizh. Novgorod, 2006. P. 19. HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Donation Between Spouses: Dogmatic and Comparative Legal AspectsKONAROVSKII Nikita Alexandrovich119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of this work is to identify and define the characteristics of gifts between spouses from a dogmatic point of view in a comparative legal context. The features of the legal qualification and legal consequences of gifts made between spouses depend on the chosen property regime, which may or may not form joint property.Keywords: donation, gratuitousness, joint property of spouses, marriage contract, agreement on the division of property between spousesReferences1.Vinaver M.M. Darenie i zaveshhanie (stranicza iz istorii kodifikacii) // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2014. № 5. Dostup iz SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Egorov A.V. Sovmestnaya sobstvennost` suprugov: na pereput`e // Grazhdanskoe pravo social`nogo gosudarstva: sbornik statej, posvyashhenny`j 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora A.L. Makovskogo (1930–2020) / otv. red. V.V. Vitryanskij, E.A. Suxanov. M.: Statut, 2020.3.Krivczov A.S. Abstraktny`e i material`ny`e obyazatel`stva v rimskom i v sovremennom grazhdanskom prave. Yur`ev, 1898.4.Lomakina P.A. Pravovoe regulirovanie obshhix supruzheskix obyazatel`stv // Dogovory` i obyazatel`stva: sbornik rabot. V 2 t. T. 2: Osobennaya chast`. M.: ICzChP im. S.S. Alekseeva pri Prezidente RF, 2018.5.Pokrovskij I.A. Osnovny`e problemy` grazhdanskogo prava. M.: Statut, 2020.6.Rabinovich N.V. Lichny`e i imushhestvenny`e otnosheniya v sovetskoj sem`e. L., 1952.7.Simolin A.A. Vliyanie momenta bezvozmezdnosti v grazhdanskom prave. Kazan`, 1916.8.Slepakova A.V. Pravootnosheniya sobstvennosti suprugov. M.: Statut, 2005. Dostup iz SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».9.Boele-Woelki K., Miles J.K., Scherpe J. The Future of Family Property in Europe. Intersentia, 2011.10.De Oliveira G. Family and Succession Law in Portugal. Wolters Kluwer, 2012.11.Heaton J., Kruger H. South African Family law. 4th ed. LexisNexis.12.Herring J. Family law. 10th ed. London: Pearson, 2021.13.Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. III: Schuldrecht: Besonderer Teil. 1. Teilband: §§ 433–656 / Hrsg. von R. Zimmermann. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007. §§ 516–534.14.Hyland R. Gifts. A Study in Comparative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.15.Jaeger W. Familienrecht: Scheidung, Unterhalt, Verfahren / Hrsg. D. Heinrich. 6. Aufl. Muenchen: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2015.16.Kaser M. Roman Private Law / transl. by R. Dannenbring. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1980.17.Lowe N., Douglas G. Bromley’s Family Law. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2007.18.Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law / Ed. by J. Basedow, K.J. Hopt, R. Zimmermann, A. Stier. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P.19.Rønning O.A., Møller Sigh H., Vogt H. Donations, Inheritance and Property in the Nordic and Western World from Late Antiquity until Today. Routledge, 2017.20.Savigny F.C. System des heutigen Römischen Rechts. Bd. IV. Berlin: Veit, 1841.21.Scherpe J.M. Marital Agreements and Private Autonomy in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing, 2012.22.Terré F., Simler P. Les régimes matrimoniaux. 5e éd. Dalloz.23.Watson A. The Law of Property in the Later Roman Republic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.24.Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Cape Town: Juta & Co. Ltd., 1990. HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Determination of Evidence Relevance Assessment by the Type of Criminal ProceedingsMOKROVSKY Andrey ViktorovichPostgraduate Student of Ulyanovsk State University432063, Ulyanovsk, Komsomolsky lane, 15A, Russian FederationAbstract: The article investigates the determination (conditionality) of the assessment of evidence relevance by the historical type of criminal proceedings. Based on a comparative-historical analysis, the author sequentially examines how the fundamental principles of the inquisitorial, adversarial, and mixed types of proceedings shape different models for establishing the connection between evidence and the subject of proof. It is proven that in the inquisitorial model, the assessment of relevance is monopolized by the investigating judge and subordinated to the formal theory of evidence, excluding adversariality. In the adversarial model, relevance is formed through the confrontation of subjective evaluations by the prosecution and the defense, while the court performs an arbitral function. The mixed type, synthesizing elements of both approaches, generates an internal conflict between the inquisitorial logic of preliminary investigation and the adversarial logic of judicial proceedings, which can lead to contradictions in determining the scope of relevant evidence in a single case. The author concludes that further strengthening of adversarial principles is promising as they best align with the objectives of justice.Keywords: relevance of evidence, assessment of evidence, type of criminal proceedings, inquisitorial process, adversarial process, mixed process, theory of evidence, determination, comparative-historical analysisReferences1.Stephen J.F. A Digest of the Law of Evidence. 4th ed. London: Macmillan and Co., 1881.2.Bobrishhev-Pushkin A.M. E`mpiricheskie zakony` deyatel`nosti russkogo suda prisyazhny`x. M.: Izd. zhurnala «Russkaya my`sl`», 1896.3.Vladimirov L.E. Uchenie ob ugolovny`x dokazatel`stvax. SPb., 1910.4.Stifen Dzh. Ocherk dokazatel`stvennogo prava / per. s 8-go angl. izd.; vstup. st. P.I. Lyublinskogo. SPb., 1910.5.Duxovskij M.V. Iz lekcij po ugolovnomu processu. M., 1895.6.Kalinovskij K.B. Obvinitel`ny`j uklon v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: normativny`e predposy`lki v dejstvuyushhem rossijskom zakonodatel`stve // Obvinenie i opravdanie v postsovetskoj ugolovnoj yusticii: sb. st. / pod red. V.V. Volkova. M., 2015.7.Kurs ugolovnogo processa / pod red. L.V. Golovko. 2-e izd., ispr. M.: Statut, 2017. P. 1280.8.Levin G.D. Protivopolozhnosti i protivorechiya // E`pistemologiya i filosofiya nauki. 2007. T. 11. № 1.9.Lupinskaya P.A. Resheniya v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: teoriya, zakonodatel`stvo, praktika: monografiya. 3-e izd., stereotip. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. S. 240.10.Shprenger Ya., Institoris G. Molot ved`m / per. s lat. N. Czvetkova; s predisl. S.G. Lo-zinskogo, M.P. Baskina. M.: Ateist, 1932. 297 s.11.Montesk`e Sh.L. Dux zakonov. Ch. 1. [B. m.], 1862.12.Rozin N.N. Process kak yuridicheskaya nauka // Zhurnal Ministerstva yusticii. 1910. № 8.13.Rozin N.N. Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. SPb., 1914.14.Rudich V.V. Mexanizm primeneniya mer presecheniya v rossijskom ugolovnom sudoproiz-vodstve: dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2020.15.Sluchevskij V.K. Uchebnik russkogo ugolovnogo processa. SPb., 1913.16.Fojniczkij I.Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. T. 2. 3-e izd. SPb., 1910. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Children’s Rights in the Legislation and Judicial Practice of the United States of America in the 20th CenturySHLIAKOVA Angelina VladimirovnaPostgraduate Student of Department of History of State and Law of Faculty of Law of Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of the doctrine of children’s rights in the United States of America. It is determined that the development of judicial practice and legislation had the greatest impact on the formation of this doctrine in the United States. The article presents significant court decisions of the 20th century, which enshrine some of the rights of children. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that in the twentieth century in the United States, due to the development of the legislative system and the adoption of regulations, the doctrine of children’s rights underwent changes, which led to the legal consolidation of the understanding of the child as a person who is ready to make independent decisions and act separately from other persons, in particular from parents.Keywords: children’s rights, children’s interests, children’s rights doctrine, family legal relationsСписок литературы/ References1.Kempe C.H., Silverman F.N., Steele B.F., Droegemueller W., Silver H.K. The battered-child syndrome // Child Abuse & Neglect. 1985. Vol. 9. P. 143–154.2.Hart S.N. The history of children’s psychological rights // Viewpoints in Teaching and Learning. 1982. Vol. 58. P. 1–15.3.Myers J.E.B. The History of Child Protection in America. Sacramento: University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law, 2010.4.Russ G.H. Through the Eyes of a Child, «Gregory K.»: A Child’s Right to be Heard // Family Law Quarterly. 1993. Vol. 27. No. 3. P. 365–394.5.The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act: 40 years of safeguarding America’s children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. National Child Abuse and Neglect Training and Publications Project, 2014. P. 97.6.Walker N.E., Brooks C.M., Wrightsman L.S. Children’s rights in the United States: In search of a national policy. California; London; New Delhi, 1999. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
«Marriage for Love» or Deprivation of Profession: How the President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates Responded to Criticism of the Bill on the «Lawyer’s Monopoly» and Promoted a «Forced Marriage» Between Lawyers and Bar Associations, Organized Under the Auspices of the Ministry of JusticeRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a critical analysis of the speech delivered by Svetlana Volodina, President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – FCA), regarding the proposed bill on the «lawyers’ monopoly» for court representation. The author characterizes the FCA leadership’s stance as «administrative servility» and a de facto abandonment of the principles of the legal profession’s independence in favor of subordination to the Ministry of Justice. The paper systematically refutes claims of a «substantive dialogue» with the legal community, arguing instead that the incorporation of private practitioners into the bar is coercive in nature. Particular attention is paid to the counter-reform’s inconsistency with international standards (specifically the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that the bill represents a counter-reform leading to market monopolization, restriction of citizens’ rights to defense, and increased state control over the legal profession.Keywords: lawyers’ monopoly, legal reform, Federal Chamber of Advocates, Ministry of Justice, independence of the legal profession, court representation, human rights, administrative servility, private practitionersReferences1.Volodina S.I. «Esli zakonoproekt budet prinyat, my` budem ego vy`polnyat`» // Oficial`ny`j sajt Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/esli-zakonoproekt-budet-prinyat-my-budem-ego-vypolnyat/.2.Popravki v Zakon ob advokature: podrobny`j razbor zakonoproekta // Konsul`tantPlyus. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/law/hotdocs/89994.html.3.Ragulin A.V. Kak Prezident Rogachev napryazhennost` u yuristov snimal: o vstreche advokatov s yuristami v Nizhnem Novgorode // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kak-prezident-rogachev-napryazhennost-u-yuristov-snimal-o-vstreche-advokatov-s-yuristami-v-nizhnem-novgorode.4.Ragulin A.V. Krugly`j stol v Sankt-Peterburge: xolodny`j dush dlya popirayushhix normy` advokatskoj e`tiki «svidetelej advokatskoj monopolii» iz Federal`noj palaty` advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kruglyy-stol-v-sankt-peterburge-holodnyy-dush-dlya-popirayuschih-normy-advkatskoy-etiki-svideteley-advokatskoy-monopolii-iz.5.Zayavlenie o proekte zakona o vvedenii «advokatskoj monopolii» // Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya russkoyazy`chny`x advokatov (MARA). 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/zayavlenieoproektezakonaovvedeni.6.Osnovny`e principy`, kasayushhiesya roli yuristov (prinyaty` vos`my`m Kongressom OON po preduprezhdeniyu prestupnosti i obrashheniyu s pravonarushitelyami, Gavana, Kuba, 1990 g.) // OON [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/role_lawyers.shtml.7.Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov predstavila kriticheskij doklad o zakonoproekte // MARA. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/mezhdunarodnaya-associaciya-rossijskix-advokatov-predstavila-kriticheskij-doklad-o-zakonoproekte-predla.8.Obrashhenie Pravleniya MOO «Iniciativa-2018» v organy` Organizacii Ob``edinenny`x Nacij, k mezhdu-narodny`m associaciyam advokatov i pravozashhitny`m organizaciyam // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 5 (64) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-v-organy-organizatsii.9.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.10.Reports to the Human Rights Council. 60th session // OHCHR [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session60/list-reports.11.Ragulin A.V. Kak advokatskie palaty` regionov sdelali yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` v Rossii nedostupnoj // Zakon.ru. 2025 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2025/11/14/kak_advokatskie_palaty_regionov_sdelali_yuridicheskuyu_pomosch_v_rossii_nedostupnoj_issledovanie_rek_112418.12.Peticiya o prekrashhenii uchastiya advokatov v processual`ny`x dejstviyax // LegalPetition. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalpetition.org/prekrashheniya-uchastiya-advokatov-v-proczessualnyh-dejstviyah/.13.Nacional`ny`j profsoyuz yuristov (Nacional`noe ob``edinenie yuristov): oficial`ny`j sajt. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/.14.Rossijskij yuridicheskij ry`nok e`volyucioniruet v pravil`nom napravlenii // Oficial`ny`j sajt Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/rossiyskiy-yuridicheskiy-rynok-evolyutsioniruet-v-pravilnom-napravlenii/.15.Talantov D.N. Pyat` tezisov v razzhiganie nizmenny`x instinktov advokatov // Legal Report. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legal.report/pyat-tezisov-v-razzhiganie-nizmennyh-instinktov-advokatov/.16.Ragulin A.V. «Pravil`ny`j put`» ili «skol`zkaya dorozhka» rossijskoj advokatury`? Otvet na stat`yu e`ks-prezidenta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii Yuriya Sergeevicha Pilipenko // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3 (62) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilnyy-put-ili-skolzkaya-dorozhka-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvet-na-statyu-eks-prezidenta-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-rossiyskoy.17.Yarty`x I.S., Ragulin A.V. Oshibochny`j put` rossijskoj advokatury`: ot instituta grazhdanskogo obshhestva k instrumentu regulirovaniya ry`nka yuridicheskix uslug. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk, professorom Igorem Semenovichem Yarty`x // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. №4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oshibochnyy-put-rossiyskoy-advokatury-ot-instituta-grazhdanskogo-obschestva-k-instrumentu-regulirovaniya-rynka-yuridicheskih-uslug.18.Ragulin A.V. Strax i nenavist` v Izmajlovo: obsuzhdenie advokatskoj monopolii putem degumanizacii chastnopraktikuyushhix yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strah-i-nenavist-v-izmaylovo-obsuzhdenie-advokatskoy-monopolii-putem-degumanizatsii-chastnopraktikuyuschih-yuristov.19.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: itogi pervogo antimonopol`nogo marafona Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-itogi-pervogo-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.20.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: prodolzhenie antimonopol`nogo marafona Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-prodolzhenie-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Threats to the Functioning of the Unified State Register of Advocates: Analysis of Vulnerabilities Based on the 2026 IncidentESKOV Aleksandr AleksandrovichForensic Expert, employee of LLC «Cadastral Valuation and Expertise»628601, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansiyskaya St., 2, building 1, office 213, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the January 2026 incident when approximately 15,000 records disappeared from the Unified State Register of Advocates. It examines technological, organizational and legal vulnerabilities: lack of data integrity verification mechanisms, blurred responsibility zones between administrators, and database architecture deficiencies. Critical flaws in state information system management posing threats to access to justice are identified.Keywords: information security, Unified State Register of Advocates, state information systems, legal informatics, database vulnerabilities, personal data of advocates, digitalization of justice, organizational and legal vulnerabilities, advocate statusReferences1.GOST R 59711-2022. Zashhita informacii. Upravlenie komp`yuterny`mi incidentami. Organizaciya deyatel`-nosti po upravleniyu komp`yuterny`mi incidentami. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.2.Gosudarstvenny`j adresny`j reestr (GAR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fias.nalog.ru/.3.Ediny`j gosudarstvenny`j reestr advokatov // Ministerstvo yusticii Rossijskoj Federacii (Minyust Rossii) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/pages/advokaty-rossijskoj-federacii/.4.Ezh Lab // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/ejlabru/16865.5.Ezh Lab // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/ejlabru/16866.6.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1447.7.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1448.8.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1450.9.Iniciativa 2018 // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4387.10.Iz sostava nauchno-konsul`tativnogo soveta pri VS Rossii isklyucheny` advokaty` i tretejskie sud`i // Internet-portal «Rossijskoj gazety`». 19.01.2026 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/01/19/iz-nauchno-konsultativnogo-soveta-pri-vs-rf-vyveli-advokatov-i-tretejskih-sudej.html.11.Ischezlo 15 ty`syach advokatov // Advokatura. VKontakte [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://vk.com/wall-42591457_29537.12.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarod-ny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobren-ny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.13.Metodicheskij dokument. Metodika ocenki ugroz bezopasnosti informacii (utv. FSTE`K Rossii 05.02.2021). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .14.Mishustin schitaet, chto danny`e – novy`e neft`, platina i zoloto XXI veka // TASS [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11444531.15.Perechen` gosudarstvenny`x informacionny`x sistem // Ministerstvo yusticii Rossijskoj Federacii (Minyust Rossii) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/activity/govservices/infosystems/33/.16.Polozhenie o chlenstve v advokatskoj palate sub``ekta Rossijskoj Federacii i poryadke razresheniya nekotory`x voprosov, svyazanny`x s opredeleniem chlenstva v advokatskoj palate sub``ekta Rossijskoj Federacii. Utverzhdeno Resheniem Soveta FPA RF ot 01.07.2025 (protokol № 3) // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF (FPA RF) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/polozhenie-o-chlenstve-v-advokatskoy-palate-subekta-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-poryadke-razresheniya-ne/.17.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 15.12.2022 № 37 «O nekotory`x voprosax sudebnoj praktiki po ugolovny`m delam o prestupleniyax v sfere komp`yuternoj informacii, a takzhe iny`x prestupleniyax, sovershenny`x s ispol`zovaniem e`lektronny`x ili informacionno-telekommunikacionny`x setej, vklyuchaya set` «Internet». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .18.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 06.07.2015 № 676 «O trebovaniyax k poryadku sozdaniya, razvitiya, vvoda v e`kspluataciyu, e`kspluatacii i vy`voda iz e`kspluatacii gosudarstvenny`x informacionny`x sistem i dal`nejshego xraneniya soderzhashhejsya v ix bazax danny`x informacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.19.Chubukova S.G., Belyaeva T.M., Kudinov A.T., Pal`yanova N.V. Pravovaya informatika: uchebnik i praktikum dlya vuzov / pod red. S.G. Chubukovoj. 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Izdatel`stvo Yurajt, 2025. P. 338.20.Prikaz Minyusta Rossii ot 09.10.2024 № 296 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka vedeniya Edinogo gosudarstvennogo reestra advokatov i sostava vklyuchaemy`x v nego svedenij i Poryadka vy`dachi udostovereniya advokata» (Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste Rossii 09.10.2024 № 79744). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .21.Prikaz Rosarxiva ot 20.12.2019 № 236 «Ob utverzhdenii Perechnya tipovy`x upravlencheskix arxivny`x dokumentov, obrazuyushhixsya v processe deyatel`nosti gosudarstvenny`x organov, organov mestnogo samoupravleniya i organizacij, s ukazaniem srokov ix xraneniya» (Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste Rossii 06.02.2020 № 57449). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.22.Rekomendacii po opredeleniyu celevy`x pokazatelej nadezhnosti // Power Platform Well-Architected. Kompaniya Majkrosoft [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://learn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/power-platform/well-architected/reliability/metrics.23.Slovo zashhite // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2019.24.Slovo zashhite // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2025.25.U lyudej est` yavny`j zapros na spravedlivost` // Setevoe izdanie «Kommersant``». 19.01.2026 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8361511.26.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 02.05.2006 № 59-FZ (red. ot 28.12.2024) «O poryadke rassmotreniya obrashhenij grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.27.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 03.07.2016 № 236-FZ (red. ot 23.05.2025) «O publichno-pravovy`x kompaniyax v Rossijskoj Federacii i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .28.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.07.2006 № 152-FZ (red. ot 24.06.2025) «O personal`ny`x danny`x». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .29.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 31.05.2002 № 63-FZ (red. ot 22.04.2024) «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .30.Yarty`x I.S. Nauka ob advokature: vchera, segodnya, zavtra // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina. 2017. № 12. P. 100–107. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES
