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EVENTS

HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE

Law and Traditional Values and Their Legal Regulation in the Digital Space

BAGREEVA Elena Gennadievna

Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Financial University Under the Government of the Russian Federation, Leading Researcher at the State University of Land Management

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky ave., 49, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines traditional values and the role of law in ensuring them, as well as in strengthening social stability.

Keywords: law, traditional values, society, artificial intelligence, digital space, norms, state, functions of law, culture

References

1.Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 09.11.2022 № 809 «O soxranenii i ukreplenii tradicionny`x duxovno-nravstvenny`x cennostej» // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202211090019.

2.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vse-narodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993 s izmeneniyami, odobrenny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 01.07.2020) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru.

3.Tradicii v e`poxu peremen [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/tradicii-v-ehpokhu-peremen.

4.VCIOM-Navigator. Baza danny`x VCIOM [E`lek-tronny`j resurs]. URL: https://bd.wciom.ru/survey/sputnik/questions/c82a8888-9e30-465d-8f48-2e3179085a0e/total/97ef2e1d-e56a-4786-a2b3-6b2e33aeea6e.

5.Ivanov A.A., Malaxova S.S. Tradicionny`e duxovno-nravstvenny`e cennosti i pravovy`e principy`: sravnitel`ny`j analiz yuridicheskix kategorij // Teologiya. Filosofiya. Pravo. 2022. № 2 (18). S. 49–56.

6.Petrova E.A. Rol` prava v soxranenii tradicionny`x cennostej // Global`ny`j konflikt i kontury` novogo mirovogo poryadka: XX Mezhdunarodny`e Lixachevskie nauchny`e chteniya, Sankt-Peterburg, 9–10 iyunya 2022 goda. SPb.: Sankt-Peterburgskij gumanitarny`j universitet profsoyuzov, 2022. S. 583–584.

7.Babenko A.N. Aksiologicheskie podxody` k izuche-niyu pravovy`x yavlenij // Social`naya cennost` prava v sovremennom obshhestve: Materialy` shestogo Vserossijskogo simpoziuma, Ekaterinburg, 3–4 iyunya 2021 goda / otv. red. V.D. Perevalov. Ekaterinburg: Ural`skij gosu-darstvenny`j yuridicheskij universitet, 2021. S. 32–41.

8.Cybulevskaya O.I. Nravstvenny`e osnovaniya sovremennogo rossijskogo prava: avtoref. dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2004.

9.Kolotkina O.A., Morozova A.S., Yagofarova I.D. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. M: Prospekt, 2020.

10.Kornev V.N. Tradicionny`e konstitucionny`e cennosti kak duxovno-nravstvennaya osnova edineniya rossijskogo obshhestva i gosudarstva // Pravosudie. 2023. № 1. S. 8–15.

11.Nacional`naya strategiya razvitiya iskusstvennogo intellekta na period do 2030 g. Utverzhdena Ukazom Prezidenta Rossii ot 10 oktyabrya 2019 g. (podp. a) p. 5).

12.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 15.02.2024 № 124 «O vnesenii izmenenij v Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 10 oktyabrya 2019 g. № 490 «O razvitii iskusstvennogo intellekta v Rossijskoj Federacii» i v Nacional`nuyu strategiyu, utverzhdennuyu e`tim Ukazom» // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202402150063.

13.Fjeld J., Achten N., Hilligoss H., Nagy A.C., Srikumar M. Principled artificial intelligence: mapping consensus in ethical and rights-based approaches to principles for AI // Berkman Klein Center Research Publication. 2020. № 1. P. 1–71.

14.Gabriel I. Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment // Minds and Machines. 2020. № 30. P. 411–437.

15.Majkova V.P., Molchan E`.M., Majkov A.I. Problemy` vy`bora cennostej dlya iskusstvenny`x intellektual`ny`x sistem // Gumanitarny`j vestnik. 2021. № 2 (88). S. 3–5.

16.Berberich N., Diepold K. The virtuous machine – old ethics for new technology? // ArXiv. 2018. R. 1–25.

17.Russell S. Human Compatible. AI and the Problem of Control. London: Penguin Books, 2019. R. 37.