Socio-Legal Functions of the Legal Profession of the Republic of Singapore: Institutional Foundations and Mechanisms for the Implementation of Free Legal AidKRUGLYAKOV Sergey ValeryevichAdvocate of the Moscow Region Chamber of Advocates111020, Moscow, Gospitalny Val Str., 8/1, Building 2, Russian FederationAbstract: The article comprehensively analyzes the socio-legal functions of the Singapore Bar in the context of the public law nature of the institution and its transformation in the context of the digital revolution. The study examines the evolution of the institutional model from traditional forms of free legal aid to a hybrid, multi-level system combining government agencies (the Bureau of Legal Aid, the Office of Public Defenders, the Singapore Supreme Court Program – LASCO) and non-governmental institutions (Pro Bono SG). Special attention is paid to the constitutional foundations, the regulatory framework, the mechanism of implementation through the system of income criteria and the validity of claims (Means/Merits Test), as well as the strategic implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the system of free legal aid with the participation of lawyers. The article analyzes the legal foundations of the integration of artificial intelligence into the system of free legal aid, its impact on the accessibility of justice and the preservation of the human factor in advocacy. The study reveals that the Singapore model, despite the lack of a constitutional guarantee of free legal aid, is a rational, highly structured system based on the principle of subsidiarity and providing a balanced approach to optimizing justice without compromising the quality of legal services for socially vulnerable groups.Keywords: Legal Profession of Singapore, Law Society of Singapore, Singapore Bar, socio-legal functions, free legal aid, Legal Aid Bureau, Public Defender’s Office, Pro Bono SG, institutional model, volunteer advocates, legal awareness and legal education, pro bono, artificial intelligenceReferences1.Konstituciya Respubliki Singapur [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/Cons1963.2.Glendon, M.A., Sawer, G., Alford, W.P. Legal Profession. Encyclopedia Britannica, December 20, 2025. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/legal-profession/England-after-the-Conquest.3.Reshenie ot 14 yanvarya 2014 g. Vy`sokogo suda Singapura po delu: Dzhejms Radzh sy`n Arokiasami protiv gosudarstvennogo prokurora [2014] SGHC 10 M. (James Raj s/o Arokiasamy v Public Prosecutor [2014] SGHC 10). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.elitigation.sg/gd/gd/2014_SGHC_10/pdf.4.Zakon o yuridicheskoj pomoshhi i konsul`taciyax: № 20 ot 1 oktyabrya 1995 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LAAA1995.5.Zakon o gosudarstvenny`x zashhitnikax: № 23 ot 19 avgusta 2022 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDA2022.6.Zakon o yuridicheskoj professii: № 161 ot 20 dekabrya 1997 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LPA1966.7.Rukovodstvo po naznacheniyu i obyazannostyam naznachennogo advokata v delax, svyazanny`x so smertnoj kazn`yu – LASCO: opublikovano Sudebny`m vedomstvom Singapura v marte 2022 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Court. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/docs/default-source/volunteer-docs/lasco-guidelines-(mar-2022).pdf.8.Vy`sokij sud Singapura podderzhivaet politiku LASCO, otklonyaya pros`bu prigovorenny`x k smertnoj kazni zaklyuchenny`x o predostavlenii rasshirennoj yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Pravitel`stvenny`j portal Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://gutzy.asia/2024/05/22/singapore-high-court-upholds-lasco-policy-denies-death-row-inmates-request-for-extended-legal-aid/.9.Zayavlenie na poluchenie pomoshhi po ugolovnoj zashhite. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://form.gov.sg/62cd713dcc1b75001223262a.10.Pravo na pomoshh`. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ofis gosudarstvennogo zashhitnika. Singapur, 2025. URL: https://pdo.mlaw.gov.sg/criminal-defence-aid/qualifying-for-help/.11.Mezhdunarodny`e modeli yuridicheskoj pomoshhi. P. 11. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.laspnet.org/joomla-pages/i-e-c-materials/169-international-legal-aid-models/file.12.Sim K., Tan Ch. F. Paradoks yuridicheskoj pomoshhi v Singapure: grazhdansko-pravovaya pomoshh` bez ugolovno-pravovoj pomoshhi // Singapurskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2012. T. 30. P. 165. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.academia.edu/12573935/The_Paradox_of_Legal_Aid_in_Singapore_Civil_Legal_Aid_Without_Criminal_Legal_Aid_2012_30_Singapore_Law_Review_165?auto=download.13.Pro bono SG. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.probono.sg/?utm_source=LSS&utm_medium=Homepage.14.Yuridicheskoe predstavitel`stvo: [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Pro Bono SG. Singapur, 2025. URL: https://www.probono.sg/get-legal-help/legal-representation/.15.Konstruktor formy` zayavleniya programmy` CLAS. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.jotform.com/ (data obrashheniya: 05.04.2025).16.Forma zayavleniya CLAS. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://form.jotform.com/241692509744464.17.Tan K. «Chelovecheskoe liczo pravosudiya»: Yuridicheskaya blagotvoritel`naya organizaciya Pro Bono SG rasshiryaetsya, chtoby` pomogat` bol`shemu chislu nuzhdayushhimsya, takim kak trudovy`e-migranty`. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // The Straits Times. URL: https://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/Headlines/userid/1/human-face-of-justice-law-charity-pro-bono-sg-expands-to-help-more-in-need-like-migrant-workers.18.Pravovoe prosveshhenie. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://www.probono.sg/get-legal-help/legal-awareness/.19.Pro Bono SG. Yusticiya dlya vsex: godovoj otchet za 2022/2023 finansovy`j god. Singapur, 2023. P. 6. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.probono.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Pro-Bono-SG-Annual-Report-2022-2023-Print-FA-Low-Res.pdf.20.Besplatny`e yuridicheskie kliniki Singapura: [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Singapur, 2024. URL: https://www.legalclinics.sg/index.php?showall=1.21.Yuridicheskaya klinika na territorii (OSLAS). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/on-site-legal-clinic-oslas/.22.Rukovodstvo po programme priznaniya viny` (GPS). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/guidance-for-plea-scheme-gps/.23.Obratites` za pomoshh`yu po ugolovnomu delu. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Verxovny`j Sud Singapura. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/legal-help-support/criminal-case.24.Sovmestny`j proekt/Pervichnoe pravosudie (PJP/CJP). [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Verxovny`j Sud Singapura. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/collaborative-primary-justice-project-pjp-cjp/.25.Centr pomoshhi (okazanie lichnoj pomoshhi storonam v sudebnom processe). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/information/helping-to-empower-litigants-in-person-help/.26.Umnaya naciya Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/.27.Videnie yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Academy of Law. 2017. URL: https://sal.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Legal-Technology-Vision-final-for-print.pdf.28.Dorozhnaya karta texnologij i innovacij: put` k 2030 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/files/news/press-releases/2020/10/Minlaw_Tech_and_innovation_Roadmap_Report.pdf.29.Raxayu M. Vstupitel`noe slovo na prezentacii plana cifrovogo razvitiya yuridicheskoj otrasli i Rukovodstva po vnedreniyu yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/news/speeches/opening-remarks-sps-introduction-legal-idp/.30.Model` sistemy` upravleniya iskusstvenny`m intellektom dlya generativnogo iskusstvennogo intellekta. Singapur: [E`lektronny`j resurs] // AI Verify Foundation. 2024. 29 s. URL: https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Model-AI-Governance-Framework-for-Generative-AI-May-2024-1-1.pdf.31.Singapurskaya strategiya v oblasti intellektual`noj sobstvennosti na 2030 god. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/61/2336fcc2-4f45-43d0-9d82-1bdb89846df9/singapore-ip-strategy-report-2030-18May2021.pdf.32.Martin De`vidson. AI i novy`j vzglyad na predva-ritel`nuyu proverku kontraktov. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lawgazette.com.sg/practice/tech-talk/ai-and-a-new-way-of-looking-at-contract-pre-screening/.33.Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura i Byuro yuridicheskoj pomoshhi povy`shayut e`ffektivnost` i sovershenstvuyut predostavlenie uslug. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.sg-casestudy-digital-ministry-of-law-chatbots.pdf.34.Instrumenty` iskusstvennogo intellekta dlya gosu-darstvenny`x zashhitnikov – LegalServer. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.legalserver.org/news/ai-software-tools-for-public-defenders/.35.Dzhon van der Luit-Drammond. Pro bono v Singapure: pomogaya yuristam pochuvstvovat` sebya chast`yu obshhestvennogo sluzheniya // Legal500. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.legal500.com/fivehundred-magazine/editors-views/pro-bono-in-singapore-imbuing-lawyers-with-a-sense-of-public-service/.36.E`lektronny`e uslugi Byuro yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eservices.mlaw.gov.sg/labesvc/?tabIndex=3.37.Komitet klastera yuridicheskix texnologij Singapurskaya yuridicheskaya akademiya (Legal Technology Cluster Committee Singapore Academy of Law). 2017 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: Legal-Technology-Vision-final-for-print.pdf.38.Mar`yam Axlagi. Ispol`zovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudax: uroki Singapura, Yuzhnoj Korei i Avstralii. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Informacionny`j byulleten` CyberJustice Laboratory. 2025 g. 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Vy`stuplenie na konferencii IT Law Series 2025: Pravovy`e i normativny`e voprosy`, svyazanny`e s iskusstvenny`m intellektom. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // E`lektronny`j portal Verxovnogo suda Singapura. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/news-and-resources/news/news-details/justice-aidan-xu--speech-at-the-it-law-series-2025--legal-and-regulatory-issues-with-artificial-intelligence.43.Povy`shenie proizvoditel`nosti yuridicheskix firm v Singapure za schet integracii Microsoft Copilot v platformu yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/enhanced-productivity-for-law-firms-in-singapore-with-the-legal-technology-platform/. PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Disciplinary Case Against Advocate Viktor Drozdov: Illegal Contributions and Punitive EthicsRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a critical analysis of the disciplinary proceedings against advocate Viktor Drozdov. The author examines in detail the doctrine of «advocate’s omerta», established by the Federal Chamber of Advocates Ethics and Standards Commission Clarification № 03/19, proving its conflict with the Russian Constitution, international standards, and federal law. The study identifies numerous procedural violations during the disciplinary process, including the expansion of charges and the breach of the principle of impartiality. The author concludes that the Drozdov case is an act of «disciplinary tyranny» and serves as evidence of a profound crisis in the independence of the legal profession in Russia.Keywords: advocacy, independence of the legal profession, Viktor Drozdov case, disciplinary liability, Code of Professional Ethics of Advocates, Federal Chamber of AdvocatesReferences1.DVA: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/dva_chanel/15777.2.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.3.Iniciativa 2018: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4504.4.Ragulin A.V. Kodeks professional`noj e`tiki advokata kak sredstvo bor`by` s kritikoj v advokature // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 6 (49). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kodeks-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata-kak-sredstvo-borby-s-kritikoy-v-advokature?ysclid=mle71r7xsh706826042.5.End of Law: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2136.6.Iniciativa 2018: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4518.7.Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda ot 23.07.2021 po delu № 33-14662/2021 [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF: oficz. sajt. URL:https://fparf.ru/documents/judicial-decisions/decisions-of-the-regional-courts/apellyatsionnoe-opredelenie-moskovskogo-gorodskogo-suda-po-zhalobam-na-reshenie-khamovnicheskogo-ray/.8.Devyat` millionov neobosnovanny`x rasxodov. «Fontanka» izuchila otchet revizorov Advokatskoj palaty` Peterburga [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Fontanka.ru. 2024. 1 apr. URL: https://www.fontanka.ru/2024/04/01/73409609/.9.Drozdov V.A., Ragulin A.V. O «bol`shevizme my`shleniya» v advokature interv`yu s advokatom, chlenom pravleniya Mezhregional`noj obshhestvennoj organizacii advokatov i yuristov «Iniciativa 2018» Viktorom Aleksandrovichem Drozdovy`m // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. №2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-bolshevizme-myshleniya-v-advokature-intervyu-s-advokatom-chlenom-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov.10.Sistema organov samoupravleniya advokatury` v Rossii nuzhdaetsya v reformirovanii. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk Andreem Viktorovichem Raguliny`m // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2025. № 1 (200). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eurasialaw-journal.ru/intervyu-s-andreem-viktorovichem-ragulinym.html. PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Specialization in the Bar: a New Special Operation of the Federal Chamber of Advocates Against the Independence of Lawyers in RussiaRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the roundtable held by the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation (FCA) on December 9, 2025, titled «Prospects for Introducing Specialization in the Legal Profession in CIS Member States». The author views this event as part of a systematic campaign to undermine the independence of the Russian bar, disguised as an international exchange of experience. It criticizes the use of foreign models to justify mandatory specialization, which could become a tool for corruption, «purging» undesirable lawyers, and state control. The FСA’s initiative contradicts UN international standards, the Russian Constitution and the federal law, threatening the universality of the profession and citizens’ rights to qualified legal aid. In conclusion, it calls for rejecting compulsory specialization in favor of voluntary self-determination, emphasizing the need to restore the bar’s true independence.Keywords: bar association, lawyer specialization, Federal Chamber of Advocates, independence of the bar, «lawyers’ monopoly»References1.Po kakomu puti nam idti // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF. 2025. 9 dek. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/po-kakomu-puti-nam-idti/.2.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.3.60th regular session of the Human Rights Council: Reports // OHCHR [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session60/list-reports.4.Odin bol`shoj uzhasny`j zakonoproekt // Slovo zashhite [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://slovo-zashite.org/text/odin-bolshoi-uzhasnyi-zakonoproekt.5.Zayavlenie o proekte zakona o vvedenii «advokatskoj monopolii» v Rossii // Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov. 2025. 24 iyulya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/zayavlenieoproektezakonaovvedeni.6.Ragulin A.V. Odin bol`shoj uzhasny`j zakonoproekt: «advokatskaya monopoliya» kak sredstvo demontazha nezavisimoj yuridicheskoj professii v Rossii: nauchno-prakticheskij doklad. Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov, Strasburg, 2025. P. 78. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/mezhdunarodnaya-associaciya-rossijskix-advokatov-predstavila-kriticheskij-doklad-o-zakonoproekte-predla.7.Fachanwalt.de – Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt vor Ort finden // Fachanwalt.de [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fachanwalt.de/.8.Osnovny`e principy`, kasayushhiesya roli yuristov (prinyaty` vos`my`m Kongressom OON po preduprezhdeniyu prestupnosti i obrashheniyu s pravonarushitelyami, Gavana, 27 avgusta – 7 sentyabrya 1990 g.) // OON [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/role_lawyers.shtml. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Legal Remedies Against Obstruction of the Activities of Defense Attorneys: Concept and ClassificationSHORYGIN Konstantin SergeevichAttorney at Law, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Advocacy of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)123001, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines legal remedies aimed at counteracting obstruction of the professional activities of defense attorneys in criminal proceedings. Based on the constitutional right to qualified legal assistance and the public nature of the defense attorney’s activity, the author analyzes the widespread occurrence of obstruction and its negative impact on the realization of the right to defense. Relying on theoretical approaches to the concept of legal remedies, provisions of criminal procedure legislation, and law enforcement practice, the article proposes an original definition of legal remedies against obstruction of the activities of defense attorneys. The systemic nature of these legal remedies and their connection with the legal activity of defense attorneys are substantiated. A classification of legal remedies is developed, including a functional classification distinguishing procedural-functional and organizational-supportive remedies. The author concludes that legal remedies against obstruction of defense attorneys’ activities play a significant role in ensuring the purposes of criminal proceedings and the implementation of the adversarial principle.Keywords: defense attorney, advocacy, right to defense, qualified legal assistance, obstruction of advocacy, legal remedies, criminal proceedings, procedural function of defense counsel, guarantees of advocacy, adversarial principleReferences1.Voskobitova L.A. Teoreticheskie osnovy` sudebnoj vlasti: uchebnik. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2020.2.Statisticheskie danny`e FPA RF, predostavlenny`e FPA RF v otvet na zapros avtora ot 14.10.2025.3.Mongush B.S. Sredstva zashhity` grazhdanskix prav: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2012.4.Sapun V.A. Teoriya pravovy`x sredstv i mexanizm realizacii prava: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2002.5.Sapun V.A., Shundikov K.V. Instrumental`naya teoriya prava i chelovecheskaya deyatel`nost` // Pravovedenie. 2013. № 1 (306).6.Mal`ko A.V. Pravovy`e sredstva: voprosy` teorii i praktiki // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 1998. № 8.7.Alekseev S.S. Pravovy`e sredstva: postanovka problemy`, ponyatie, klassifikaciya // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1987. № 6.8.Matuzov N.I. Pravovaya sistema i lichnost`. Saratov, 1987.9.Bely`x V.S. Grazhdansko-pravovoe obespechenie kachestva produkcii, rabot i uslug: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 1994.10.Baturina Yu.B. Pravovaya forma i pravovoe sredstvo v sisteme ponyatij teorii prava: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2001.11.Chernova E`.R. Yuridicheskaya deyatel`nost` v mexanizme pravovogo regulirovaniya (na primere deyatel`-nosti organov vnutrennix del MVD RF): avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2007.12.Fedorenko K.G. Pravovoj nigilizm: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2001.13.Petruchak L.A. Prichiny` pravovogo nigilizma v sovremennoj Rossii // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2008.14.Volkogon T.A. Sistema prava v usloviyax obnovlyayushhegosya obshhestva: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Barnaul, 2006.15.Nigmatullina E`.F. Pravovy`e sredstva v zemel`nom prave: teoretiko-metodologicheskoe i otraslevoe issledovanie: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Kazan`, 2021.16.Sapun V.A. Teoriya pravovy`x sredstv i mexanizm realizacii prava: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2002.17.Mal`ko A.V. Pravovy`e sredstva kak obshheteoreticheskaya problema // Pravovedenie. 1999. № 2.18.Filippova S.Yu. Chastnopravovy`e sredstva organizacii i dostizheniya pravovy`x celej. M.: Statut, 2011.19.Pustoshkin O.V. Pravovy`e sredstva dostizheniya celi instituta nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstva) yuridicheskogo licza: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Samara, 2005.20.Tot`ev K.Yu. Predprinimatel`skoe pravo. Publichno-pravovoj status predprinimatelya. M.: Profobrazovanie, 2002. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The Collisions Surrounding Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the Claims of the Prosecutor’s Office Continue, or Disregard for the Legal Positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian FederationSULTANOV Aydar RustemovichCandidate of Law, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Tatarstan, Head of the Representative Office of Pepelyaev Group in Tatarstan, Arbitrator of the Arbitration Center at the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs125047, Moscow, 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., 39, bldg. 1, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the issues of the application of Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, it is noted that the provisions of this article are used to apply confiscatory measures to acts that are not transactions. Particular attention is paid to the teleological interpretation of Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which in its new version is an extraordinary punitive measure permissible only if there is a special rule. The issue is considered on the basis of an analysis of a specific case that has passed three stages of cassation review, including the review by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.Keywords: cartel, offense, transaction, qualification, interpretation, prosecutor’s office, Supreme Court of the Russian FederationReferences1.Vasil`ev A.V. O nekonstitucionnosti stat`i 169 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa RF // Nalogoved. 2005. № 5.2.Vorob`ev T.N. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy` uchastiya prokurora v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2019. P. 50.3.Gessen V.M. Isklyuchitel`noe polozhenie. SPb.: Yurid. kn. skl. «Pravo», 1908. P. 410.4.Dozhdev D.V. Dobraya sovest` (bona fide) kak princip pravovogo obshheniya // Problemy` cennostnogo podxoda v prave: tradicii i obnovleniya / otv. red. V.S. Nersesyancz. M., 1996. P. 40.5.Zhelonkin S.S. Nedejstvitel`nost` antisocial`ny`x sdelok, narushayushhix osnovy` pravoporyadka i nravstvennosti: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2011. P. 5–6.6.Zaripov V.M. Stat`ya 169 GK RF kak orudie nalogovogo terrora // Nalogoved. 2007. № 10. P. 5–14.7.Kabanova I.E. Grazhdansko-pravovaya otvetstvennost` publichny`x sub``ektov: voprosy` teorii i praktiki / otv. red. M.A. Egorova. M., 2018. Gl. 3. § 1.8.Kornilova N.V. Nedejstvitel`ny`e sdelki, sovers-henny`e s cel`yu, protivnoj osnovam pravoporyadka ili nravstvennosti // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2025. № 8. P. 20–24.9.Pepelyaev S.G. Po-bol`shevistski... // Nalogoved. 2007. № 7. P. 1.10.Radbrux G. Filosofiya prava. M., 2004.11.Savel`ev S.L. Antisocial`ny`e sdelki (stat`ya 169 GK RF) v nalogovy`x sporax // Zakon. 2008. № 5. P. 109–118.12.Savseris S.V. Kategoriya «nedobrosovestnost`» v nalogovom prave. M.: Statut, 2007. P. 160.13.Sasov K.A. Sluzhit li st. 169 GK RF utverzhdeniyu publichnogo poryadka i nravstvennosti? // Zakonodatel`stvo. 2008. № 5.14.Sasov K.A. Nalogovaya e`kspropriaciya // Nalogoved. 2025. № 8 (260). P. 11–23.15.Sasov K.A. Pochemu stat`ya 169 GK RF do six por ne priznana nekonstitucionnoj? // E`konomika i zhizn`. 2008. № 13.16.Sasov K.A. Proizvol`naya konfiskaciya: VAS protiv // E`Zh-yurist. 2008. № 22.17.Sasov K.A. Global`ny`j e`konomicheskij krizis – vremya vernut`sya k nereshenny`m nalogovy`m problemam // Sravnitel`noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie. 2009. № 5. P. 77–82.18.Saxnova T.V. Kurs grazhdanskogo processa. M.: Statut, 2014. P. 284–286.19.Sklovskij K.I. Sobstvennost` v grazhdanskom prave. 6-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. P. 894.20.Sklovskij K.I. Aktual`ny`e problemy` primeneniya stat`i 169 GK RF v sudebnoj praktike // Zakon. 2007. № 5. P. 133–138.21.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li kartel` grazhdansko-pravovoj sdelkoj? // Yuridicheskij vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. 2024. T. 10. № 3. P. 26–31.22.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Processual`ny`j aspekt // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 4. P. 62–66.23.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam i voprosy` podsudnosti // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 1. Р. 15–23.24.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski. Kto material`ny`j istecz // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 3. P. 24–32.25.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam: sroki iskovoj davnosti // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 4. Р. 54–61.26.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Vozmozhna li solidarnaya otvetstvennost`? // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 3. P. 24–32.27.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Osnovaniya dlya speczsankcii // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 5. P. 17–23.28.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li kartel` grazhdansko-pravovoj sdelkoj? // Yuridicheskij vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. 2024. № 10 (3). P. 26–31.29.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam i soblyudenie principa non bis in idem // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 6. P. 17–23.30.Sultanov A.R. Zachem prevrashhat` kartel` v grazhdansko-pravovuyu sdelku? // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2025. № 2. P. 30–37.31.Sultanov A.R. Motivirovannost` sudebnogo akta kak odna iz osnovny`x problem spravedlivogo pravosudiya // Zakon. 2014. № 8. P. 114–118.32.Sultanov A.R. Bezuslovnoe bezobrazie, ili Yavlyaetsya li polnoe kopirovanie teksta vozrazhenij dopustimy`m v kachestve sudebnogo resheniya? // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2017. T. 7. № 5. P. 264–282.33.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li nemotivirovannoe pravosudie pravosudiem? // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2017. № 12. Р. 29–33.34.Sultanov A.R. Pravovy`e posledstviya nemotivirovannosti nenormativny`x pravovy`x aktov pri ix osparivanii v sudax // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2014. № 4. P. 221–231.35.Sultanov A.R. Kassacionnoe proizvodstvo v Verxovnom Sude RF dlya formirovaniya edinoobraznoj praktiki // Vestnik e`konomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossijskoj Federacii. 2021. № 7. P. 21–29.36.Tuzov D.O. Nedopushhenie restitucii i konfiskaciya pri nedejstvitel`nosti sdelok (o vozniknovenii prava sobstvennosti gosudarstva po osnovaniyam, predusmotrenny`m stat`yami 169 i 179 GK RF) // Veshhny`e prava: sistema, soderzhanie, priobretenie: sb. nauch. tr. v chest` prof. B.L. Xaskel`berga / pod red. D.O. Tuzova. M.: Statut, 2008. Р. 419–463. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Legal Mechanism for Protecting Parental Rights when Minor Children Leave the Republic of Tajikistan: Legislative Gaps and Ways to Address ThemKURBANOV Daler AyubovichAdvocate, Member of the Union of Advocates of the Republic of Tajikistan734036, Dushanbe, Sino District, Furuzon Str., 42, Republic of TajikistanAbstract: The purpose of this work is to identify legal gaps in the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan regarding the mechanism for protecting parental rights when minor children leave the country, and to develop proposals for improving the legislation. The study employs the method of comparative law, the formal legal method, the method of systematic analysis, and the method of document study. Based on a specific case from the advocate’s practice, the article examines a situation where a father who issued notarial consent for his children’s exit during the existence of marital relations and joint family residence is deprived of the legal ability to protect his parental rights after divorce and removal of the children by their mother to a third country without his knowledge. The requirements of Part 3 of Article 252 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan on the need for parental consent for a minor’s exit are analyzed, and the absence of a legal mechanism for implementing this norm when circumstances change is identified. A comparative analysis of the legislation of CIS member states reveals a diversity of approaches: from an administrative mechanism for protecting parental rights through declarations of non-consent (Russian Federation) to predominantly judicial resolution of disputes (Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic). The significance of the work lies in the formulation of specific proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, including the introduction of an administrative mechanism for declaring non-consent and the utilization of existing information systems to record restrictions on departure.Keywords: notarial consent, minor children exit, protection of parental rights, legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, international child movement, advocacy practice, comparative law, CISReferences1.Goroxova S.S., Semenova A.V., Sivoplyas A.V., Smirnova E.S., Mitrichev I.A., Artem`ev E.V., Belyaev M.A., Bogaty`reva N.V. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 15 avgusta 1996 g. № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu». M.: Special`no dlya sistemy` GARANT, 2017.2.Kajl` A.N., Unterberg E.S., Efremova O.N. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 15 avgusta 1996 g. № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu». M.: Special`no dlya sistemy` GARANT, 2016.3.Ringel`man N. Otmena zapreta na vy`ezd rebenka za graniczu // Advokatskaya gazeta. 2024. № 2. P. 12–13.4.Trigubovich N.V., Xazova O.A., Chashkova S.Yu., Chefranova E.A. O koncepcii sovershenstvovaniya zakonodatel`stva, reguliruyushhego otnosheniya detej i roditelej // Zakon. 2022. № 1. P. 28–38.5.Trigubovich N.V. Peremeshhenie rebenka (peremena mesta ego zhitel`stva) odnim iz roditelej za rubezh i vnutri strany` // Zakon. 2022. № 1. P. 67–76.6.Grazhdanskij kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 24 dekabrya 2022 g. № 1918 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.7.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O gosudarstvennom notariate» ot 16 aprelya 2012 g. № 810; Instrukciya Ministerstva yusticii Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 13 yanvarya 2015 goda № 7 «a» «O poryadke soversheniya notarial`ny`x dejstvij gosudarstvenny`mi notariusami gosudarstvenny`x notarial`ny`x kontor Respubliki Tadzhikistan» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.8.Semejny`j kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 13 noyabrya 1998 g. № 682 (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.9.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O zashhite prav rebenka» ot 18 marta 2015 goda № 1196 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.10.Konvenciya o pravax rebenka (prinyata rezolyuciej 44/25 General`noj Assamblei OON ot 20 noyabrya 1989 g.). Ratificirovana Respublikoj Tadzhikistan v 1993 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/childcon.shtml.11.Federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 15 avgusta 1996 goda № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1996. № 34. St. 4029. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_11376/.12.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 25 iyunya 2020 g. № 29-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti chasti pervoj stat`i 21 Federal`nogo zakona «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu» v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina I.V. Nikolaenko» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2020. № 27. St. 4268. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_355813/.13.Prikaz MVD Rossii ot 31 avgusta 2021 g. № 651 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka podachi, otzy`va, priema i ucheta zayavlenij o nesoglasii na vy`ezd iz Rossijskoj Federacii nesovershennoletnego grazhdanina Rossijskoj Federacii» (v red. Prikaza MVD Rossii ot 02.04.2024 № 160) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mvd.consultant.ru/documents/1057534.14.Prikaz Ministra vnutrennix del Respubliki Kazaxstan ot 27 marta 2020 g. № 607 «Ob utverzhdenii Pravil okazaniya gosudarstvennoj uslugi «Oformlenie dokumentov na vy`ezd za predely` Respubliki Kazaxstan na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva» // Informacionno-pravovaya sistema «Әdіlet» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2000020207.15.Oficial`ny`j sajt e`lektronnogo pravitel`stva Respubliki Kazaxstan. Vy`ezd rebenka za rubezh na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://egov.kz/cms/ru/articles/vuezd_rebenka.16.Oficial`ny`j sajt Ministerstva yusticii Respubliki Kazaxstan. Avtomatizirovannaya informacionnaya sistema organov ispolnitel`nogo proizvodstva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/minjust?lang=ru.17.Zakon Respubliki Belarus` ot 20 sentyabrya 2009 g. № 49-Z «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Respubliki Belarus` i v``ezda v Respubliku Belarus` grazhdan Respubliki Belarus`» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // Nacional`ny`j pravovoj Internet-portal Respubliki Belarus` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=Hk0900049.18.Semejny`j kodeks Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki ot 30 avgusta 2003 goda № 201 (stat`ya 71); Zakon Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki ot 17 iyulya 2000 g. № 61 «O vneshnej migracii» // Central`naya baza danny`x pravovy`x aktov Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/201, http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/61.19.Sluzhba ispolneniya pri Pravitel`stve Respubliki Tadzhikistan. Reestr dolzhnikov i ogranicheniya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ijro.tj/fehristi-qarzdoron/mahdudiyatho/.20.Grazhdanskij processual`ny`j kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 5 yanvarya 2008 g. № 340 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.21.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O milicii» ot 17 maya 2004 g. № 41 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj. HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Legal Features and Legal Novelties of Compensation for Losses Caused by Arbitration Managers at the Expense of Insurance Companies and Self-Regulating Organizations of Arbitration Managers in Russian LegislationSMIRNOV Artem IvanovichLecturer-Researcher of Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Head of the Bankruptcy Procedures Department of Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service of Russia No. 1 of the Moscow Region140188, Moscow Region, Zhukovsky, Bazhenova Str., 11b, Russian FederationREVA Olga ValeryevnaDeputy Head of the Bankruptcy Procedures Department of Federal Tax Service of Russia Administration for the Moscow Region125284, Moscow, Khoroshevskoye Shosse, 12a, Russian FederationAbstract: The article reviews and evaluates of the current legal mechanism that makes it possible to compensate for losses intentionally caused by arbitration managers in insolvency cases of business entities. Special attention is paid to the difficulties that arise in the implementation of the process of collecting losses, namely: the insolvency of the arbitration manager, the financial instability of insurance companies, the presence in judicial practice of the concept of «exhaustion of the insurance limit» and the effect of articles of the Federal Bankruptcy Law fixing the amount of payment from the compensation fund of self-regulatory organizations depending on the date of recognition of debtors as insolvent (bankrupt). A legal toolkit is proposed to improve the current legal mechanism for compensation for damages.Keywords: authorized body, arbitration administrator, business entities, insurance organizations, exhaustion of the insurance limit, self-regulating organizations, compensation for losses, calculation of interest, law on insolvency (bankruptcy), arbitration courtReferences1.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 1 polugodie 2025 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Bankrotstvo%20statbyul leten`% 20yanv-iyun%2025.pdf.2.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2024 i 2024 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Svodnaya%20informaciya%202024.pdf.3.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2023 i 2023 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Svodnaya%20informaciya%202023.pdf.4.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2022 i 2022 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/SVODNAYa%20INFORMACIYa% 20O%20REZULЬTATAX%20PROCEDUR%202022.pdf.5.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«o priznanii nesostoyatel`ny`m (bankrotom)»]. [08.12.2017]. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` Konsul`tantPlyus.6.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«Opredelenie o nesootvetstvii zakonu dejstvij konkursnogo upravlyayushhego» 15.07.2020]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».7.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-53343/2020: [«Reshenie» 19.10.2020]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».8.Reestr arbitrazhny`x upravlyayushhix: «Svedeniya iz reestra arbitrazhny`x upravlyayushhix SAMRO». [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: https://www.samro-samara.ru/members/gulakov-igor-albertovich.9.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«Opredelenie o vzy`skanii uby`tkov» 15.07.2022]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».10.Bank danny`x ispolnitel`ny`x proizvodstv Federal`noj sluzhby` sudebny`x pristavov: [«Svedeniya ob ispolnitel`nom proizvodstve № 319006/23/50039-IP»]. [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: https://fssp.gov.ru/iss/ip.11.Arbitrazhny`j sud g. Moskvy`. Delo № A40-26803/20-160-35: [«Opredelenie» 15.02.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».12.Arbitrazhny`j sud Respubliki Tatarstan. Delo № A65-20872/2019: [«Opredelenie» 02.04.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».13.Arbitrazhny`j sud g. Moskvy`. Delo № A40-101228/24-43-683: [«Reshenie» 04.10.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».14.Arbitrazhny`j sud Samarskoj oblasti. Delo № A55-43182/2024-43-683: [«Reshenie» 10.09.2025]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».15.Odinnadczaty`j arbitrazhny`j apellyacionny`j sud. Delo № A55-43182/2024-43-683: [«Postanovlenie» 05.11.2025]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».16.Postanovlenie Plenuma Vy`sshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 22 iyunya 2012 g. № 35 (v red. ot 23 dekabrya 2025 g.) «O nekotory`x processual`ny`x voprosax, svyazanny`x s rassmotreniem del o bankrotstve»: p. 48 // Vestnik Vy`sshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2012. № 9, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus»17.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii № 2 (2018) (utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 04.07.2018): p. 22 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2018. № 9, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».18.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 29.01.2018 № 310-E`S17-13555 po delu № A14-3727/2016 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2018. № 5, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».19.O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii: federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 29 dekabrya 2015 g. № 391-FZ (v poslednej red.) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. – 2016. – № 1 (ch. 1). St. 11. [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300007.20.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 12.07.2018 № 305-E`S18-10791 po delu № A40-150995/2016 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. – 2018. – № 11, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».21.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 11.09.2023 № 305-E`S23-15509 po delu № A40-246097/2022, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».22.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 05.04.2023 № 307-E`S23-2407 po delu № A56-14938/2022, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus». HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
How Regional Bar Chambers Made Legal Aid in Russia Inaccessible: A Study of Recommended Lawyer’s Fee RatesRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article presents a study of the accessibility of legal aid in Russia based on an analysis of the recommended lawyers’ (advocates) fee rates established by regional bar chambers, and a comparison of these rates with the median wage of the population in various constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is shown that an oral consultation with a lawyer is accessible to the «average consumer» in most regions; however, the cost of drafting a statement of claim, participating in a court hearing, and especially the comprehensive handling of a civil case turns out to be «unaffordable» for the majority of citizens: in 82% of regions, the cost of handling a case exceeds 50% of the median wage, and in 37% – more than 100%. The conclusions emphasize the existence of a systemic barrier to access to justice and the need to revise the recommendations on pricing, as well as to expand the mechanisms of free and subsidized legal aid for socially vulnerable groups of the population.Keywords: lawyers’ monopoly, advocacy, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal aid, lawyer fee ratesReferences1.TASS. V Rossii mogut vvesti advokatskuyu monopoliyu na predstavitel`stvo v sudax [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/25379811.2.SarBK. V Rossii obsuzhdayut vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://news.sarbc.ru/focus/materials/2025-08-22/9023.html.3.Lenta.ru. Zashhita s doplatoj: Kak vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii izmenit ry`nok yuridicheskix uslug [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2025/08/05/advokat/.4.Vedomosti. Vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii tormozitsya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2025/10/29/1150606-vvedenie-advokatskoi-monopolii-tormozitsya.5.Izvestiya. Predstavitel` s interesom: stoimost` uslug advokatov mozhet vy`rasti v razy` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://iz.ru/1922287/iana-shturma-valeriia-mishina/predstavitel-s-interesom-stoimost-uslug-advokatov-mozhet-vyrasti-v-razy.6.Pravo.ru. Advokatskaya monopoliya: za i protiv [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.ru/story/259974/.7.Rossijskaya gazeta. E`kspert Asriyan: advokatskaya monopoliya ne povy`sit stoimost` zashhity` v sude [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2025/09/09/ekspert-asriian-advokatskaia-monopoliia-ne-povysit-stoimost-zashchity-v-sude.html.8.Advokatskaya gazeta. Bunt ambarny`x my`shej [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/arhivnye-zapisi/bunt-ambarnykh-myshey/.9.Zakon.ru. Sbornik stavok advokatskix palat na noyabr` 2025 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2025/11/07/sbornik_stavok_advokatskih_palat_na_noyabr_2025_goda.10.Fonar` TV. Stala izvestna mediannaya zarplata rossiyan v 2024 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fonar.tv/news/2025/06/16/stala-izvestna-mediannaya-zarplata-rossiyan-v-2024-godu.11.Xalva Media. Kakaya srednyaya i mediannaya zarplata v Rossii: aktual`ny`e cifry` po regionam [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://media.halvacard.ru/financial-literacy/kakaia-sredniaia-i-mediannaia-zarplata-v-rossii-aktualnye-cifry-po-regionam.12.Donald R. Lichtenstein, Nancy M. Ridgway and Richard G. Netemeyer // Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 30, № 2 (May, 1993), Р. 234–245 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172830?origin=crossref .13.Monroe K. B. Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003. Р. 658. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://studyres.com/doc/8352124/pricing-making-profitable-decisions-third-edition.14.Hoseason J. Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions. J Revenue Pricing Manag 2, 175–177 (2003) // Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. 2003. № 2. P. 175–177 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5170064.15.Chai A., Moneta A. Retrospectives: Engel Curves // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2010. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 225–240 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.24.1.225.Статья поступила в редакцию JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