18.EU Commission Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI // Oficial`ny`j sajt Evropejskoj Komissii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/ai-alliance-consultation.

19.Astapenko P.N. Iskusstvenny`j intellekt cennosti obshhestva: vozdejstvie i formirovanie pravovy`x narrativov // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2024. № 1. S. 44–49.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING

About the Appeal of the Board of the Interregional Public Organization of Advocates and Lawyers «Initiative 2018» to the United Nations Bodies, International Bar Associations and Human Rights Organizations
RAGULIN Andrey Viktorovich

Doctor of law, Associate Professor, Advocate, Head of the Centre for the Study of the Organization and Operation of the Advocacy of Eurasian Scientific Research Institute of Problems of Law, Editor-in-chief of the «Eurasian advocacy» journal

450006, Ufa, Lenina St., 102, office 24, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article discusses the content of the appeal of the Board of the Interregional Public Organization of advocates and lawyers «Initiative 2018» to the United Nations bodies, international bar associations and human rights organizations , published on 18 December 2023.

Keywords: advocate, legal profession, advocacy chamber, Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation

References

1.https://t.me/initiative2018.

2.https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-eNEW_hHYPW90d1VQh1K0A.

3.https://vk.com/public195284407

4.https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/pre-trial-detention-human-rights-lawyer-dmitry-talantov-extended.

5.https://cpingo.org/about-us/.

6.http://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2818-obrashchenie-pravleniya-mezhregionalnoj-obshchestvennoj-organizatsii-initsiativa-2018-v-organy-organizatsii-ob-edinennykh-natsij-k-mezhdunarodnym-assotsiatsiyam-advokatov-i-pravozashchitnym-organizatsiyam.

7.https://telegra.ph/Obrashchenie-v-organy-Organizacii-Obedinennyh-Nacij-k-mezhdunarodnym-associaciyam-advokatov-i-pravozashchitnym-organizaciyam-12-20.

8.https://zakon.ru/blog/2023/12/20/obraschenie_pravleniya_mroo_iniciativa_2018v_organy_organizacii_obedinennyh_nacijk_mezhdunarodnym_as.

9. http://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/6-65-2023g.

10.https://vk.com/@initiative_2018-obraschenie-v-organy-organizacii-obedinennyh-nacii-k-mezhdun.

11.https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=58899959.

12.https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_36945/.

13.https://www.ohchr.org/en/special-procedures/sr-independence-of-judges-and-lawyers/international-standards#treaties.

14.http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202308040022?index=1.

15.https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/bill/301952-8.

16.https://sciup.org/nezavisimoe-jekspertnoe-zakljuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-140298597?ysclid=lsl4o63b26758888143.

17.https://sciup.org/obrashhenie-zashhitim-rossijskuju-advokaturu2023-140298608?ysclid=lsl2hcoujn63970715.

18.https://legalpetition.ru/calltoaction.

19.https://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/vse-novosti/2801-nezavisimoe-ekspertnoe-zaklyuchenie-na-proekt-federalnogo-zakona-o-vnesenii-izmenenij-v-federalnyj-zakon-ob-advokatskoj-deyatelnosti-i-advokature-v-rossijskoj-federatsii-301952-8.

20.https://legalpetition.ru/protectprofession2023.

21.https://legalpetition.ru/appeal.

22.https://www.eurasian-advocacy.ru/5-64-2023g.

23.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtvVXouJ55k.

24.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YG4AEK8EZ8.

25.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEc6yzs-mfs.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING

Risks of advocacy in the aspect of informatization and digital transformation of society

MARCHEVA Polina Evgenyevna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor of the Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)

125993, Moscow, Sadovaya-Kudrunskaya Str., 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: Nowadays, active work aimed at the most rapid implementation of online platforms and chat bots is carried out. This will allow citizens to receive qualified legal assistance, including pro bono legal assistance, remotely. The use of new technologies to increase the availability of qualified legal assistance is associated with new risks that arise in the process of remote communication and work in the Internet. The author of the article analyzes Russian and foreign experience in using new technologies for provision of qualified legal assistance in order to identify risks and find ways to reduce them.