United Nations Convention Against Cybercrime: Challenges in Advocacy Practice and Prospects for Protecting the Rights of Tajikistan CitizensKURBANOV Daler AyubovichAdvocate, Member of the Union of Advocates of the Republic of Tajikistan734036, Dushanbe, Sino District, Furuzon Str., 42, Republic of TajikistanAbstract: The objective of this study is to identify systemic issues in the protection of victims’ rights in cybercrime cases in the Republic of Tajikistan based on an analysis of advocacy practice, and to substantiate the necessity of ratifying the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 79/243 of 24 December 2024, as a tool for addressing these issues. The research employed methods of analysing law enforcement practice, comparative legal analysis, and formal legal methods. Using a specific example from the author’s practice, the article examines typical challenges faced by lawyers in providing legal assistance to victims of transnational cybercrimes, analyses the evolution of state policy, and identifies gaps in the existing legislation. The author formulates specific proposals for improving legal regulation and enhancing the effectiveness of advocacy activities in this field.Keywords: cybercrime, advocacy practice, protection of victims’ rights, United Nations Convention, international cooperation, TajikistanReferences1.Buxorizoda B.R. Social`ny`e seti i Internet: novaya forma soversheniya torgovli lyud`mi // Akademicheskaya my`sl`. 2019. № 2. P. 65–67.2.Karpika A.G., Zaxarov N.D. Aktual`ny`e voprosy` transnacional`noj kriminalizacii kiberprestupnosti // Filosofiya prava. 2025. № 1 (112). P. 109–114.3.Okilov S.Yu. K voprosu o nekotory`x problemax operativno-razy`sknoj deyatel`nosti organov vnutrennix del Respubliki Tadzhikistan po bor`be s prestupleniyami protiv informacionnoj bezopasnosti, v tom chisle posyagayushhimi na bankovskuyu sferu // Trudy` Akademii upravleniya MVD Rossii. 2018. № 3. P. 162–166.4.Russkevich E.A. Zakonodatel`ny`e podxody` k kriminalizacii deyanij, svyazanny`x s nepravomerny`m dostupom k komp`yuternoj informacii v stranax Sodruzhestva Nezavisimy`x Gosudarstv // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel`stva i sravnitel`nogo pravovedeniya. 2017. № 1. P. 116–121.5.Skoblikov P.A. Strategiya bor`by` s kiberprestu-pnost`yu: dolzhnoe i sushhee // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2025. T. 22, № 1. P. 128–146. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Is the State Prosecutor a Representative of the Law or the Investigator’s «Repeater»?KOSTANOV Yuri ArtemievichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Bar Association «Bar Partnership»105005, Moscow, Pleteshkovsky lane, 3A, corp. 1-31, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal status of the state prosecutor in Russian criminal proceedings, identifying contradictions between the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Order № 376 of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2021, and the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author criticizes the restriction of the prosecutor’s independence, who is required to coordinate the withdrawal of the accusation with the prosecutor’s office leadership, leading to his subordination to the investigator’s position and violation of the principles of adversarial proceedings. The need to expand the prosecutor’s powers to protect the defendant’s rights and ensure fair justice is substantiated, with proposals to amend the legislation to eliminate departmental pressure and enhance objectivity.Keywords: state prosecutor, prosecutor, Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, refusal of accusation, prosecutor’s independence, criminal proceedings, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, prosecutor’s office, adversarial proceedings, fair justiceReferences1.Ragulin A.V. O neobxodimosti rasshireniya polnomochij prokurora kak uchastnika ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva v Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2017. № 4 (29). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-neobhodimosti-rasshireniya-polnomochiy-prokurora-kak-uchastnika-ugolovnogo-sudoproizvodstva-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The Social Determinants of Criminal Liability for the Falsification of EvidenceNAMNYASEVA Victoriya VyacheslavovnaCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Criminal Law Department of the Volgograd Academy of the Internal Affairs Ministry of Russia400075, Volgograd, Istoricheskaya st., 130, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines specific issues concerning the necessity and social conditioning of establishing criminal liability for the falsification of evidence. The position of courts of various instances regarding the social danger of this crime, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, has been analyzed. It is noted that the falsification of evidence gives rise to doubts about the legality of the court decision rendered, violates citizens’ right to judicial protection, guaranteed by Article 46 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international legal acts, and undermines the essence of justice itself. Statistical data on the number of registered crimes provided for by Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation have been analyzed, allowing for an assessment of the prevalence and dynamics of this crime. It is concluded that at each stage of the formation of criminal legislation, the state has strived to counteract encroachments related to the distortion of the evidentiary basis by establishing liability for negative impacts on the relevant interests of justice.Keywords: falsification, evidence, judicial proceedings, criminal liability, social danger, justiceReferences1.Vishnyakov V.V. Ugolovno-pravovaya ocenka fal`sifikacii dokazatel`stv: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007.2.Radionov G.G. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost` za fal`si-fikaciyu dokazatel`stv i rezul`tatov operativno-razy`sknoj deyatel`nosti: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2015.3.Smol`yaninov V.N. Fal`sifikaciya dokazatel`stv pri proizvodstve predvaritel`nogo rassledovaniya // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2023. № 12. P. 15–19.4.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 28 sentyabrya 2023 g. № 2673-O «Ob otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhaloby` grazhdanki Udalovoj Oksany` Valer`evny` na narushenie ee konstitucionny`x prav chastyami vtoroj i tret`ej stat`i 303 Ugolovnogo Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».5.Teoreticheskie osnovy` issledovaniya i analiza latentnoj prestupnosti: monografiya / S.M. Inshakov, A.A. Korsantiya, I.V. Maksimenko, S.L. Sibiryakov, A.L. Repeczkaya, O.N. Vedernikova, N.V. Sazonova, A.V. Baxarev, L.N. Bogdanova; pod red. S.M. Inshakova. M.: YuNITI-DANA: Zakon i pravo, 2017.6.Oficial`ny`j sajt Rossijskoj kriminologicheskoj associacii im. A.I. Dolgovoj. Statistika prestupnosti [E`lektron-ny`j resurs]. URL: https://crimas.ru/?page_id=5050.7.Oficial`ny`j sajt Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verxovnom Sude Rossijskoj Federacii. Danny`e sudebnoj statistiki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cdep.ru. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The Political and Legal Nature of the Principles of Criminal ProcedureCHELOKHSAYEV Oleg ZaurovichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the North Ossetian State University named after Kosta Levanovich Khetagurov, Advocate of the Law Office «Trust» of the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania362025, Vladikavkaz, Vatutina str., 46, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the political and legal nature of the principles of criminal procedure. The fight against crime presupposes a unified criminal policy of the Russian Federation, and criminal procedure policy is one of its constituent elements, where the principles of criminal procedure act as the value (ideological) basis of criminal procedure activity. The author’s definition of the state’s criminal procedural policy is also provided. The article is based on the report presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference «New Challenges and Opportunities of Modern Legal Science: Development Trends»: section of criminal law disciplines. Vladikavkaz, April 30, 2025. SOGU.Keywords: politics, law, purpose of criminal proceedings, principles of criminal procedure, ideology, state and legal ideology, criminal policy, criminal procedural policyReferences1.Strogovich M.S. Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo processa. M.: Izdatel`stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1958. P. 703.2.Cheloxsaev O.Z. O nekotory`x ideologicheskix problemax rossijskogo ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). P. 123–125.3.Cheloxsaev O.Z. O nekotory`x konceptual`ny`x aspektax ponimaniya ugolovno-processual`noj politiki // Globalizaciya i publichnoe pravo: materialy` Mezhdu-narodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Moskva, 22 noyabrya 2019 g. M.: RUDN, 2020. P. 74–79. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACEStructure of Interdepartmental and International Cooperation of the Russian Federation’s Internal Affairs Departments in Confiscation of Criminal Assets: Traditional and Digital ToolsURYADOV Yury YuryevichHead of the Logistics Department of Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia125171, Moscow, Zoya and Alexander Kosmodemyanskikh St., Bldg. 8, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the system of interdepartmental and international cooperation among Russian internal affairs agencies in the area of identifying and confiscating criminally obtained assets. It analyzes legal gaps and organizational shortcomings and proposes ways to improve cooperation mechanisms, taking into account the development of digital financial instruments.Keywords: Internal affairs agencies, asset confiscation, interdepartmental cooperation, international cooperation, digital financial assets, crime preventionReferences1.Uryadov Yu.Yu. Pravovy`e osnovy` mezhdunarodnogo vzaimodejstviya pri protivodejstvii legalizacii doxodov, poluchenny`x prestupny`m putem // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 6 (49). P. 94–100.2.Vasyukov V.F., Starzhinskaya A.N. Ob operativno-rozy`skny`x i sledstvenny`x merax protivodejstviya legalizacii prestupny`x doxodov s ispol`zovaniem kriptovalyut // Rossijskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka. 2024. № 4. P. 68–78.3.Ob utverzhdenii Instrukcii o poryadke organizacii raboty` po vozvrashheniyu iz-za rubezha aktivov, poluchenny`x v rezul`tate soversheniya prestuplenij i iny`x pravonarushenij: prikaz General`noj prokuratury` RF, Sledstvennogo komiteta RF, MVD Rossii, MID Rossii, Minyusta Rossii, FSB Rossii, Rosfinmonitoringa, FTS Rossii, FNS Rossii, FSSP Rossii, Rosimushhestva, Banka Rossii, GK «Agentstvo po straxovaniyu vkladov» ot 28.02.2023 № 133/25/107/3575/33/100/45/144/ED-7-18/137/106/40/OD-326/22/1/2802 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/409416709/.4.Programma dlya E`VM «Prozrachny`j blokchejn. Gosudarstvenny`j modul`». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fedsfm.ru/activity/informational-systems/pb-gos-modul. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICEMethodology for Victimological Research on Extortion Committed with the Use of Information and Communication TechnologiesPANKOVA Alexandra SergeevnaAdvocate, Managing Partner of the Moscow Bar Association «Law Tech Solutions», Applicant for the Degree of Candidate of Law of the Russian University of Advocacy and Notaries127051, Moscow, Trubnaya Street, 23, Building 2, Office 2, Russian FederationAbstract: In this article, taking into account the specifics of extortion committed using information and communication technologies, which is determined by the interaction between the perpetrator and the victim in the information environment, a methodological approach to the victimological study of this type of crime is defined. It is substantiated that the methodological basis of such a study should be based on systemic, dialectical, activity-based, personal, situational, axiological, and functional approaches, as well as a set of corresponding general scientific and specific scientific research methods.Keywords: extortion, information and communication technologies, victim, victimological research, methodologyReferences1.Ignatov A.N., Il`yanovich E.B. Metodologicheskie osnovy` issledovaniya prestupnosti // Obshhestvo i pravo. 2015. № 2 (52). P. 129–133.2.Rodina E.A. Protivodejstvie kriminal`noj viktimizacii pol`zovatelej seti «Internet» v kiberprostranstve: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2022.3.Ryazanova E.N. Kriminologicheskoe protivodejstvie krazham i moshennichestvam, sovershaemy`m beskontaktny`m sposobom: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2025.4.Zotina E.V. Moshennichestvo s ispol`zovaniem informacionno-telekommunikacionny`x texnologij i priemov social`noj inzhenerii: kriminologicheskoe issledovanie: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Kazan`, 2024.5.Shipulin G.F. Preduprezhdenie prestuplenij, sovershaemy`x s ispol`zovaniem komp`yuterny`x setej: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2024.6.Pleshakov V.A. Kriminologicheskaya teoriya situacij v ramkax nauki kriminologii // E`konomika i upravlenie: problemy`, resheniya. 2019. T. 4. № 2. P. 90–93.7.Plyuta A.D. Metodika issledovaniya prakticheskoj realizacii funkcij kriminologii v deyatel`nosti organov vnutrennix del // Filosofiya prava. 2025. № 1 (112). P. 155–162.8.Petuxov K.I. Advokat kak sub``ekt preduprezhdeniya prestupnosti: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2024. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICEReforming the Institution of Transaction Challenges in Bankruptcy: Conceptual Proposals for Legislative ImprovementGALIN Azamat ZakievichIndependent Researcher450022, Ufa, Mendeleev Str., 11/1, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current system for challenging debtor transactions in bankruptcy proceedings. Based on the study of doctrinal approaches and judicial practice, systemic problems that reduce the effectiveness of the bankruptcy estate protection mechanism are identified, including the limited civil law understanding of a transaction, the inadequacy of time frames for challenging transactions, and the absence of a mechanism for cross-liability. A concept for reforming the institution of transaction invalidity is proposed, which includes expanding the object of challenge to the category of legally significant actions, modifying the statute of limitations taking into account the doctrine of continuous offenses, and establishing special rules for hereditary liability in bankruptcy. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a holistic theory for reforming the institution of transaction challenges, based on a synthesis of civil law and bankruptcy law approaches and aimed at improving the effectiveness of creditor rights protection in the context of modern economic reality.Keywords: bankruptcy, insolvency, challenging transactions, invalidity of transactions, bankruptcy estate, statute of limitations, hereditary liability, legislative reformReferences1.Gol`msten A.X. Istoricheskij ocherk konkursnogo processa. SPb., 1888. Р. 284.2.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam VS RF ot 18.12.2017 № 305-E`S17-12763 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».3.Postanovlenie Plenuma VAS RF ot 23.12.2010 № 63 «O nekotory`x voprosax, svyazanny`x s primeneniem glavy` III.1 Federal`nogo zakona «O nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve)» // Vestnik VAS RF. 2011. № 2.4.Shershenevich G.F. Konkursnoe pravo. Kazan`: Tipografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta, 1890. Р. 412.5.Karapetov A.G. Nedejstvitel`nost` sdelok: osnovaniya i posledstviya // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2018. № 2. P. 45–78.6.Mejer D.I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo. M.: Statut, 2003. Р. 831.7.UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law. United Nations, 2005. Р. 315.8.Telyukina M.V. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu «O nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve)». M.: Volters Kluver, 2023. Р. 928.9.Bevzenko R.S. Osparivanie sdelok v bankrotstve: nauchno-prakticheskoe posobie. M.: Statut, 2022. Р. 456. POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Reducing Risks in the Entrepreneur’s Operational Activities under the Conditions of Sanctions RestrictionsKRIKUNOVA Victoria IgorevnaJudge of the Moscow Arbitration Court115225, Moscow, Bolshaya Tulskaya str., 17, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the work is to determine the basic conditions for reducing risks in the entrepreneur’s operational activities under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, identify problematic issues and identify ways and directions for their solution. The methodological basis of this work is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, the comparative legal method, and others, as well as specific scientific methods for studying risk reduction in operational activities when conducting business. Operational activities in business, as they include interaction with suppliers and customers, product creation, purchase of software, necessary resources, product sales and monetary settlements. In this regard, in addition to studying sanctions restrictions and domestic counter-sanctions provisions, as well as the application of anti-sanctions clauses, commercial organizations must take into account existing conditions in terms of the availability of suppliers of necessary products and services on the market. The significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains conclusions aimed at improving legislation while reducing operational risks.Keywords: risks, operational activities, sanctions restrictions, entrepreneurial activity, business, information securityReferences1.Apxanova E.Yu., Biryukova L.V. Cifrovizaciya biznesa v Rossii: vozmozhnosti i problemy` // Vestnik Xabarovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta e`konomiki i prava. 2021. № 1 (105). P. 25.2.Vladislav V.A. Sovremenny`e cifrovy`e texnologii v mezhdunarodny`x raschetax kak instrumenty` obxoda antirossijskix sankcij // E`konomika. Nalogi. Pravo. 2024. № 6. P. 47–55.3.Kulakova Yu.N., Kulakov A.B. Teoreticheskie osnovy` formirovaniya strategii operacionnoj deyatel`nosti promy`shlennogo predpriyatiya // E`konomicheskij analiz: teoriya i praktika. 2018. № 8 (479). P. 1449–1464.4.Levushkin A.N. Obespechenie balansa interesov grazhdan, predprinimatelej i publichno-pravovy`x obrazovanij kak uchastnikov investicionny`x pravootnoshenij na ry`nke cenny`x bumag // Yurist. 2022. № 6. P. 29–36.5.Levushkin A.N. Obespechenie balansa interesov mazhoritarny`x i minoritarny`x akcionerov v korporativ-ny`x pravootnosheniyax // Grazhdanskoe pravo. 2022. № 6. P. 14–18.6.Levushkin A. N. Primenenie otdel`ny`x sposobov zashhity` korporativny`x prav // Pravo i biznes. 2025. № 3. P. 6–11.7.Muxomorova I.V., Egorova E.N., Bagratuni K.Yu., Romanishina T.S., Kovalenko A.A. Vliyanie mezhdu-narodny`x sankcij na biznes processy` rossijskix korporacij // Innovacii i investicii. 2023. № 5. P. 551–553.8.Pokrovskaya O.D. Razvitie logisticheskoj transportnoj sistemy` Rossii v usloviyax sankcij // BRNI. 2023. № 3. P. 58–72.9.Popova I.N., Sergeeva T.L. Importozameshhenie v sovremennoj Rossii: problemy` i perspektivy` // Beneficium. 2022. № 2 (43). P. 73–84.10.Staxeeva L. M., Fetisova A. V., Lopaeva N. L., Razhina E.V., Smirnova E.S. Perspektivy` razvitiya malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva v Rossii // Pravo i upravlenie. 2024. № 2. P. 302–308.11.Ediny`j reestr rossijskix programm dlya e`lektron-ny`x vy`chislitel`ny`x mashin i baz danny`x [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://reestr.digital.gov.ru/reestr/.12.Katalog sovmestimosti rossijskogo programmnogo obespecheniya [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://catalog.arppsoft.ru/replacement.13.Mincifry` kompensiruet malomu i srednemu biznesu 50% zatrat na pokupku PO danny`x [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://nacional`ny`eproekty`.rf/news/mintsifrykompensiruet-malomu-i-srednemu-biznesu-50-zatrat-na-pokupku-po/.14.Rossiya stolknulas` s kuriruemoj izvne kiber-prestupnost`yu, zayavil MID [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://ria.ru/20250420/rf-2012355089.html?in=l. POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Optimization of the Parallel Import Mechanism as a Tool to Overcome Sanctions PressureKOZLOVA Kseniia YakovlevnaAdvocate of the Moscow Bar Association «Manakov and Partners», Senior Lecturer of the Russian University of Advocacy and Notaries105120, Moscow, Maly Poluyaroslavsky Lane, 3/5, Building 1, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the work is to optimize the mechanism of parallel imports as a tool for overcoming sanctions pressure based on an in-depth analysis of judicial and arbitration practice established in modern economic and legal reality. The methodological basis of this work is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, the comparative legal method, and others, as well as specific scientific methods for studying the optimization of the mechanism of parallel imports as a tool to overcome sanctions pressure. The significance of the work lies in the fact that this article shows the mechanism of parallel imports, which has acquired strategic importance as a tool for ensuring national economic security and maintaining access to critical goods and technologies. However, the current implementation of this mechanism is fraught with a number of significant drawbacks, including the lack of transparency of logistics chains, increased costs for importers, lack of official warranty support, as well as difficulties with customs clearance and product certification.Keywords: entrepreneurial activity, mechanism, optimization, parallel import, sanctions, goods, sanctions restrictions, protection of rights, judicial practiceReferences1.Glaz`ev S.Yu. E`konomicheskaya strategiya Rossii v usloviyax sankcionnogo davleniya: novy`e vy`zovy` i resheniya // Voprosy` e`konomiki. 2022. № 7. P. 5–29.2.Kozlova K.Ya. Dogovor kak pravovoe sredstvo regulirovaniya innovacionnoj predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti // Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika. 2024. № 10 (238). P. 398.3.Kozlova K.Ya. Opcion na zaklyuchenie dogovora kak drajver razvitiya innovacionnoj deyatel`nosti: problemy` sudebno-arbitrazhnoj praktiki // Vestnik arbitrazhnoj praktiki. 2024. № 6 (115). P. 52–58.4.Levushkin A.N. Nichtozhny`e i osporimy`e sdelki: priroda, problemy` pravoprimeneniya i sovershenstvovanie pravovogo regulirovaniya // Grazhdanskoe pravo. 2025. № 2. P. 2–5.5.Levushkin A.N. Konflikt interesov mezhdu sub``ektami korporativny`x pravootnoshenij pri provedenii sdelok s akciyami // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2022. № 12. P. 170.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Comparative Study of the 2009 and 2025 Sustainable Development Concepts for Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Russian Far EastASYLBAEVA Polina AnatolyevnaApplicant of the Department of Theory of State and Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology450005, Ufa, Dostoyevskogo st.,131, Russian FederationAbstract: This article analyzes the 2009 and 2025 Sustainable Development Concepts for Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. Evolutionary changes in the institutional and regulatory structure of these documents are identified, as well as the integration of national policy with regional economic development and the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples. Measures are proposed to update the conceptual framework, introduce a regulatory glossary, and formalize monitoring using digital technologies, thereby increasing the effectiveness of state national policy implementation and adhering to the principle of evidence-based management.Keywords: strategic planning documents, concept, legal concept, normative legal act, Concept of Sustainable Development of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, indigenous peoplesReferences1.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 04 fevralya 2009 g. № 132-r «O Koncepcii ustojchivogo razvitiya korenny`x malochislenny`x narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal`nego Vostoka Rossijskoj Federacii» // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 08 maya 2025 g. № 1161-r «O Koncepcii ustojchivogo razvitiya korenny`x malochislenny`x narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal`nego Vostoka Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2036 goda» // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».3.Karpovich O.G., Smagina L.A. Rossiya v integracionny`x processax Aziatsko-Tixookeanskogo regiona: novy`e vy`zovy` i ugrozy` // Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe i chastnoe pravo. 2021. № 6. P. 15–20.4.Andrichenko L.V. Sovremenny`e problemy` realizacii gosudarstvennoj nacional`noj politiki Rossijskoj Federacii: pravovoj aspekt // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2024. № 6. P. 5–15.