Keywords: informatization, digital transformation, chat bot, online platform, integrated information system of Russian advocacy (CIS AR), availability of qualified legal assistance, risks of advocacy

References

1.Avakyan E. Advokatura. Gosudarstvo. Obshhestvo [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/online/advokatura-gosudarstvo-obshchestvo-2023/vitse-prezident-fpa-rf-elena-avakyan/.

2.Kompleksnaya informacionnaya sistema advokatury` Rossii (KIS AR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/cisar.

3.Marcheva P.E. Sposoby` snizheniya riskov v advokatskoj deyatel`nosti, voznikshix v cifrovuyu e`poxu // Teoriya i praktika obshhestvennogo razvitiya. 2024. № 2.

4.Nary`zhkin N.A. Klassicheskie podxody` i sovremennaya interpretaciya ponyatiya «Informatizaciya» // Vestnik instituta e`konomicheskix issledovanij. 2020. № 2 (18). S. 45–52.

5.Pravila povedeniya advokatov v informacionno-telekommunikacionnoj seti «Internet», utverzhdeny` resheniem Soveta FPA RF ot 28 sentyabrya 2016 g. (protokol № 7) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/rules-of-conduct-for-lawyers-in-the-information-telecommunication-network-internet/.

6.Raz``yasnenie Komissii FPA RF po e`tike i standartam po voprosu primeneniya punkta 1 stat`i 17 Kodeksa professional`noj e`tiki advokata ot 17 aprelya 2019 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/dokumenty-kes/interpretation-no-01-19/.

7.Raz``yasnenie Komissii po e`tike i standartam Federal`noj palaty` advokatov Rossijskoj Federacii po voprosam primeneniya stat`i 17 Kodeksa professional`noj e`tiki advokata ot 15 dekabrya 2022 goda [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/dokumenty-kes/razyasnenie-kes-fpa-rf-po-voprosam-primeneniya-stati-17-kodeksa-professionalnoy-etiki-advokata/.

8.Charlotte Hill, Uncovering the Risks of ChatGPT: A Litigator’s Perspective [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.penningtonslaw.com/news-publications/latest-news/2023/uncovering-the-risks-of-chatgpt-a-litigator-s-perspective.

9.Cheryl B. Preston, Lawyers’ Abuse of Technology, 103 Cornell Law Review (2018). r. 16 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.med.a51.nl/sites/default/files/pdf/SSRN-id3037079.pdf.

10.Debra Cassens Weiss, Victimized by Ransomware, Law Firm Sues Insurer for $700K in Lost Billings, A.B.A. J. (May 2, 2017 11:09 AM CDT).

11.Fla. Bar, Opinion 10-2, Sept. 24, 2010 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.floridabar.org/TFB/TFBETOpin.nsf/b2b76d49e9fd64a5852570050067a7af/b3861cd80f9b3c0b852577f8006ea7cf!OpenDocument (discussed in Jake Schickel, A Report from the Florida Bar Board of Governors Meeting, FIN. NEWS & DAILY REC. (June 7, 2010), http://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=531175).

12.Holmes v. Petrovich Dev. Co., 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 878 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011).

13.Michael C. Smith, Social Media Update, 58 THE ADVOC. (TEXAS) 2, 4 (2012).

14.Michael Lee, Lawyer in hot water after using AI to present made up information: «incompetent» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.foxnews.com/us/lawyer-hot-water-after-using-ai-present-made-up-information-incompetent.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND DISCIPLINARY RESPONSIBILITY OF ADVOCATE

On the Unfairness of the Establishment of Disciplinary Responsibility of the Lawyer in the Code of Professional Ethics of Lawyer

BUNIN Oleg Yurievich

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Attorney-at-Law of the Moscow City Bar Association

119002, Moscow, lane. Sivtsev Vrazhek, 43, Russian Federation

Abstract: Legislative regulation of relations of participants of criminal proceedings should be fair, and the lawyer-defender in his activities in criminal cases should be in a near equal position with the prosecutor (his deputy, assistant), who carries out the prosecution. Hence, an important criterion of legislative and intra-corporate establishment of disciplinary responsibility of the lawyer should be fair relativity with the same responsibility of the prosecutor (prosecutor's office employee).