Donation Between Spouses: Dogmatic and Comparative Legal AspectsKONAROVSKII Nikita Alexandrovich119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of this work is to identify and define the characteristics of gifts between spouses from a dogmatic point of view in a comparative legal context. The features of the legal qualification and legal consequences of gifts made between spouses depend on the chosen property regime, which may or may not form joint property.Keywords: donation, gratuitousness, joint property of spouses, marriage contract, agreement on the division of property between spousesReferences1.Vinaver M.M. Darenie i zaveshhanie (stranicza iz istorii kodifikacii) // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2014. № 5. Dostup iz SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Egorov A.V. Sovmestnaya sobstvennost` suprugov: na pereput`e // Grazhdanskoe pravo social`nogo gosudarstva: sbornik statej, posvyashhenny`j 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora A.L. Makovskogo (1930–2020) / otv. red. V.V. Vitryanskij, E.A. Suxanov. M.: Statut, 2020.3.Krivczov A.S. Abstraktny`e i material`ny`e obyazatel`stva v rimskom i v sovremennom grazhdanskom prave. Yur`ev, 1898.4.Lomakina P.A. Pravovoe regulirovanie obshhix supruzheskix obyazatel`stv // Dogovory` i obyazatel`stva: sbornik rabot. V 2 t. T. 2: Osobennaya chast`. M.: ICzChP im. S.S. Alekseeva pri Prezidente RF, 2018.5.Pokrovskij I.A. Osnovny`e problemy` grazhdanskogo prava. M.: Statut, 2020.6.Rabinovich N.V. Lichny`e i imushhestvenny`e otnosheniya v sovetskoj sem`e. L., 1952.7.Simolin A.A. Vliyanie momenta bezvozmezdnosti v grazhdanskom prave. Kazan`, 1916.8.Slepakova A.V. Pravootnosheniya sobstvennosti suprugov. M.: Statut, 2005. Dostup iz SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».9.Boele-Woelki K., Miles J.K., Scherpe J. The Future of Family Property in Europe. Intersentia, 2011.10.De Oliveira G. Family and Succession Law in Portugal. Wolters Kluwer, 2012.11.Heaton J., Kruger H. South African Family law. 4th ed. LexisNexis.12.Herring J. Family law. 10th ed. London: Pearson, 2021.13.Historisch-kritischer Kommentar zum BGB. Bd. III: Schuldrecht: Besonderer Teil. 1. Teilband: §§ 433–656 / Hrsg. von R. Zimmermann. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2007. §§ 516–534.14.Hyland R. Gifts. A Study in Comparative Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.15.Jaeger W. Familienrecht: Scheidung, Unterhalt, Verfahren / Hrsg. D. Heinrich. 6. Aufl. Muenchen: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2015.16.Kaser M. Roman Private Law / transl. by R. Dannenbring. Pretoria: University of South Africa, 1980.17.Lowe N., Douglas G. Bromley’s Family Law. 10th ed. Oxford University Press, 2007.18.Max Planck Encyclopedia of European Private Law / Ed. by J. Basedow, K.J. Hopt, R. Zimmermann, A. Stier. Vol. II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P.19.Rønning O.A., Møller Sigh H., Vogt H. Donations, Inheritance and Property in the Nordic and Western World from Late Antiquity until Today. Routledge, 2017.20.Savigny F.C. System des heutigen Römischen Rechts. Bd. IV. Berlin: Veit, 1841.21.Scherpe J.M. Marital Agreements and Private Autonomy in Comparative Perspective. Hart Publishing, 2012.22.Terré F., Simler P. Les régimes matrimoniaux. 5e éd. Dalloz.23.Watson A. The Law of Property in the Later Roman Republic. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968.24.Zimmermann R. The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition. Cape Town: Juta & Co. Ltd., 1990. HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE
Determination of Evidence Relevance Assessment by the Type of Criminal ProceedingsMOKROVSKY Andrey ViktorovichPostgraduate Student of Ulyanovsk State University432063, Ulyanovsk, Komsomolsky lane, 15A, Russian FederationAbstract: The article investigates the determination (conditionality) of the assessment of evidence relevance by the historical type of criminal proceedings. Based on a comparative-historical analysis, the author sequentially examines how the fundamental principles of the inquisitorial, adversarial, and mixed types of proceedings shape different models for establishing the connection between evidence and the subject of proof. It is proven that in the inquisitorial model, the assessment of relevance is monopolized by the investigating judge and subordinated to the formal theory of evidence, excluding adversariality. In the adversarial model, relevance is formed through the confrontation of subjective evaluations by the prosecution and the defense, while the court performs an arbitral function. The mixed type, synthesizing elements of both approaches, generates an internal conflict between the inquisitorial logic of preliminary investigation and the adversarial logic of judicial proceedings, which can lead to contradictions in determining the scope of relevant evidence in a single case. The author concludes that further strengthening of adversarial principles is promising as they best align with the objectives of justice.Keywords: relevance of evidence, assessment of evidence, type of criminal proceedings, inquisitorial process, adversarial process, mixed process, theory of evidence, determination, comparative-historical analysisReferences1.Stephen J.F. A Digest of the Law of Evidence. 4th ed. London: Macmillan and Co., 1881.2.Bobrishhev-Pushkin A.M. E`mpiricheskie zakony` deyatel`nosti russkogo suda prisyazhny`x. M.: Izd. zhurnala «Russkaya my`sl`», 1896.3.Vladimirov L.E. Uchenie ob ugolovny`x dokazatel`stvax. SPb., 1910.4.Stifen Dzh. Ocherk dokazatel`stvennogo prava / per. s 8-go angl. izd.; vstup. st. P.I. Lyublinskogo. SPb., 1910.5.Duxovskij M.V. Iz lekcij po ugolovnomu processu. M., 1895.6.Kalinovskij K.B. Obvinitel`ny`j uklon v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: normativny`e predposy`lki v dejstvuyushhem rossijskom zakonodatel`stve // Obvinenie i opravdanie v postsovetskoj ugolovnoj yusticii: sb. st. / pod red. V.V. Volkova. M., 2015.7.Kurs ugolovnogo processa / pod red. L.V. Golovko. 2-e izd., ispr. M.: Statut, 2017. P. 1280.8.Levin G.D. Protivopolozhnosti i protivorechiya // E`pistemologiya i filosofiya nauki. 2007. T. 11. № 1.9.Lupinskaya P.A. Resheniya v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: teoriya, zakonodatel`stvo, praktika: monografiya. 3-e izd., stereotip. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2025. S. 240.10.Shprenger Ya., Institoris G. Molot ved`m / per. s lat. N. Czvetkova; s predisl. S.G. Lo-zinskogo, M.P. Baskina. M.: Ateist, 1932. 297 s.11.Montesk`e Sh.L. Dux zakonov. Ch. 1. [B. m.], 1862.12.Rozin N.N. Process kak yuridicheskaya nauka // Zhurnal Ministerstva yusticii. 1910. № 8.13.Rozin N.N. Ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo. SPb., 1914.14.Rudich V.V. Mexanizm primeneniya mer presecheniya v rossijskom ugolovnom sudoproiz-vodstve: dis. … dokt. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 2020.15.Sluchevskij V.K. Uchebnik russkogo ugolovnogo processa. SPb., 1913.16.Fojniczkij I.Ya. Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. T. 2. 3-e izd. SPb., 1910. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Children’s Rights in the Legislation and Judicial Practice of the United States of America in the 20th CenturySHLIAKOVA Angelina VladimirovnaPostgraduate Student of Department of History of State and Law of Faculty of Law of Moscow State University119991, Moscow, Leninskie Gory, 1, building 13, Russian FederationAbstract: The work is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation of the doctrine of children’s rights in the United States of America. It is determined that the development of judicial practice and legislation had the greatest impact on the formation of this doctrine in the United States. The article presents significant court decisions of the 20th century, which enshrine some of the rights of children. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that in the twentieth century in the United States, due to the development of the legislative system and the adoption of regulations, the doctrine of children’s rights underwent changes, which led to the legal consolidation of the understanding of the child as a person who is ready to make independent decisions and act separately from other persons, in particular from parents.Keywords: children’s rights, children’s interests, children’s rights doctrine, family legal relationsСписок литературы/ References1.Kempe C.H., Silverman F.N., Steele B.F., Droegemueller W., Silver H.K. The battered-child syndrome // Child Abuse & Neglect. 1985. Vol. 9. P. 143–154.2.Hart S.N. The history of children’s psychological rights // Viewpoints in Teaching and Learning. 1982. Vol. 58. P. 1–15.3.Myers J.E.B. The History of Child Protection in America. Sacramento: University of the Pacific, McGeorge School of Law, 2010.4.Russ G.H. Through the Eyes of a Child, «Gregory K.»: A Child’s Right to be Heard // Family Law Quarterly. 1993. Vol. 27. No. 3. P. 365–394.5.The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act: 40 years of safeguarding America’s children. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. National Child Abuse and Neglect Training and Publications Project, 2014. P. 97.6.Walker N.E., Brooks C.M., Wrightsman L.S. Children’s rights in the United States: In search of a national policy. California; London; New Delhi, 1999. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
«Marriage for Love» or Deprivation of Profession: How the President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates Responded to Criticism of the Bill on the «Lawyer’s Monopoly» and Promoted a «Forced Marriage» Between Lawyers and Bar Associations, Organized Under the Auspices of the Ministry of JusticeRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a critical analysis of the speech delivered by Svetlana Volodina, President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – FCA), regarding the proposed bill on the «lawyers’ monopoly» for court representation. The author characterizes the FCA leadership’s stance as «administrative servility» and a de facto abandonment of the principles of the legal profession’s independence in favor of subordination to the Ministry of Justice. The paper systematically refutes claims of a «substantive dialogue» with the legal community, arguing instead that the incorporation of private practitioners into the bar is coercive in nature. Particular attention is paid to the counter-reform’s inconsistency with international standards (specifically the UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The author concludes that the bill represents a counter-reform leading to market monopolization, restriction of citizens’ rights to defense, and increased state control over the legal profession.Keywords: lawyers’ monopoly, legal reform, Federal Chamber of Advocates, Ministry of Justice, independence of the legal profession, court representation, human rights, administrative servility, private practitionersReferences1.Volodina S.I. «Esli zakonoproekt budet prinyat, my` budem ego vy`polnyat`» // Oficial`ny`j sajt Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/esli-zakonoproekt-budet-prinyat-my-budem-ego-vypolnyat/.2.Popravki v Zakon ob advokature: podrobny`j razbor zakonoproekta // Konsul`tantPlyus. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/law/hotdocs/89994.html.3.Ragulin A.V. Kak Prezident Rogachev napryazhennost` u yuristov snimal: o vstreche advokatov s yuristami v Nizhnem Novgorode // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kak-prezident-rogachev-napryazhennost-u-yuristov-snimal-o-vstreche-advokatov-s-yuristami-v-nizhnem-novgorode.4.Ragulin A.V. Krugly`j stol v Sankt-Peterburge: xolodny`j dush dlya popirayushhix normy` advokatskoj e`tiki «svidetelej advokatskoj monopolii» iz Federal`noj palaty` advokatov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kruglyy-stol-v-sankt-peterburge-holodnyy-dush-dlya-popirayuschih-normy-advkatskoy-etiki-svideteley-advokatskoy-monopolii-iz.5.Zayavlenie o proekte zakona o vvedenii «advokatskoj monopolii» // Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya russkoyazy`chny`x advokatov (MARA). 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/zayavlenieoproektezakonaovvedeni.6.Osnovny`e principy`, kasayushhiesya roli yuristov (prinyaty` vos`my`m Kongressom OON po preduprezhdeniyu prestupnosti i obrashheniyu s pravonarushitelyami, Gavana, Kuba, 1990 g.) // OON [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/role_lawyers.shtml.7.Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov predstavila kriticheskij doklad o zakonoproekte // MARA. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/mezhdunarodnaya-associaciya-rossijskix-advokatov-predstavila-kriticheskij-doklad-o-zakonoproekte-predla.8.Obrashhenie Pravleniya MOO «Iniciativa-2018» v organy` Organizacii Ob``edinenny`x Nacij, k mezhdu-narodny`m associaciyam advokatov i pravozashhitny`m organizaciyam // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 5 (64) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/obraschenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov-i-yuristov-initsiativa-2018-v-organy-organizatsii.9.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.10.Reports to the Human Rights Council. 60th session // OHCHR [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session60/list-reports.11.Ragulin A.V. Kak advokatskie palaty` regionov sdelali yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` v Rossii nedostupnoj // Zakon.ru. 2025 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2025/11/14/kak_advokatskie_palaty_regionov_sdelali_yuridicheskuyu_pomosch_v_rossii_nedostupnoj_issledovanie_rek_112418.12.Peticiya o prekrashhenii uchastiya advokatov v processual`ny`x dejstviyax // LegalPetition. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legalpetition.org/prekrashheniya-uchastiya-advokatov-v-proczessualnyh-dejstviyah/.13.Nacional`ny`j profsoyuz yuristov (Nacional`noe ob``edinenie yuristov): oficial`ny`j sajt. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://law-unity.ru/.14.Rossijskij yuridicheskij ry`nok e`volyucioniruet v pravil`nom napravlenii // Oficial`ny`j sajt Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/rossiyskiy-yuridicheskiy-rynok-evolyutsioniruet-v-pravilnom-napravlenii/.15.Talantov D.N. Pyat` tezisov v razzhiganie nizmenny`x instinktov advokatov // Legal Report. 2024 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://legal.report/pyat-tezisov-v-razzhiganie-nizmennyh-instinktov-advokatov/.16.Ragulin A.V. «Pravil`ny`j put`» ili «skol`zkaya dorozhka» rossijskoj advokatury`? Otvet na stat`yu e`ks-prezidenta Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii Yuriya Sergeevicha Pilipenko // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3 (62) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravilnyy-put-ili-skolzkaya-dorozhka-rossiyskoy-advokatury-otvet-na-statyu-eks-prezidenta-federalnoy-palaty-advokatov-rossiyskoy.17.Yarty`x I.S., Ragulin A.V. Oshibochny`j put` rossijskoj advokatury`: ot instituta grazhdanskogo obshhestva k instrumentu regulirovaniya ry`nka yuridicheskix uslug. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk, professorom Igorem Semenovichem Yarty`x // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. №4 (75). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/oshibochnyy-put-rossiyskoy-advokatury-ot-instituta-grazhdanskogo-obschestva-k-instrumentu-regulirovaniya-rynka-yuridicheskih-uslug.18.Ragulin A.V. Strax i nenavist` v Izmajlovo: obsuzhdenie advokatskoj monopolii putem degumanizacii chastnopraktikuyushhix yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/strah-i-nenavist-v-izmaylovo-obsuzhdenie-advokatskoy-monopolii-putem-degumanizatsii-chastnopraktikuyuschih-yuristov.19.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: itogi pervogo antimonopol`nogo marafona Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-itogi-pervogo-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov.20.Ragulin A.V. 24 chasa yuridicheskogo soprotivleniya: prodolzhenie antimonopol`nogo marafona Nacional`nogo profsoyuza yuristov // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/24-chasa-yuridicheskogo-soprotivleniya-prodolzhenie-antimonopolnogo-marafona-natsionalnogo-profsoyuza-yuristov. PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING
Threats to the Functioning of the Unified State Register of Advocates: Analysis of Vulnerabilities Based on the 2026 IncidentESKOV Aleksandr AleksandrovichForensic Expert, employee of LLC «Cadastral Valuation and Expertise»628601, Nizhnevartovsk, Khanty-Mansiyskaya St., 2, building 1, office 213, Russian FederationAbstract: The article analyzes the January 2026 incident when approximately 15,000 records disappeared from the Unified State Register of Advocates. It examines technological, organizational and legal vulnerabilities: lack of data integrity verification mechanisms, blurred responsibility zones between administrators, and database architecture deficiencies. Critical flaws in state information system management posing threats to access to justice are identified.Keywords: information security, Unified State Register of Advocates, state information systems, legal informatics, database vulnerabilities, personal data of advocates, digitalization of justice, organizational and legal vulnerabilities, advocate statusReferences1.GOST R 59711-2022. Zashhita informacii. Upravlenie komp`yuterny`mi incidentami. Organizaciya deyatel`-nosti po upravleniyu komp`yuterny`mi incidentami. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.2.Gosudarstvenny`j adresny`j reestr (GAR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fias.nalog.ru/.3.Ediny`j gosudarstvenny`j reestr advokatov // Ministerstvo yusticii Rossijskoj Federacii (Minyust Rossii) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/pages/advokaty-rossijskoj-federacii/.4.Ezh Lab // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/ejlabru/16865.5.Ezh Lab // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/ejlabru/16866.6.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1447.7.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1448.8.Dikij konsalting // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/wild_consult/1450.9.Iniciativa 2018 // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4387.10.Iz sostava nauchno-konsul`tativnogo soveta pri VS Rossii isklyucheny` advokaty` i tretejskie sud`i // Internet-portal «Rossijskoj gazety`». 19.01.2026 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2026/01/19/iz-nauchno-konsultativnogo-soveta-pri-vs-rf-vyveli-advokatov-i-tretejskih-sudej.html.11.Ischezlo 15 ty`syach advokatov // Advokatura. VKontakte [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://vk.com/wall-42591457_29537.12.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarod-ny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobren-ny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.13.Metodicheskij dokument. Metodika ocenki ugroz bezopasnosti informacii (utv. FSTE`K Rossii 05.02.2021). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .14.Mishustin schitaet, chto danny`e – novy`e neft`, platina i zoloto XXI veka // TASS [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/11444531.15.Perechen` gosudarstvenny`x informacionny`x sistem // Ministerstvo yusticii Rossijskoj Federacii (Minyust Rossii) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://minjust.gov.ru/ru/activity/govservices/infosystems/33/.16.Polozhenie o chlenstve v advokatskoj palate sub``ekta Rossijskoj Federacii i poryadke razresheniya nekotory`x voprosov, svyazanny`x s opredeleniem chlenstva v advokatskoj palate sub``ekta Rossijskoj Federacii. Utverzhdeno Resheniem Soveta FPA RF ot 01.07.2025 (protokol № 3) // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF (FPA RF) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/polozhenie-o-chlenstve-v-advokatskoy-palate-subekta-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-poryadke-razresheniya-ne/.17.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 15.12.2022 № 37 «O nekotory`x voprosax sudebnoj praktiki po ugolovny`m delam o prestupleniyax v sfere komp`yuternoj informacii, a takzhe iny`x prestupleniyax, sovershenny`x s ispol`zovaniem e`lektronny`x ili informacionno-telekommunikacionny`x setej, vklyuchaya set` «Internet». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .18.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 06.07.2015 № 676 «O trebovaniyax k poryadku sozdaniya, razvitiya, vvoda v e`kspluataciyu, e`kspluatacii i vy`voda iz e`kspluatacii gosudarstvenny`x informacionny`x sistem i dal`nejshego xraneniya soderzhashhejsya v ix bazax danny`x informacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.19.Chubukova S.G., Belyaeva T.M., Kudinov A.T., Pal`yanova N.V. Pravovaya informatika: uchebnik i praktikum dlya vuzov / pod red. S.G. Chubukovoj. 4-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Izdatel`stvo Yurajt, 2025. P. 338.20.Prikaz Minyusta Rossii ot 09.10.2024 № 296 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka vedeniya Edinogo gosudarstvennogo reestra advokatov i sostava vklyuchaemy`x v nego svedenij i Poryadka vy`dachi udostovereniya advokata» (Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste Rossii 09.10.2024 № 79744). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .21.Prikaz Rosarxiva ot 20.12.2019 № 236 «Ob utverzhdenii Perechnya tipovy`x upravlencheskix arxivny`x dokumentov, obrazuyushhixsya v processe deyatel`nosti gosudarstvenny`x organov, organov mestnogo samoupravleniya i organizacij, s ukazaniem srokov ix xraneniya» (Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste Rossii 06.02.2020 № 57449). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.22.Rekomendacii po opredeleniyu celevy`x pokazatelej nadezhnosti // Power Platform Well-Architected. Kompaniya Majkrosoft [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://learn.microsoft.com/ru-ru/power-platform/well-architected/reliability/metrics.23.Slovo zashhite // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2019.24.Slovo zashhite // Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2025.25.U lyudej est` yavny`j zapros na spravedlivost` // Setevoe izdanie «Kommersant``». 19.01.2026 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/8361511.26.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 02.05.2006 № 59-FZ (red. ot 28.12.2024) «O poryadke rassmotreniya obrashhenij grazhdan Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru.27.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 03.07.2016 № 236-FZ (red. ot 23.05.2025) «O publichno-pravovy`x kompaniyax v Rossijskoj Federacii i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .28.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.07.2006 № 152-FZ (red. ot 24.06.2025) «O personal`ny`x danny`x». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .29.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 31.05.2002 № 63-FZ (red. ot 22.04.2024) «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.consultant.ru .30.Yarty`x I.S. Nauka ob advokature: vchera, segodnya, zavtra // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina. 2017. № 12. P. 100–107. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATES
Socio-Legal Functions of the Legal Profession of the Republic of Singapore: Institutional Foundations and Mechanisms for the Implementation of Free Legal AidKRUGLYAKOV Sergey ValeryevichAdvocate of the Moscow Region Chamber of Advocates111020, Moscow, Gospitalny Val Str., 8/1, Building 2, Russian FederationAbstract: The article comprehensively analyzes the socio-legal functions of the Singapore Bar in the context of the public law nature of the institution and its transformation in the context of the digital revolution. The study examines the evolution of the institutional model from traditional forms of free legal aid to a hybrid, multi-level system combining government agencies (the Bureau of Legal Aid, the Office of Public Defenders, the Singapore Supreme Court Program – LASCO) and non-governmental institutions (Pro Bono SG). Special attention is paid to the constitutional foundations, the regulatory framework, the mechanism of implementation through the system of income criteria and the validity of claims (Means/Merits Test), as well as the strategic implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in the system of free legal aid with the participation of lawyers. The article analyzes the legal foundations of the integration of artificial intelligence into the system of free legal aid, its impact on the accessibility of justice and the preservation of the human factor in advocacy. The study reveals that the Singapore model, despite the lack of a constitutional guarantee of free legal aid, is a rational, highly structured system based on the principle of subsidiarity and providing a balanced approach to optimizing justice without compromising the quality of legal services for socially vulnerable groups.Keywords: Legal Profession of Singapore, Law Society of Singapore, Singapore Bar, socio-legal functions, free legal aid, Legal Aid Bureau, Public Defender’s Office, Pro Bono SG, institutional model, volunteer advocates, legal awareness and legal education, pro bono, artificial intelligenceReferences1.Konstituciya Respubliki Singapur [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/Cons1963.2.Glendon, M.A., Sawer, G., Alford, W.P. Legal Profession. Encyclopedia Britannica, December 20, 2025. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/legal-profession/England-after-the-Conquest.3.Reshenie ot 14 yanvarya 2014 g. Vy`sokogo suda Singapura po delu: Dzhejms Radzh sy`n Arokiasami protiv gosudarstvennogo prokurora [2014] SGHC 10 M. (James Raj s/o Arokiasamy v Public Prosecutor [2014] SGHC 10). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.elitigation.sg/gd/gd/2014_SGHC_10/pdf.4.Zakon o yuridicheskoj pomoshhi i konsul`taciyax: № 20 ot 1 oktyabrya 1995 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LAAA1995.5.Zakon o gosudarstvenny`x zashhitnikax: № 23 ot 19 avgusta 2022 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PDA2022.6.Zakon o yuridicheskoj professii: № 161 ot 20 dekabrya 1997 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Statutes Online. URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LPA1966.7.Rukovodstvo po naznacheniyu i obyazannostyam naznachennogo advokata v delax, svyazanny`x so smertnoj kazn`yu – LASCO: opublikovano Sudebny`m vedomstvom Singapura v marte 2022 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Court. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/docs/default-source/volunteer-docs/lasco-guidelines-(mar-2022).pdf.8.Vy`sokij sud Singapura podderzhivaet politiku LASCO, otklonyaya pros`bu prigovorenny`x k smertnoj kazni zaklyuchenny`x o predostavlenii rasshirennoj yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Pravitel`stvenny`j portal Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://gutzy.asia/2024/05/22/singapore-high-court-upholds-lasco-policy-denies-death-row-inmates-request-for-extended-legal-aid/.9.Zayavlenie na poluchenie pomoshhi po ugolovnoj zashhite. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://form.gov.sg/62cd713dcc1b75001223262a.10.Pravo na pomoshh`. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ofis gosudarstvennogo zashhitnika. Singapur, 2025. URL: https://pdo.mlaw.gov.sg/criminal-defence-aid/qualifying-for-help/.11.Mezhdunarodny`e modeli yuridicheskoj pomoshhi. P. 11. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.laspnet.org/joomla-pages/i-e-c-materials/169-international-legal-aid-models/file.12.Sim K., Tan Ch. F. Paradoks yuridicheskoj pomoshhi v Singapure: grazhdansko-pravovaya pomoshh` bez ugolovno-pravovoj pomoshhi // Singapurskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2012. T. 30. P. 165. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.academia.edu/12573935/The_Paradox_of_Legal_Aid_in_Singapore_Civil_Legal_Aid_Without_Criminal_Legal_Aid_2012_30_Singapore_Law_Review_165?auto=download.13.Pro bono SG. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.probono.sg/?utm_source=LSS&utm_medium=Homepage.14.Yuridicheskoe predstavitel`stvo: [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Pro Bono SG. Singapur, 2025. URL: https://www.probono.sg/get-legal-help/legal-representation/.15.Konstruktor formy` zayavleniya programmy` CLAS. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.jotform.com/ (data obrashheniya: 05.04.2025).16.Forma zayavleniya CLAS. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://form.jotform.com/241692509744464.17.Tan K. «Chelovecheskoe liczo pravosudiya»: Yuridicheskaya blagotvoritel`naya organizaciya Pro Bono SG rasshiryaetsya, chtoby` pomogat` bol`shemu chislu nuzhdayushhimsya, takim kak trudovy`e-migranty`. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // The Straits Times. URL: https://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/Headlines/userid/1/human-face-of-justice-law-charity-pro-bono-sg-expands-to-help-more-in-need-like-migrant-workers.18.Pravovoe prosveshhenie. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://www.probono.sg/get-legal-help/legal-awareness/.19.Pro Bono SG. Yusticiya dlya vsex: godovoj otchet za 2022/2023 finansovy`j god. Singapur, 2023. P. 6. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.probono.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Pro-Bono-SG-Annual-Report-2022-2023-Print-FA-Low-Res.pdf.20.Besplatny`e yuridicheskie kliniki Singapura: [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Singapur, 2024. URL: https://www.legalclinics.sg/index.php?showall=1.21.Yuridicheskaya klinika na territorii (OSLAS). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/on-site-legal-clinic-oslas/.22.Rukovodstvo po programme priznaniya viny` (GPS). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/guidance-for-plea-scheme-gps/.23.Obratites` za pomoshh`yu po ugolovnomu delu. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Verxovny`j Sud Singapura. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/legal-help-support/criminal-case.24.Sovmestny`j proekt/Pervichnoe pravosudie (PJP/CJP). [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Verxovny`j Sud Singapura. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/legal-services/collaborative-primary-justice-project-pjp-cjp/.25.Centr pomoshhi (okazanie lichnoj pomoshhi storonam v sudebnom processe). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cjc.org.sg/services/information/helping-to-empower-litigants-in-person-help/.26.Umnaya naciya Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/.27.Videnie yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Singapore Academy of Law. 2017. URL: https://sal.org.sg/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Legal-Technology-Vision-final-for-print.pdf.28.Dorozhnaya karta texnologij i innovacij: put` k 2030 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/files/news/press-releases/2020/10/Minlaw_Tech_and_innovation_Roadmap_Report.pdf.29.Raxayu M. Vstupitel`noe slovo na prezentacii plana cifrovogo razvitiya yuridicheskoj otrasli i Rukovodstva po vnedreniyu yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. 2025. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/news/speeches/opening-remarks-sps-introduction-legal-idp/.30.Model` sistemy` upravleniya iskusstvenny`m intellektom dlya generativnogo iskusstvennogo intellekta. Singapur: [E`lektronny`j resurs] // AI Verify Foundation. 2024. 29 s. URL: https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Model-AI-Governance-Framework-for-Generative-AI-May-2024-1-1.pdf.31.Singapurskaya strategiya v oblasti intellektual`noj sobstvennosti na 2030 god. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://isomer-user-content.by.gov.sg/61/2336fcc2-4f45-43d0-9d82-1bdb89846df9/singapore-ip-strategy-report-2030-18May2021.pdf.32.Martin De`vidson. AI i novy`j vzglyad na predva-ritel`nuyu proverku kontraktov. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lawgazette.com.sg/practice/tech-talk/ai-and-a-new-way-of-looking-at-contract-pre-screening/.33.Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura i Byuro yuridicheskoj pomoshhi povy`shayut e`ffektivnost` i sovershenstvuyut predostavlenie uslug. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.sg-casestudy-digital-ministry-of-law-chatbots.pdf.34.Instrumenty` iskusstvennogo intellekta dlya gosu-darstvenny`x zashhitnikov – LegalServer. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.legalserver.org/news/ai-software-tools-for-public-defenders/.35.Dzhon van der Luit-Drammond. Pro bono v Singapure: pomogaya yuristam pochuvstvovat` sebya chast`yu obshhestvennogo sluzheniya // Legal500. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.legal500.com/fivehundred-magazine/editors-views/pro-bono-in-singapore-imbuing-lawyers-with-a-sense-of-public-service/.36.E`lektronny`e uslugi Byuro yuridicheskoj pomoshhi // Ministerstvo yusticii Singapura. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eservices.mlaw.gov.sg/labesvc/?tabIndex=3.37.Komitet klastera yuridicheskix texnologij Singapurskaya yuridicheskaya akademiya (Legal Technology Cluster Committee Singapore Academy of Law). 2017 g. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: Legal-Technology-Vision-final-for-print.pdf.38.Mar`yam Axlagi. Ispol`zovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta v sudax: uroki Singapura, Yuzhnoj Korei i Avstralii. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Informacionny`j byulleten` CyberJustice Laboratory. 2025 g. 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Vy`stuplenie na konferencii IT Law Series 2025: Pravovy`e i normativny`e voprosy`, svyazanny`e s iskusstvenny`m intellektom. [E`lektronny`j resurs] // E`lektronny`j portal Verxovnogo suda Singapura. URL: https://www.judiciary.gov.sg/news-and-resources/news/news-details/justice-aidan-xu--speech-at-the-it-law-series-2025--legal-and-regulatory-issues-with-artificial-intelligence.43.Povy`shenie proizvoditel`nosti yuridicheskix firm v Singapure za schet integracii Microsoft Copilot v platformu yuridicheskix texnologij. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/enhanced-productivity-for-law-firms-in-singapore-with-the-legal-technology-platform/. PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Disciplinary Case Against Advocate Viktor Drozdov: Illegal Contributions and Punitive EthicsRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a critical analysis of the disciplinary proceedings against advocate Viktor Drozdov. The author examines in detail the doctrine of «advocate’s omerta», established by the Federal Chamber of Advocates Ethics and Standards Commission Clarification № 03/19, proving its conflict with the Russian Constitution, international standards, and federal law. The study identifies numerous procedural violations during the disciplinary process, including the expansion of charges and the breach of the principle of impartiality. The author concludes that the Drozdov case is an act of «disciplinary tyranny» and serves as evidence of a profound crisis in the independence of the legal profession in Russia.Keywords: advocacy, independence of the legal profession, Viktor Drozdov case, disciplinary liability, Code of Professional Ethics of Advocates, Federal Chamber of AdvocatesReferences1.DVA: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/dva_chanel/15777.2.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.3.Iniciativa 2018: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4504.4.Ragulin A.V. Kodeks professional`noj e`tiki advokata kak sredstvo bor`by` s kritikoj v advokature // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 6 (49). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kodeks-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata-kak-sredstvo-borby-s-kritikoy-v-advokature?ysclid=mle71r7xsh706826042.5.End of Law: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/endoflaw/2136.6.Iniciativa 2018: Telegram-kanal [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://t.me/initiative2018/4518.7.Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Moskovskogo gorodskogo suda ot 23.07.2021 po delu № 33-14662/2021 [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF: oficz. sajt. URL:https://fparf.ru/documents/judicial-decisions/decisions-of-the-regional-courts/apellyatsionnoe-opredelenie-moskovskogo-gorodskogo-suda-po-zhalobam-na-reshenie-khamovnicheskogo-ray/.8.Devyat` millionov neobosnovanny`x rasxodov. «Fontanka» izuchila otchet revizorov Advokatskoj palaty` Peterburga [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Fontanka.ru. 2024. 1 apr. URL: https://www.fontanka.ru/2024/04/01/73409609/.9.Drozdov V.A., Ragulin A.V. O «bol`shevizme my`shleniya» v advokature interv`yu s advokatom, chlenom pravleniya Mezhregional`noj obshhestvennoj organizacii advokatov i yuristov «Iniciativa 2018» Viktorom Aleksandrovichem Drozdovy`m // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2024. №2 (67). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-bolshevizme-myshleniya-v-advokature-intervyu-s-advokatom-chlenom-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoy-obschestvennoy-organizatsii-advokatov.10.Sistema organov samoupravleniya advokatury` v Rossii nuzhdaetsya v reformirovanii. Interv`yu s advokatom, doktorom yuridicheskix nauk Andreem Viktorovichem Raguliny`m // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2025. № 1 (200). [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eurasialaw-journal.ru/intervyu-s-andreem-viktorovichem-ragulinym.html. PROTECTION OF THE PROFESSIONAL RIGHTS OF A LAWYER
Specialization in the Bar: a New Special Operation of the Federal Chamber of Advocates Against the Independence of Lawyers in RussiaRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of the Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the roundtable held by the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation (FCA) on December 9, 2025, titled «Prospects for Introducing Specialization in the Legal Profession in CIS Member States». The author views this event as part of a systematic campaign to undermine the independence of the Russian bar, disguised as an international exchange of experience. It criticizes the use of foreign models to justify mandatory specialization, which could become a tool for corruption, «purging» undesirable lawyers, and state control. The FСA’s initiative contradicts UN international standards, the Russian Constitution and the federal law, threatening the universality of the profession and citizens’ rights to qualified legal aid. In conclusion, it calls for rejecting compulsory specialization in favor of voluntary self-determination, emphasizing the need to restore the bar’s true independence.Keywords: bar association, lawyer specialization, Federal Chamber of Advocates, independence of the bar, «lawyers’ monopoly»References1.Po kakomu puti nam idti // Federal`naya palata advokatov RF. 2025. 9 dek. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/po-kakomu-puti-nam-idti/.2.Ragulin A.V. Zaxvat advokatury` i presledovanie advokatov v Rossijskoj Federacii: kak vernut` nezavisimost` advokatov i pravo grazhdan na zashhitu // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 3 (74) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/zahvat-advokatury-i-presledovanie-advokatov-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii-kak-vernut-nezavisimost-advokatov-i-pravo-grazhdan-na-zaschitu.3.60th regular session of the Human Rights Council: Reports // OHCHR [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session60/list-reports.4.Odin bol`shoj uzhasny`j zakonoproekt // Slovo zashhite [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://slovo-zashite.org/text/odin-bolshoi-uzhasnyi-zakonoproekt.5.Zayavlenie o proekte zakona o vvedenii «advokatskoj monopolii» v Rossii // Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov. 2025. 24 iyulya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/zayavlenieoproektezakonaovvedeni.6.Ragulin A.V. Odin bol`shoj uzhasny`j zakonoproekt: «advokatskaya monopoliya» kak sredstvo demontazha nezavisimoj yuridicheskoj professii v Rossii: nauchno-prakticheskij doklad. Mezhdunarodnaya associaciya rossijskix advokatov, Strasburg, 2025. P. 78. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.avocatrus.org/post/mezhdunarodnaya-associaciya-rossijskix-advokatov-predstavila-kriticheskij-doklad-o-zakonoproekte-predla.7.Fachanwalt.de – Rechtsanwalt, Anwalt vor Ort finden // Fachanwalt.de [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fachanwalt.de/.8.Osnovny`e principy`, kasayushhiesya roli yuristov (prinyaty` vos`my`m Kongressom OON po preduprezhdeniyu prestupnosti i obrashheniyu s pravonarushitelyami, Gavana, 27 avgusta – 7 sentyabrya 1990 g.) // OON [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/role_lawyers.shtml. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Legal Remedies Against Obstruction of the Activities of Defense Attorneys: Concept and ClassificationSHORYGIN Konstantin SergeevichAttorney at Law, Postgraduate Student of the Department of Advocacy of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)123001, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya St., 9, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines legal remedies aimed at counteracting obstruction of the professional activities of defense attorneys in criminal proceedings. Based on the constitutional right to qualified legal assistance and the public nature of the defense attorney’s activity, the author analyzes the widespread occurrence of obstruction and its negative impact on the realization of the right to defense. Relying on theoretical approaches to the concept of legal remedies, provisions of criminal procedure legislation, and law enforcement practice, the article proposes an original definition of legal remedies against obstruction of the activities of defense attorneys. The systemic nature of these legal remedies and their connection with the legal activity of defense attorneys are substantiated. A classification of legal remedies is developed, including a functional classification distinguishing procedural-functional and organizational-supportive remedies. The author concludes that legal remedies against obstruction of defense attorneys’ activities play a significant role in ensuring the purposes of criminal proceedings and the implementation of the adversarial principle.Keywords: defense attorney, advocacy, right to defense, qualified legal assistance, obstruction of advocacy, legal remedies, criminal proceedings, procedural function of defense counsel, guarantees of advocacy, adversarial principleReferences1.Voskobitova L.A. Teoreticheskie osnovy` sudebnoj vlasti: uchebnik. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2020.2.Statisticheskie danny`e FPA RF, predostavlenny`e FPA RF v otvet na zapros avtora ot 14.10.2025.3.Mongush B.S. Sredstva zashhity` grazhdanskix prav: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2012.4.Sapun V.A. Teoriya pravovy`x sredstv i mexanizm realizacii prava: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2002.5.Sapun V.A., Shundikov K.V. Instrumental`naya teoriya prava i chelovecheskaya deyatel`nost` // Pravovedenie. 2013. № 1 (306).6.Mal`ko A.V. Pravovy`e sredstva: voprosy` teorii i praktiki // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 1998. № 8.7.Alekseev S.S. Pravovy`e sredstva: postanovka problemy`, ponyatie, klassifikaciya // Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo. 1987. № 6.8.Matuzov N.I. Pravovaya sistema i lichnost`. Saratov, 1987.9.Bely`x V.S. Grazhdansko-pravovoe obespechenie kachestva produkcii, rabot i uslug: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Ekaterinburg, 1994.10.Baturina Yu.B. Pravovaya forma i pravovoe sredstvo v sisteme ponyatij teorii prava: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2001.11.Chernova E`.R. Yuridicheskaya deyatel`nost` v mexanizme pravovogo regulirovaniya (na primere deyatel`-nosti organov vnutrennix del MVD RF): avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Ufa, 2007.12.Fedorenko K.G. Pravovoj nigilizm: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2001.13.Petruchak L.A. Prichiny` pravovogo nigilizma v sovremennoj Rossii // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2008.14.Volkogon T.A. Sistema prava v usloviyax obnovlyayushhegosya obshhestva: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Barnaul, 2006.15.Nigmatullina E`.F. Pravovy`e sredstva v zemel`nom prave: teoretiko-metodologicheskoe i otraslevoe issledovanie: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Kazan`, 2021.16.Sapun V.A. Teoriya pravovy`x sredstv i mexanizm realizacii prava: dis. ... dokt. yurid. nauk. Nizhnij Novgorod, 2002.17.Mal`ko A.V. Pravovy`e sredstva kak obshheteoreticheskaya problema // Pravovedenie. 1999. № 2.18.Filippova S.Yu. Chastnopravovy`e sredstva organizacii i dostizheniya pravovy`x celej. M.: Statut, 2011.19.Pustoshkin O.V. Pravovy`e sredstva dostizheniya celi instituta nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstva) yuridicheskogo licza: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Samara, 2005.20.Tot`ev K.Yu. Predprinimatel`skoe pravo. Publichno-pravovoj status predprinimatelya. M.: Profobrazovanie, 2002. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