Keywords: advocate, prosecutor, defense, prosecution, criminal proceedings, adversarial, equality, fairness, disciplinary liability, termination of status, dismissal

References

1.«Delo advokata v shortax i bandane». Mozhet li advokat by`t` lishen statusa za sry`v processa posle otkaza vy`polnit` pros`bu suda soblyusti dress-kod? // Advokatskaya gazeta. Organ Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/diskussii/delo-advokata-v-shortakh-i-bandane.

2.Ne nuzhno zabotit`sya ob uvazhenii pravosudiya bol`she samogo suda. O sorazmernosti nakazaniya tyazhesti disciplinarnogo prostupka // Advokatskaya gazeta. Organ Federal`noj palaty` advokatov RF [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/mneniya/ne-nuzhno-zabotitsya-ob-uvazhenii-pravosudiya-bolshe-samogo-suda/.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Witness Immunity as a Guarantor of the Reliability of Testimony in the Civil Process

LOBANOV Nikolay Stanislavovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil Law Disciplines of Moscow University of Finance and Law (MFUA), advocate

115191, Moscow, Serpukhovski Val str., 17, к.1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the main provisions of the current legislation regulating witness immunity in the civil process of the Russian Federation. The importance of this institution is considered from the point of view of the theory of evidence, the fight against perjury and improving the reliability of testimony within the framework of the civil process. It is concluded that it is necessary to modernize this institution both by unifying the provisions on witness immunity in civil and arbitration proceedings, and by introducing the necessary changes to the current legal regulation.

Keywords: witness immunity, immunity, civil process, perjury, evidence, reliability, reliability of evidence, arbitration process, confidentiality of confession, advocate confidentiality

References

1.Yakovenko E.A. K voprosu o pravovoj prirode immunitetov. Sootnoshenie kategorij «Immunitet», «Privilegiya», «L`gota» // Vestnik ChelGU. 2010. № 33 (214). S. 10–15.

2.Rep`ev A.G. Pravovy`e kategorii «Immunitet», «Privilegiya», «L`gota»: grani soprikosnoveniya // Izvestiya vuzov. Povolzhskij region. Obshhestvenny`e nauki. 2012. № 2 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pravovye-kategorii-immunitet-privilegiya-lgota-grani-soprikosnoveniya.

3.Il`ina K.E. Svidetel`skij immunitet v grazhdanskom processual`nom prave // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumanitarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2022. № 4-3 [E`lektron-ny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/svidetelskiy-immunitet-v-grazhdanskom-protsessualnom-prave-1.

4.Kuzneczov R.S. Predposy`lki ustanovleniya ugolovno-pravovy`x zapretov na sovershenie zavedomo lozhnogo donosa i lzhesvidetel`stva // Vestnik nauki. 2023. № 12 (68). S. 476–481.

5.Anan`ina A.V. Svidetel`skij immunitet // Vestnik magistratury`. 2019. № 3-1 (90). S. 80–81.

6.Nazarenko A.E. Aktual`ny`e voprosy` svidetel`sko-go immuniteta v rossijskom grazhdanskom processe // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumanitarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2020. № 12-4. S. 18–20.

7.Burmejster I.A. Tajna ispovedi: teoretiko-pravovoj aspekt // Sibirskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2010. № 2. S. 3–7.

8.Kollantaj V.A., Kopy`stko P.P. Dopros svyashhennosluzhitelya v dokazatel`stvennom sudebnom processe // Voprosy` teologii. 2022. № 2. S. 275–282.

9.Loshkarev A.V., Bagdasaryan D.G. Svidetel`skij immunitet v grazhdanskom processual`nom prave // Mezhdunarodny`j zhurnal gumanitarny`x i estestvenny`x nauk. 2021. № 3-1 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/svidetelskiy-immunitet-v-grazhdanskom-protsessualnom-prave.

10.Koni A.F. Nravstvenny`e nachala v ugolovnom processe // Sobr. soch.: v 8 t. M.: Yurid. lit., 1967. T. 4.

11.Malaxova L.I. Moral`ny`e osnovy` predelov svide-tel`skogo immuniteta // Sudebnaya vlast` i ugolovny`j process. 2019. № 4. S. 67–71.

12.Volos A.A. Slabaya storona brachnogo dogovora // Notarius. 2018. № 4. S. 26–29.

13.Cheby`kina Yu.O. Problemy` ispol`zovaniya svide-tel`skix pokazanij v kachestve sredstva dokazy`vaniya v grazhdanskom i arbitrazhnom processe // Nauka bez granicz. 2017. № 5 (10). S. 76–81.

14.Silina E.V., Kolesnikova M.M. Voprosy` realizacii svi-detel`skogo immuniteta v grazhdanskom processe // Leningradskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2016. № 4 (46). S. 212–217.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Socio-Anthropological and Cognitive Approaches to the Analysis of Extremist Behavior Models and Characteristics of Ideological Attitudes

EMELIN Sergei Mikhailovich

Doctor of Law, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Professor, Director of the R.G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

450077, Ufa, st. K. Marksa, 6, Russian Federation

SALIKHOVA Elvina Akhnafovna

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Chief Researcher Department of Ethnopolitical Sciences, academic secretary of the R.G. Kuzeev Institute for Ethnological Studies – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences

450077, Ufa, st. K. Marksa, 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the work is to briefly characterize the possibilities of socio-anthropological and cognitive approaches, among those known in jurisprudence and jurislinguistics, in describing classical models of extremist behavior and in identifying the ideological settings of conflict texts and reconstructing social rituals. Formal-legal, comparative, structural-functional methods, and individual techniques of linguo-expertological and psycholinguistic tools were used. Of the selected methodological principles, the most important are the objectivity of the assessment of facts and events, the neutrality of the research position, and consideration of the socio-political context. The article summarizes the approaches available in the arsenal of various concepts and examines those stated in the topic with an emphasis on their capabilities in developing an adequate system for countering extremism. The significance of the work also lies in the fact that it examines the specifics of extremist behavior patterns and thinking as strictly pragmatic and motivated by corresponding ideologies, due to the normal functioning of the psyche and cognitive distortions.

Keywords: anthropological approach, cognitive approach, extremism, cognitive distortions, social systems

References

1.Vinarskaya E.N. Vy`razitel`ny`e sredstva teksta (na materiale russkoj poe`zii). Voronezh: VGU, 2003.

2.Emelin S.M., Semenov S.N. Sovremenny`e texnologii pravovogo obespecheniya e`tnicheskix processov // Vy`sokotexnologichnoe pravo: sovremenny`e vy`zovy`. Krasnoyarsk, 2023. S. 119–123.

3.Zavrina E.E., Cherny`shov G.N., Makurin P.S. E`kstremizm – aktual`nost` problemy` // Innovacionnaya e`konomika i pravo, 2017. № 3. S. 115–119.

4.Izluchenko T.V. Metodologiya izucheniya e`kstremizma v sovremennom nauchnom diskurse // Humanitarian Vector, 2020. Vol. 15. № 4. S. 105–113.

5.Kak provesti lingvisticheskuyu e`kspertizu spornogo teksta? Pamyatka dlya sudej, yuristov, SMI, advokatov, prokurorov, sledovatelej, doznavatelej i e`kspertov / pod red. prof. M.V. Gorbanevskogo. 2-e izd. M.: Yuridicheskij Mir, 2006.

6.Kirilenko V.P., Alekseev G.V. Aktual`ny`e problemy` protivodejstviya prestupleniyam e`kstremistskoj napravlennosti // Vserossijskij kriminologicheskij zhurnal. 2018. № 4. S. 561–571.

7.Salixova E`.A. E`kspertiza konfliktogennogo teksta: ob otdel`ny`x lingvisticheskix i o lingvosemioticheskix priznakax e`kstremistskogo teksta // Evrazijskaya advokatura, 2016. № 3 (22). S. 58–63.

8.Timchenko A.A. E`kstremizm kak e`ffekt dezorganizacii social`noj sistemy`: sociologicheskij analiz // Obshhestvo i pravo. Voprosy` filosofii, sociologii, politologii. 2017. № 4 (62). S. 254–257.

9.Te`rner V. Simvol i ritual. M.: Nauka, 1983.