The Collisions Surrounding Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on the Claims of the Prosecutor’s Office Continue, or Disregard for the Legal Positions of the Supreme Court of the Russian FederationSULTANOV Aydar RustemovichCandidate of Law, Honored Lawyer of the Republic of Tatarstan, Head of the Representative Office of Pepelyaev Group in Tatarstan, Arbitrator of the Arbitration Center at the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs125047, Moscow, 3rd Tverskaya-Yamskaya St., 39, bldg. 1, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the issues of the application of Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, it is noted that the provisions of this article are used to apply confiscatory measures to acts that are not transactions. Particular attention is paid to the teleological interpretation of Article 169 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which in its new version is an extraordinary punitive measure permissible only if there is a special rule. The issue is considered on the basis of an analysis of a specific case that has passed three stages of cassation review, including the review by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.Keywords: cartel, offense, transaction, qualification, interpretation, prosecutor’s office, Supreme Court of the Russian FederationReferences1.Vasil`ev A.V. O nekonstitucionnosti stat`i 169 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa RF // Nalogoved. 2005. № 5.2.Vorob`ev T.N. Teoreticheskie i prakticheskie problemy` uchastiya prokurora v grazhdanskom sudoproizvodstve: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2019. P. 50.3.Gessen V.M. Isklyuchitel`noe polozhenie. SPb.: Yurid. kn. skl. «Pravo», 1908. P. 410.4.Dozhdev D.V. Dobraya sovest` (bona fide) kak princip pravovogo obshheniya // Problemy` cennostnogo podxoda v prave: tradicii i obnovleniya / otv. red. V.S. Nersesyancz. M., 1996. P. 40.5.Zhelonkin S.S. Nedejstvitel`nost` antisocial`ny`x sdelok, narushayushhix osnovy` pravoporyadka i nravstvennosti: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2011. P. 5–6.6.Zaripov V.M. Stat`ya 169 GK RF kak orudie nalogovogo terrora // Nalogoved. 2007. № 10. P. 5–14.7.Kabanova I.E. Grazhdansko-pravovaya otvetstvennost` publichny`x sub``ektov: voprosy` teorii i praktiki / otv. red. M.A. Egorova. M., 2018. Gl. 3. § 1.8.Kornilova N.V. Nedejstvitel`ny`e sdelki, sovers-henny`e s cel`yu, protivnoj osnovam pravoporyadka ili nravstvennosti // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2025. № 8. P. 20–24.9.Pepelyaev S.G. Po-bol`shevistski... // Nalogoved. 2007. № 7. P. 1.10.Radbrux G. Filosofiya prava. M., 2004.11.Savel`ev S.L. Antisocial`ny`e sdelki (stat`ya 169 GK RF) v nalogovy`x sporax // Zakon. 2008. № 5. P. 109–118.12.Savseris S.V. Kategoriya «nedobrosovestnost`» v nalogovom prave. M.: Statut, 2007. P. 160.13.Sasov K.A. Sluzhit li st. 169 GK RF utverzhdeniyu publichnogo poryadka i nravstvennosti? // Zakonodatel`stvo. 2008. № 5.14.Sasov K.A. Nalogovaya e`kspropriaciya // Nalogoved. 2025. № 8 (260). P. 11–23.15.Sasov K.A. Pochemu stat`ya 169 GK RF do six por ne priznana nekonstitucionnoj? // E`konomika i zhizn`. 2008. № 13.16.Sasov K.A. Proizvol`naya konfiskaciya: VAS protiv // E`Zh-yurist. 2008. № 22.17.Sasov K.A. Global`ny`j e`konomicheskij krizis – vremya vernut`sya k nereshenny`m nalogovy`m problemam // Sravnitel`noe konstitucionnoe obozrenie. 2009. № 5. P. 77–82.18.Saxnova T.V. Kurs grazhdanskogo processa. M.: Statut, 2014. P. 284–286.19.Sklovskij K.I. Sobstvennost` v grazhdanskom prave. 6-e izd., ispr. i dop. M.: Statut, 2023. P. 894.20.Sklovskij K.I. Aktual`ny`e problemy` primeneniya stat`i 169 GK RF v sudebnoj praktike // Zakon. 2007. № 5. P. 133–138.21.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li kartel` grazhdansko-pravovoj sdelkoj? // Yuridicheskij vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. 2024. T. 10. № 3. P. 26–31.22.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Processual`ny`j aspekt // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 4. P. 62–66.23.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam i voprosy` podsudnosti // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 1. Р. 15–23.24.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski. Kto material`ny`j istecz // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 3. P. 24–32.25.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam: sroki iskovoj davnosti // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 4. Р. 54–61.26.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Vozmozhna li solidarnaya otvetstvennost`? // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2025. № 3. P. 24–32.27.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam. Osnovaniya dlya speczsankcii // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 5. P. 17–23.28.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li kartel` grazhdansko-pravovoj sdelkoj? // Yuridicheskij vestnik Samarskogo universiteta. 2024. № 10 (3). P. 26–31.29.Sultanov A.R. Prokurorskie iski po kartelyam i soblyudenie principa non bis in idem // Konkurenciya i pravo. 2024. № 6. P. 17–23.30.Sultanov A.R. Zachem prevrashhat` kartel` v grazhdansko-pravovuyu sdelku? // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2025. № 2. P. 30–37.31.Sultanov A.R. Motivirovannost` sudebnogo akta kak odna iz osnovny`x problem spravedlivogo pravosudiya // Zakon. 2014. № 8. P. 114–118.32.Sultanov A.R. Bezuslovnoe bezobrazie, ili Yavlyaetsya li polnoe kopirovanie teksta vozrazhenij dopustimy`m v kachestve sudebnogo resheniya? // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2017. T. 7. № 5. P. 264–282.33.Sultanov A.R. Yavlyaetsya li nemotivirovannoe pravosudie pravosudiem? // Rossijskij sud`ya. 2017. № 12. Р. 29–33.34.Sultanov A.R. Pravovy`e posledstviya nemotivirovannosti nenormativny`x pravovy`x aktov pri ix osparivanii v sudax // Vestnik grazhdanskogo processa. 2014. № 4. P. 221–231.35.Sultanov A.R. Kassacionnoe proizvodstvo v Verxovnom Sude RF dlya formirovaniya edinoobraznoj praktiki // Vestnik e`konomicheskogo pravosudiya Rossijskoj Federacii. 2021. № 7. P. 21–29.36.Tuzov D.O. Nedopushhenie restitucii i konfiskaciya pri nedejstvitel`nosti sdelok (o vozniknovenii prava sobstvennosti gosudarstva po osnovaniyam, predusmotrenny`m stat`yami 169 i 179 GK RF) // Veshhny`e prava: sistema, soderzhanie, priobretenie: sb. nauch. tr. v chest` prof. B.L. Xaskel`berga / pod red. D.O. Tuzova. M.: Statut, 2008. Р. 419–463. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE
Legal Mechanism for Protecting Parental Rights when Minor Children Leave the Republic of Tajikistan: Legislative Gaps and Ways to Address ThemKURBANOV Daler AyubovichAdvocate, Member of the Union of Advocates of the Republic of Tajikistan734036, Dushanbe, Sino District, Furuzon Str., 42, Republic of TajikistanAbstract: The purpose of this work is to identify legal gaps in the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan regarding the mechanism for protecting parental rights when minor children leave the country, and to develop proposals for improving the legislation. The study employs the method of comparative law, the formal legal method, the method of systematic analysis, and the method of document study. Based on a specific case from the advocate’s practice, the article examines a situation where a father who issued notarial consent for his children’s exit during the existence of marital relations and joint family residence is deprived of the legal ability to protect his parental rights after divorce and removal of the children by their mother to a third country without his knowledge. The requirements of Part 3 of Article 252 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan on the need for parental consent for a minor’s exit are analyzed, and the absence of a legal mechanism for implementing this norm when circumstances change is identified. A comparative analysis of the legislation of CIS member states reveals a diversity of approaches: from an administrative mechanism for protecting parental rights through declarations of non-consent (Russian Federation) to predominantly judicial resolution of disputes (Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Belarus, Kyrgyz Republic). The significance of the work lies in the formulation of specific proposals for improving the legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, including the introduction of an administrative mechanism for declaring non-consent and the utilization of existing information systems to record restrictions on departure.Keywords: notarial consent, minor children exit, protection of parental rights, legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan, international child movement, advocacy practice, comparative law, CISReferences1.Goroxova S.S., Semenova A.V., Sivoplyas A.V., Smirnova E.S., Mitrichev I.A., Artem`ev E.V., Belyaev M.A., Bogaty`reva N.V. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 15 avgusta 1996 g. № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu». M.: Special`no dlya sistemy` GARANT, 2017.2.Kajl` A.N., Unterberg E.S., Efremova O.N. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu ot 15 avgusta 1996 g. № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu». M.: Special`no dlya sistemy` GARANT, 2016.3.Ringel`man N. Otmena zapreta na vy`ezd rebenka za graniczu // Advokatskaya gazeta. 2024. № 2. P. 12–13.4.Trigubovich N.V., Xazova O.A., Chashkova S.Yu., Chefranova E.A. O koncepcii sovershenstvovaniya zakonodatel`stva, reguliruyushhego otnosheniya detej i roditelej // Zakon. 2022. № 1. P. 28–38.5.Trigubovich N.V. Peremeshhenie rebenka (peremena mesta ego zhitel`stva) odnim iz roditelej za rubezh i vnutri strany` // Zakon. 2022. № 1. P. 67–76.6.Grazhdanskij kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 24 dekabrya 2022 g. № 1918 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.7.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O gosudarstvennom notariate» ot 16 aprelya 2012 g. № 810; Instrukciya Ministerstva yusticii Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 13 yanvarya 2015 goda № 7 «a» «O poryadke soversheniya notarial`ny`x dejstvij gosudarstvenny`mi notariusami gosudarstvenny`x notarial`ny`x kontor Respubliki Tadzhikistan» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.8.Semejny`j kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 13 noyabrya 1998 g. № 682 (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.9.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O zashhite prav rebenka» ot 18 marta 2015 goda № 1196 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.10.Konvenciya o pravax rebenka (prinyata rezolyuciej 44/25 General`noj Assamblei OON ot 20 noyabrya 1989 g.). Ratificirovana Respublikoj Tadzhikistan v 1993 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/conventions/childcon.shtml.11.Federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 15 avgusta 1996 goda № 114-FZ «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1996. № 34. St. 4029. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_11376/.12.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 25 iyunya 2020 g. № 29-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti chasti pervoj stat`i 21 Federal`nogo zakona «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Rossijskoj Federacii i v``ezda v Rossijskuyu Federaciyu» v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina I.V. Nikolaenko» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2020. № 27. St. 4268. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_355813/.13.Prikaz MVD Rossii ot 31 avgusta 2021 g. № 651 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka podachi, otzy`va, priema i ucheta zayavlenij o nesoglasii na vy`ezd iz Rossijskoj Federacii nesovershennoletnego grazhdanina Rossijskoj Federacii» (v red. Prikaza MVD Rossii ot 02.04.2024 № 160) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mvd.consultant.ru/documents/1057534.14.Prikaz Ministra vnutrennix del Respubliki Kazaxstan ot 27 marta 2020 g. № 607 «Ob utverzhdenii Pravil okazaniya gosudarstvennoj uslugi «Oformlenie dokumentov na vy`ezd za predely` Respubliki Kazaxstan na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva» // Informacionno-pravovaya sistema «Әdіlet» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/V2000020207.15.Oficial`ny`j sajt e`lektronnogo pravitel`stva Respubliki Kazaxstan. Vy`ezd rebenka za rubezh na postoyannoe mesto zhitel`stva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://egov.kz/cms/ru/articles/vuezd_rebenka.16.Oficial`ny`j sajt Ministerstva yusticii Respubliki Kazaxstan. Avtomatizirovannaya informacionnaya sistema organov ispolnitel`nogo proizvodstva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/minjust?lang=ru.17.Zakon Respubliki Belarus` ot 20 sentyabrya 2009 g. № 49-Z «O poryadke vy`ezda iz Respubliki Belarus` i v``ezda v Respubliku Belarus` grazhdan Respubliki Belarus`» (s izmeneniyami i dopolneniyami) // Nacional`ny`j pravovoj Internet-portal Respubliki Belarus` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=Hk0900049.18.Semejny`j kodeks Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki ot 30 avgusta 2003 goda № 201 (stat`ya 71); Zakon Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki ot 17 iyulya 2000 g. № 61 «O vneshnej migracii» // Central`naya baza danny`x pravovy`x aktov Ky`rgy`zskoj Respubliki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/201, http://cbd.minjust.gov.kg/act/view/ru-ru/61.19.Sluzhba ispolneniya pri Pravitel`stve Respubliki Tadzhikistan. Reestr dolzhnikov i ogranicheniya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ijro.tj/fehristi-qarzdoron/mahdudiyatho/.20.Grazhdanskij processual`ny`j kodeks Respubliki Tadzhikistan ot 5 yanvarya 2008 g. № 340 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj.21.Zakon Respubliki Tadzhikistan «O milicii» ot 17 maya 2004 g. № 41 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://mmk.tj. HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Legal Features and Legal Novelties of Compensation for Losses Caused by Arbitration Managers at the Expense of Insurance Companies and Self-Regulating Organizations of Arbitration Managers in Russian LegislationSMIRNOV Artem IvanovichLecturer-Researcher of Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Head of the Bankruptcy Procedures Department of Interdistrict Inspectorate of the Federal Tax Service of Russia No. 1 of the Moscow Region140188, Moscow Region, Zhukovsky, Bazhenova Str., 11b, Russian FederationREVA Olga ValeryevnaDeputy Head of the Bankruptcy Procedures Department of Federal Tax Service of Russia Administration for the Moscow Region125284, Moscow, Khoroshevskoye Shosse, 12a, Russian FederationAbstract: The article reviews and evaluates of the current legal mechanism that makes it possible to compensate for losses intentionally caused by arbitration managers in insolvency cases of business entities. Special attention is paid to the difficulties that arise in the implementation of the process of collecting losses, namely: the insolvency of the arbitration manager, the financial instability of insurance companies, the presence in judicial practice of the concept of «exhaustion of the insurance limit» and the effect of articles of the Federal Bankruptcy Law fixing the amount of payment from the compensation fund of self-regulatory organizations depending on the date of recognition of debtors as insolvent (bankrupt). A legal toolkit is proposed to improve the current legal mechanism for compensation for damages.Keywords: authorized body, arbitration administrator, business entities, insurance organizations, exhaustion of the insurance limit, self-regulating organizations, compensation for losses, calculation of interest, law on insolvency (bankruptcy), arbitration courtReferences1.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 1 polugodie 2025 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Bankrotstvo%20statbyul leten`% 20yanv-iyun%2025.pdf.2.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2024 i 2024 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Svodnaya%20informaciya%202024.pdf.3.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2023 i 2023 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/Svodnaya%20informaciya%202023.pdf.4.Federal`ny`j reestr svedenij o deyatel`nosti yurlicz [E`lektronny`j resurs] // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii. Rezul`taty` procedur v delax o bankrotstve za 4 kv. 2022 i 2022 god – https://download.fedresurs.ru/news/SVODNAYa%20INFORMACIYa% 20O%20REZULЬTATAX%20PROCEDUR%202022.pdf.5.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«o priznanii nesostoyatel`ny`m (bankrotom)»]. [08.12.2017]. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` Konsul`tantPlyus.6.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«Opredelenie o nesootvetstvii zakonu dejstvij konkursnogo upravlyayushhego» 15.07.2020]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».7.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-53343/2020: [«Reshenie» 19.10.2020]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».8.Reestr arbitrazhny`x upravlyayushhix: «Svedeniya iz reestra arbitrazhny`x upravlyayushhix SAMRO». [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: https://www.samro-samara.ru/members/gulakov-igor-albertovich.9.Arbitrazhny`j sud Moskovskoj oblasti. Delo № A41-24652/2017: [«Opredelenie o vzy`skanii uby`tkov» 15.07.2022]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».10.Bank danny`x ispolnitel`ny`x proizvodstv Federal`noj sluzhby` sudebny`x pristavov: [«Svedeniya ob ispolnitel`nom proizvodstve № 319006/23/50039-IP»]. [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: https://fssp.gov.ru/iss/ip.11.Arbitrazhny`j sud g. Moskvy`. Delo № A40-26803/20-160-35: [«Opredelenie» 15.02.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».12.Arbitrazhny`j sud Respubliki Tatarstan. Delo № A65-20872/2019: [«Opredelenie» 02.04.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».13.Arbitrazhny`j sud g. Moskvy`. Delo № A40-101228/24-43-683: [«Reshenie» 04.10.2024]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».14.Arbitrazhny`j sud Samarskoj oblasti. Delo № A55-43182/2024-43-683: [«Reshenie» 10.09.2025]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».15.Odinnadczaty`j arbitrazhny`j apellyacionny`j sud. Delo № A55-43182/2024-43-683: [«Postanovlenie» 05.11.2025]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».16.Postanovlenie Plenuma Vy`sshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 22 iyunya 2012 g. № 35 (v red. ot 23 dekabrya 2025 g.) «O nekotory`x processual`ny`x voprosax, svyazanny`x s rassmotreniem del o bankrotstve»: p. 48 // Vestnik Vy`sshego Arbitrazhnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2012. № 9, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus»17.Obzor sudebnoj praktiki Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii № 2 (2018) (utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 04.07.2018): p. 22 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2018. № 9, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».18.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 29.01.2018 № 310-E`S17-13555 po delu № A14-3727/2016 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. 2018. № 5, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».19.O vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii: federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 29 dekabrya 2015 g. № 391-FZ (v poslednej red.) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. – 2016. – № 1 (ch. 1). St. 11. [E`lektronny`j resurs] Rezhim dostupa: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300007.20.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 12.07.2018 № 305-E`S18-10791 po delu № A40-150995/2016 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii. – 2018. – № 11, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».21.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 11.09.2023 № 305-E`S23-15509 po delu № A40-246097/2022, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».22.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 05.04.2023 № 307-E`S23-2407 po delu № A56-14938/2022, dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus». HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
How Regional Bar Chambers Made Legal Aid in Russia Inaccessible: A Study of Recommended Lawyer’s Fee RatesRAGULIN Andrey ViktorovichDoctor of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Chamber of Advocates, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Professor of the Department of Law of the Eastern Economic and Legal Humanitarian Academy, Editor-in-Chief of the «Eurasian Advocacy» Journal450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian FederationAbstract: The article presents a study of the accessibility of legal aid in Russia based on an analysis of the recommended lawyers’ (advocates) fee rates established by regional bar chambers, and a comparison of these rates with the median wage of the population in various constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is shown that an oral consultation with a lawyer is accessible to the «average consumer» in most regions; however, the cost of drafting a statement of claim, participating in a court hearing, and especially the comprehensive handling of a civil case turns out to be «unaffordable» for the majority of citizens: in 82% of regions, the cost of handling a case exceeds 50% of the median wage, and in 37% – more than 100%. The conclusions emphasize the existence of a systemic barrier to access to justice and the need to revise the recommendations on pricing, as well as to expand the mechanisms of free and subsidized legal aid for socially vulnerable groups of the population.Keywords: lawyers’ monopoly, advocacy, Federal Chamber of Advocates, legal aid, lawyer fee ratesReferences1.TASS. V Rossii mogut vvesti advokatskuyu monopoliyu na predstavitel`stvo v sudax [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://tass.ru/obschestvo/25379811.2.SarBK. V Rossii obsuzhdayut vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://news.sarbc.ru/focus/materials/2025-08-22/9023.html.3.Lenta.ru. Zashhita s doplatoj: Kak vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii izmenit ry`nok yuridicheskix uslug [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lenta.ru/articles/2025/08/05/advokat/.4.Vedomosti. Vvedenie advokatskoj monopolii tormozitsya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.vedomosti.ru/society/articles/2025/10/29/1150606-vvedenie-advokatskoi-monopolii-tormozitsya.5.Izvestiya. Predstavitel` s interesom: stoimost` uslug advokatov mozhet vy`rasti v razy` [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://iz.ru/1922287/iana-shturma-valeriia-mishina/predstavitel-s-interesom-stoimost-uslug-advokatov-mozhet-vyrasti-v-razy.6.Pravo.ru. Advokatskaya monopoliya: za i protiv [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://pravo.ru/story/259974/.7.Rossijskaya gazeta. E`kspert Asriyan: advokatskaya monopoliya ne povy`sit stoimost` zashhity` v sude [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rg.ru/2025/09/09/ekspert-asriian-advokatskaia-monopoliia-ne-povysit-stoimost-zashchity-v-sude.html.8.Advokatskaya gazeta. Bunt ambarny`x my`shej [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/arhivnye-zapisi/bunt-ambarnykh-myshey/.9.Zakon.ru. Sbornik stavok advokatskix palat na noyabr` 2025 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2025/11/07/sbornik_stavok_advokatskih_palat_na_noyabr_2025_goda.10.Fonar` TV. Stala izvestna mediannaya zarplata rossiyan v 2024 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fonar.tv/news/2025/06/16/stala-izvestna-mediannaya-zarplata-rossiyan-v-2024-godu.11.Xalva Media. Kakaya srednyaya i mediannaya zarplata v Rossii: aktual`ny`e cifry` po regionam [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://media.halvacard.ru/financial-literacy/kakaia-sredniaia-i-mediannaia-zarplata-v-rossii-aktualnye-cifry-po-regionam.12.Donald R. Lichtenstein, Nancy M. Ridgway and Richard G. Netemeyer // Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 30, № 2 (May, 1993), Р. 234–245 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172830?origin=crossref .13.Monroe K. B. Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions. 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2003. Р. 658. [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://studyres.com/doc/8352124/pricing-making-profitable-decisions-third-edition.14.Hoseason J. Pricing: Making Profitable Decisions. J Revenue Pricing Manag 2, 175–177 (2003) // Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. 2003. № 2. P. 175–177 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/palgrave.rpm.5170064.15.Chai A., Moneta A. Retrospectives: Engel Curves // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2010. Vol. 24. № 1. P. 225–240 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.24.1.225.Статья поступила в редакцию JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
United Nations Convention Against Cybercrime: Challenges in Advocacy Practice and Prospects for Protecting the Rights of Tajikistan CitizensKURBANOV Daler AyubovichAdvocate, Member of the Union of Advocates of the Republic of Tajikistan734036, Dushanbe, Sino District, Furuzon Str., 42, Republic of TajikistanAbstract: The objective of this study is to identify systemic issues in the protection of victims’ rights in cybercrime cases in the Republic of Tajikistan based on an analysis of advocacy practice, and to substantiate the necessity of ratifying the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime, adopted by General Assembly resolution 79/243 of 24 December 2024, as a tool for addressing these issues. The research employed methods of analysing law enforcement practice, comparative legal analysis, and formal legal methods. Using a specific example from the author’s practice, the article examines typical challenges faced by lawyers in providing legal assistance to victims of transnational cybercrimes, analyses the evolution of state policy, and identifies gaps in the existing legislation. The author formulates specific proposals for improving legal regulation and enhancing the effectiveness of advocacy activities in this field.Keywords: cybercrime, advocacy practice, protection of victims’ rights, United Nations Convention, international cooperation, TajikistanReferences1.Buxorizoda B.R. Social`ny`e seti i Internet: novaya forma soversheniya torgovli lyud`mi // Akademicheskaya my`sl`. 2019. № 2. P. 65–67.2.Karpika A.G., Zaxarov N.D. Aktual`ny`e voprosy` transnacional`noj kriminalizacii kiberprestupnosti // Filosofiya prava. 2025. № 1 (112). P. 109–114.3.Okilov S.Yu. K voprosu o nekotory`x problemax operativno-razy`sknoj deyatel`nosti organov vnutrennix del Respubliki Tadzhikistan po bor`be s prestupleniyami protiv informacionnoj bezopasnosti, v tom chisle posyagayushhimi na bankovskuyu sferu // Trudy` Akademii upravleniya MVD Rossii. 2018. № 3. P. 162–166.4.Russkevich E.A. Zakonodatel`ny`e podxody` k kriminalizacii deyanij, svyazanny`x s nepravomerny`m dostupom k komp`yuternoj informacii v stranax Sodruzhestva Nezavisimy`x Gosudarstv // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel`stva i sravnitel`nogo pravovedeniya. 2017. № 1. P. 116–121.5.Skoblikov P.A. Strategiya bor`by` s kiberprestu-pnost`yu: dolzhnoe i sushhee // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2025. T. 22, № 1. P. 128–146. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
Is the State Prosecutor a Representative of the Law or the Investigator’s «Repeater»?KOSTANOV Yuri ArtemievichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Advocate of the Moscow Bar Association «Bar Partnership»105005, Moscow, Pleteshkovsky lane, 3A, corp. 1-31, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the legal status of the state prosecutor in Russian criminal proceedings, identifying contradictions between the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, Order № 376 of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation dated June 30, 2021, and the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author criticizes the restriction of the prosecutor’s independence, who is required to coordinate the withdrawal of the accusation with the prosecutor’s office leadership, leading to his subordination to the investigator’s position and violation of the principles of adversarial proceedings. The need to expand the prosecutor’s powers to protect the defendant’s rights and ensure fair justice is substantiated, with proposals to amend the legislation to eliminate departmental pressure and enhance objectivity.Keywords: state prosecutor, prosecutor, Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, refusal of accusation, prosecutor’s independence, criminal proceedings, Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, prosecutor’s office, adversarial proceedings, fair justiceReferences1.Ragulin A.V. O neobxodimosti rasshireniya polnomochij prokurora kak uchastnika ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva v Rossijskoj Federacii // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2017. № 4 (29). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/o-neobhodimosti-rasshireniya-polnomochiy-prokurora-kak-uchastnika-ugolovnogo-sudoproizvodstva-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The Social Determinants of Criminal Liability for the Falsification of EvidenceNAMNYASEVA Victoriya VyacheslavovnaCandidate of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Criminal Law Department of the Volgograd Academy of the Internal Affairs Ministry of Russia400075, Volgograd, Istoricheskaya st., 130, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines specific issues concerning the necessity and social conditioning of establishing criminal liability for the falsification of evidence. The position of courts of various instances regarding the social danger of this crime, including the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, has been analyzed. It is noted that the falsification of evidence gives rise to doubts about the legality of the court decision rendered, violates citizens’ right to judicial protection, guaranteed by Article 46 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and international legal acts, and undermines the essence of justice itself. Statistical data on the number of registered crimes provided for by Article 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation have been analyzed, allowing for an assessment of the prevalence and dynamics of this crime. It is concluded that at each stage of the formation of criminal legislation, the state has strived to counteract encroachments related to the distortion of the evidentiary basis by establishing liability for negative impacts on the relevant interests of justice.Keywords: falsification, evidence, judicial proceedings, criminal liability, social danger, justiceReferences1.Vishnyakov V.V. Ugolovno-pravovaya ocenka fal`sifikacii dokazatel`stv: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2007.2.Radionov G.G. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost` za fal`si-fikaciyu dokazatel`stv i rezul`tatov operativno-razy`sknoj deyatel`nosti: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2015.3.Smol`yaninov V.N. Fal`sifikaciya dokazatel`stv pri proizvodstve predvaritel`nogo rassledovaniya // Rossijskij sledovatel`. 2023. № 12. P. 15–19.4.Opredelenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 28 sentyabrya 2023 g. № 2673-O «Ob otkaze v prinyatii k rassmotreniyu zhaloby` grazhdanki Udalovoj Oksany` Valer`evny` na narushenie ee konstitucionny`x prav chastyami vtoroj i tret`ej stat`i 303 Ugolovnogo Kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».5.Teoreticheskie osnovy` issledovaniya i analiza latentnoj prestupnosti: monografiya / S.M. Inshakov, A.A. Korsantiya, I.V. Maksimenko, S.L. Sibiryakov, A.L. Repeczkaya, O.N. Vedernikova, N.V. Sazonova, A.V. Baxarev, L.N. Bogdanova; pod red. S.M. Inshakova. M.: YuNITI-DANA: Zakon i pravo, 2017.6.Oficial`ny`j sajt Rossijskoj kriminologicheskoj associacii im. A.I. Dolgovoj. Statistika prestupnosti [E`lektron-ny`j resurs]. URL: https://crimas.ru/?page_id=5050.7.Oficial`ny`j sajt Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verxovnom Sude Rossijskoj Federacii. Danny`e sudebnoj statistiki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cdep.ru. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE
The Political and Legal Nature of the Principles of Criminal ProcedureCHELOKHSAYEV Oleg ZaurovichCandidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines of the North Ossetian State University named after Kosta Levanovich Khetagurov, Advocate of the Law Office «Trust» of the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania362025, Vladikavkaz, Vatutina str., 46, Russian FederationAbstract: The article examines the political and legal nature of the principles of criminal procedure. The fight against crime presupposes a unified criminal policy of the Russian Federation, and criminal procedure policy is one of its constituent elements, where the principles of criminal procedure act as the value (ideological) basis of criminal procedure activity. The author’s definition of the state’s criminal procedural policy is also provided. The article is based on the report presented at the International Scientific and Practical Conference «New Challenges and Opportunities of Modern Legal Science: Development Trends»: section of criminal law disciplines. Vladikavkaz, April 30, 2025. SOGU.Keywords: politics, law, purpose of criminal proceedings, principles of criminal procedure, ideology, state and legal ideology, criminal policy, criminal procedural policyReferences1.Strogovich M.S. Kurs sovetskogo ugolovnogo processa. M.: Izdatel`stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1958. P. 703.2.Cheloxsaev O.Z. O nekotory`x ideologicheskix problemax rossijskogo ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2025. № 4 (75). P. 123–125.3.Cheloxsaev O.Z. O nekotory`x konceptual`ny`x aspektax ponimaniya ugolovno-processual`noj politiki // Globalizaciya i publichnoe pravo: materialy` Mezhdu-narodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Moskva, 22 noyabrya 2019 g. M.: RUDN, 2020. P. 74–79. JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACEStructure of Interdepartmental and International Cooperation of the Russian Federation’s Internal Affairs Departments in Confiscation of Criminal Assets: Traditional and Digital ToolsURYADOV Yury YuryevichHead of the Logistics Department of Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia125171, Moscow, Zoya and Alexander Kosmodemyanskikh St., Bldg. 8, Russian FederationAbstract: This article examines the system of interdepartmental and international cooperation among Russian internal affairs agencies in the area of identifying and confiscating criminally obtained assets. It analyzes legal gaps and organizational shortcomings and proposes ways to improve cooperation mechanisms, taking into account the development of digital financial instruments.Keywords: Internal affairs agencies, asset confiscation, interdepartmental cooperation, international cooperation, digital financial assets, crime preventionReferences1.Uryadov Yu.Yu. Pravovy`e osnovy` mezhdunarodnogo vzaimodejstviya pri protivodejstvii legalizacii doxodov, poluchenny`x prestupny`m putem // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2020. № 6 (49). P. 94–100.2.Vasyukov V.F., Starzhinskaya A.N. Ob operativno-rozy`skny`x i sledstvenny`x merax protivodejstviya legalizacii prestupny`x doxodov s ispol`zovaniem kriptovalyut // Rossijskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka. 2024. № 4. P. 68–78.3.Ob utverzhdenii Instrukcii o poryadke organizacii raboty` po vozvrashheniyu iz-za rubezha aktivov, poluchenny`x v rezul`tate soversheniya prestuplenij i iny`x pravonarushenij: prikaz General`noj prokuratury` RF, Sledstvennogo komiteta RF, MVD Rossii, MID Rossii, Minyusta Rossii, FSB Rossii, Rosfinmonitoringa, FTS Rossii, FNS Rossii, FSSP Rossii, Rosimushhestva, Banka Rossii, GK «Agentstvo po straxovaniyu vkladov» ot 28.02.2023 № 133/25/107/3575/33/100/45/144/ED-7-18/137/106/40/OD-326/22/1/2802 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/409416709/.4.Programma dlya E`VM «Prozrachny`j blokchejn. Gosudarstvenny`j modul`». [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.fedsfm.ru/activity/informational-systems/pb-gos-modul. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICEMethodology for Victimological Research on Extortion Committed with the Use of Information and Communication TechnologiesPANKOVA Alexandra SergeevnaAdvocate, Managing Partner of the Moscow Bar Association «Law Tech Solutions», Applicant for the Degree of Candidate of Law of the Russian University of Advocacy and Notaries127051, Moscow, Trubnaya Street, 23, Building 2, Office 2, Russian FederationAbstract: In this article, taking into account the specifics of extortion committed using information and communication technologies, which is determined by the interaction between the perpetrator and the victim in the information environment, a methodological approach to the victimological study of this type of crime is defined. It is substantiated that the methodological basis of such a study should be based on systemic, dialectical, activity-based, personal, situational, axiological, and functional approaches, as well as a set of corresponding general scientific and specific scientific research methods.Keywords: extortion, information and communication technologies, victim, victimological research, methodologyReferences1.Ignatov A.N., Il`yanovich E.B. Metodologicheskie osnovy` issledovaniya prestupnosti // Obshhestvo i pravo. 2015. № 2 (52). P. 129–133.2.Rodina E.A. Protivodejstvie kriminal`noj viktimizacii pol`zovatelej seti «Internet» v kiberprostranstve: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2022.3.Ryazanova E.N. Kriminologicheskoe protivodejstvie krazham i moshennichestvam, sovershaemy`m beskontaktny`m sposobom: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. SPb., 2025.4.Zotina E.V. Moshennichestvo s ispol`zovaniem informacionno-telekommunikacionny`x texnologij i priemov social`noj inzhenerii: kriminologicheskoe issledovanie: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Kazan`, 2024.5.Shipulin G.F. Preduprezhdenie prestuplenij, sovershaemy`x s ispol`zovaniem komp`yuterny`x setej: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2024.6.Pleshakov V.A. Kriminologicheskaya teoriya situacij v ramkax nauki kriminologii // E`konomika i upravlenie: problemy`, resheniya. 2019. T. 4. № 2. P. 90–93.7.Plyuta A.D. Metodika issledovaniya prakticheskoj realizacii funkcij kriminologii v deyatel`nosti organov vnutrennix del // Filosofiya prava. 2025. № 1 (112). P. 155–162.8.Petuxov K.I. Advokat kak sub``ekt preduprezhdeniya prestupnosti: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2024. ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LEGAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICEReforming the Institution of Transaction Challenges in Bankruptcy: Conceptual Proposals for Legislative ImprovementGALIN Azamat ZakievichIndependent Researcher450022, Ufa, Mendeleev Str., 11/1, Russian FederationAbstract: The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current system for challenging debtor transactions in bankruptcy proceedings. Based on the study of doctrinal approaches and judicial practice, systemic problems that reduce the effectiveness of the bankruptcy estate protection mechanism are identified, including the limited civil law understanding of a transaction, the inadequacy of time frames for challenging transactions, and the absence of a mechanism for cross-liability. A concept for reforming the institution of transaction invalidity is proposed, which includes expanding the object of challenge to the category of legally significant actions, modifying the statute of limitations taking into account the doctrine of continuous offenses, and establishing special rules for hereditary liability in bankruptcy. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a holistic theory for reforming the institution of transaction challenges, based on a synthesis of civil law and bankruptcy law approaches and aimed at improving the effectiveness of creditor rights protection in the context of modern economic reality.Keywords: bankruptcy, insolvency, challenging transactions, invalidity of transactions, bankruptcy estate, statute of limitations, hereditary liability, legislative reformReferences1.Gol`msten A.X. Istoricheskij ocherk konkursnogo processa. SPb., 1888. Р. 284.2.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam VS RF ot 18.12.2017 № 305-E`S17-12763 // SPS «Konsul`tantPlyus».3.Postanovlenie Plenuma VAS RF ot 23.12.2010 № 63 «O nekotory`x voprosax, svyazanny`x s primeneniem glavy` III.1 Federal`nogo zakona «O nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve)» // Vestnik VAS RF. 2011. № 2.4.Shershenevich G.F. Konkursnoe pravo. Kazan`: Tipografiya Imperatorskogo universiteta, 1890. Р. 412.5.Karapetov A.G. Nedejstvitel`nost` sdelok: osnovaniya i posledstviya // Vestnik grazhdanskogo prava. 2018. № 2. P. 45–78.6.Mejer D.I. Russkoe grazhdanskoe pravo. M.: Statut, 2003. Р. 831.7.UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law. United Nations, 2005. Р. 315.8.Telyukina M.V. Kommentarij k Federal`nomu zakonu «O nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstve)». M.: Volters Kluver, 2023. Р. 928.9.Bevzenko R.S. Osparivanie sdelok v bankrotstve: nauchno-prakticheskoe posobie. M.: Statut, 2022. Р. 456. POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Reducing Risks in the Entrepreneur’s Operational Activities under the Conditions of Sanctions RestrictionsKRIKUNOVA Victoria IgorevnaJudge of the Moscow Arbitration Court115225, Moscow, Bolshaya Tulskaya str., 17, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the work is to determine the basic conditions for reducing risks in the entrepreneur’s operational activities under the conditions of sanctions restrictions, identify problematic issues and identify ways and directions for their solution. The methodological basis of this work is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, the comparative legal method, and others, as well as specific scientific methods for studying risk reduction in operational activities when conducting business. Operational activities in business, as they include interaction with suppliers and customers, product creation, purchase of software, necessary resources, product sales and monetary settlements. In this regard, in addition to studying sanctions restrictions and domestic counter-sanctions provisions, as well as the application of anti-sanctions clauses, commercial organizations must take into account existing conditions in terms of the availability of suppliers of necessary products and services on the market. The significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains conclusions aimed at improving legislation while reducing operational risks.Keywords: risks, operational activities, sanctions restrictions, entrepreneurial activity, business, information securityReferences1.Apxanova E.Yu., Biryukova L.V. Cifrovizaciya biznesa v Rossii: vozmozhnosti i problemy` // Vestnik Xabarovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta e`konomiki i prava. 2021. № 1 (105). P. 25.2.Vladislav V.A. Sovremenny`e cifrovy`e texnologii v mezhdunarodny`x raschetax kak instrumenty` obxoda antirossijskix sankcij // E`konomika. Nalogi. Pravo. 2024. № 6. P. 47–55.3.Kulakova Yu.N., Kulakov A.B. Teoreticheskie osnovy` formirovaniya strategii operacionnoj deyatel`nosti promy`shlennogo predpriyatiya // E`konomicheskij analiz: teoriya i praktika. 2018. № 8 (479). P. 1449–1464.4.Levushkin A.N. Obespechenie balansa interesov grazhdan, predprinimatelej i publichno-pravovy`x obrazovanij kak uchastnikov investicionny`x pravootnoshenij na ry`nke cenny`x bumag // Yurist. 2022. № 6. P. 29–36.5.Levushkin A.N. Obespechenie balansa interesov mazhoritarny`x i minoritarny`x akcionerov v korporativ-ny`x pravootnosheniyax // Grazhdanskoe pravo. 2022. № 6. P. 14–18.6.Levushkin A. N. Primenenie otdel`ny`x sposobov zashhity` korporativny`x prav // Pravo i biznes. 2025. № 3. P. 6–11.7.Muxomorova I.V., Egorova E.N., Bagratuni K.Yu., Romanishina T.S., Kovalenko A.A. Vliyanie mezhdu-narodny`x sankcij na biznes processy` rossijskix korporacij // Innovacii i investicii. 2023. № 5. P. 551–553.8.Pokrovskaya O.D. Razvitie logisticheskoj transportnoj sistemy` Rossii v usloviyax sankcij // BRNI. 2023. № 3. P. 58–72.9.Popova I.N., Sergeeva T.L. Importozameshhenie v sovremennoj Rossii: problemy` i perspektivy` // Beneficium. 2022. № 2 (43). P. 73–84.10.Staxeeva L. M., Fetisova A. V., Lopaeva N. L., Razhina E.V., Smirnova E.S. Perspektivy` razvitiya malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva v Rossii // Pravo i upravlenie. 2024. № 2. P. 302–308.11.Ediny`j reestr rossijskix programm dlya e`lektron-ny`x vy`chislitel`ny`x mashin i baz danny`x [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://reestr.digital.gov.ru/reestr/.12.Katalog sovmestimosti rossijskogo programmnogo obespecheniya [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://catalog.arppsoft.ru/replacement.13.Mincifry` kompensiruet malomu i srednemu biznesu 50% zatrat na pokupku PO danny`x [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://nacional`ny`eproekty`.rf/news/mintsifrykompensiruet-malomu-i-srednemu-biznesu-50-zatrat-na-pokupku-po/.14.Rossiya stolknulas` s kuriruemoj izvne kiber-prestupnost`yu, zayavil MID [E`lektronny`j resurs] // URL: https://ria.ru/20250420/rf-2012355089.html?in=l. POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Optimization of the Parallel Import Mechanism as a Tool to Overcome Sanctions PressureKOZLOVA Kseniia YakovlevnaAdvocate of the Moscow Bar Association «Manakov and Partners», Senior Lecturer of the Russian University of Advocacy and Notaries105120, Moscow, Maly Poluyaroslavsky Lane, 3/5, Building 1, Russian FederationAbstract: The purpose of the work is to optimize the mechanism of parallel imports as a tool for overcoming sanctions pressure based on an in-depth analysis of judicial and arbitration practice established in modern economic and legal reality. The methodological basis of this work is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, the comparative legal method, and others, as well as specific scientific methods for studying the optimization of the mechanism of parallel imports as a tool to overcome sanctions pressure. The significance of the work lies in the fact that this article shows the mechanism of parallel imports, which has acquired strategic importance as a tool for ensuring national economic security and maintaining access to critical goods and technologies. However, the current implementation of this mechanism is fraught with a number of significant drawbacks, including the lack of transparency of logistics chains, increased costs for importers, lack of official warranty support, as well as difficulties with customs clearance and product certification.Keywords: entrepreneurial activity, mechanism, optimization, parallel import, sanctions, goods, sanctions restrictions, protection of rights, judicial practiceReferences1.Glaz`ev S.Yu. E`konomicheskaya strategiya Rossii v usloviyax sankcionnogo davleniya: novy`e vy`zovy` i resheniya // Voprosy` e`konomiki. 2022. № 7. P. 5–29.2.Kozlova K.Ya. Dogovor kak pravovoe sredstvo regulirovaniya innovacionnoj predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti // Pravo i gosudarstvo: teoriya i praktika. 2024. № 10 (238). P. 398.3.Kozlova K.Ya. Opcion na zaklyuchenie dogovora kak drajver razvitiya innovacionnoj deyatel`nosti: problemy` sudebno-arbitrazhnoj praktiki // Vestnik arbitrazhnoj praktiki. 2024. № 6 (115). P. 52–58.4.Levushkin A.N. Nichtozhny`e i osporimy`e sdelki: priroda, problemy` pravoprimeneniya i sovershenstvovanie pravovogo regulirovaniya // Grazhdanskoe pravo. 2025. № 2. P. 2–5.5.Levushkin A.N. Konflikt interesov mezhdu sub``ektami korporativny`x pravootnoshenij pri provedenii sdelok s akciyami // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2022. № 12. P. 170.
POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA
Comparative Study of the 2009 and 2025 Sustainable Development Concepts for Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Russian Far EastASYLBAEVA Polina AnatolyevnaApplicant of the Department of Theory of State and Law of Institute of Law of Ufa University of Science and Technology450005, Ufa, Dostoyevskogo st.,131, Russian FederationAbstract: This article analyzes the 2009 and 2025 Sustainable Development Concepts for Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. Evolutionary changes in the institutional and regulatory structure of these documents are identified, as well as the integration of national policy with regional economic development and the constitutional rights of indigenous peoples. Measures are proposed to update the conceptual framework, introduce a regulatory glossary, and formalize monitoring using digital technologies, thereby increasing the effectiveness of state national policy implementation and adhering to the principle of evidence-based management.Keywords: strategic planning documents, concept, legal concept, normative legal act, Concept of Sustainable Development of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East, indigenous peoplesReferences1.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 04 fevralya 2009 g. № 132-r «O Koncepcii ustojchivogo razvitiya korenny`x malochislenny`x narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal`nego Vostoka Rossijskoj Federacii» // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».2.Rasporyazhenie Pravitel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 08 maya 2025 g. № 1161-r «O Koncepcii ustojchivogo razvitiya korenny`x malochislenny`x narodov Severa, Sibiri i Dal`nego Vostoka Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2036 goda» // [E`lektronny`j resurs]. Dostup iz spravochno-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».3.Karpovich O.G., Smagina L.A. Rossiya v integracionny`x processax Aziatsko-Tixookeanskogo regiona: novy`e vy`zovy` i ugrozy` // Mezhdunarodnoe publichnoe i chastnoe pravo. 2021. № 6. P. 15–20.4.Andrichenko L.V. Sovremenny`e problemy` realizacii gosudarstvennoj nacional`noj politiki Rossijskoj Federacii: pravovoj aspekt // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2024. № 6. P. 5–15.
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