10.Fatxutdinov P.P. Dzhamaaty` na Severnom Kavkaze: institucional`ny`e faktory` formirovaniya // Filosofiya prava, 2015. № 5 (72). S. 82–86.

11.Chistanov M.N. K voprosu o vizualizacii istoricheskogo narrativa // Gumanitarny`j vektor. 2019. № 3. S. 121–127.

12.Bering J. The folk psychology of souls // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2006. Vol. 29. P. 453–498.

13.Prus R. Terrorism, tyranny and religious extremism as collective activity: Beyond the deviant, psychological, and power mystiques // The American Sociologist. 2005. Vol. 36. Is. 1. P. 47–74.

14.Santoprete M. Countering violent extremism: A mathematical model // Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2019. Vol. 358. P. 314–329.

15.Tischinin G., Lamote Th. The Process of Radicalization in the Prison Environment: From Criminogenesis to Radicalogenesis // L’Evolution Psychiatrique. 2019. Vol. 84. Is. 3. P. 59–69.

16.Winter Ch., Hasan U. The Balanced Nation: Islam and the Challenges of Extremism, Fundamentatism, Islamism and Jihadism // Philosophia. 2016. Vol. 44. Is. 3. P. 667–688.

17.http://nac.gov.ru/terroristicheskie-i-ekstremistskie-organizacii-i-materialy.html.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ADVOCACY PRACTICE

Withdrawal From the Contract and (or) its Implementation in Business Activities

VASILYEVA Oksana Nikolaevna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activity of the Financial University Under the Government of the Russian Federation

125993, Moscow, Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, Russian Federation

STARIKOVA Elena Igorevna

Undergraduate Student of the Faculty of Law of the Financial University Under the Government of the Russian Federation

125993, Moscow, Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, Russian Federation

Abstract: In this article, the author provides analysis of the current legal regulation of the refusal of a contract in entrepreneurial activity. It is concluded that it is necessary to supplement the Civil Code of the Russian Federation with paragraph 8 of Article 450.1, indicating the validity of the concluded contract if one of the parties has been notified of the termination of the contract, but the mutual fulfillment of obligations continues.

Keywords: withdrawal from the contract, obligations, notification, termination of the contract

References

1.Vostrikova K.A., Xabichev R.X. E`stoppel` v grazhdanskom prave Rossii // Skif. 2021. № 5 (57). S. 17–22.

2.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1994. 5 dekabrya. № 32. St. 3301.

3.Karxalev D.N. Grazhdansko-pravovy`e formy` oxranitel`ny`x otnoshenij // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2023. № 1. S. 55–62.

4.Luzhina A.N. E`stoppel` v grazhdanskix pravootnosheniyax // Social`ny`e i gumanitarny`e nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2021. № 2. S. 45–57.

5.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po e`konomicheskim sporam Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 02.07.2015 № 305-E`S15-2415 po delu № A40-28123/2014. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

6.Postanovlenie Prezidiuma VAS RF ot 09.09.2008 № 5782/08 po delu № A19-9645/07-26 // Vestnik VAS RF. 2008. № 11.

7.Postanovlenie Arbitrazhnogo suda Volgo-Vyatskogo okruga ot 07.03.2023 № F01-6022/2022 po delu № A17-8554/2021. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

8.Reshenie kollegii arbitrov MKAS pri TPP RF ot 18.01.2021 po delu № M-116/2019. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

9.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 08.03.2015 № 42-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v chast` pervuyu Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2015. 9 marta. № 10. St. 1412.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

The Definition of «Subjects of Proof» in the Criminal Procedural Legislation

POPOV Aleksey Pavlovich

Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Criminal Law Disciplines and Forensic Expert Activities at Law Institute of the Pyatigorsk State University

357532, Pyatigorsk, Kalinina str., 9, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article critically analyzes the doctrinal approaches to the definition of the concept of «subjects of proof», expressed in the modern theory of the criminal process. It reveals its relationship with the definition of «burden of proof». Attention is paid to the causes of fundamental contradictions in the views of scientists regarding the definition of the analyzed concept.

Keywords: criminal procedural law of evidence, proof, structure of proof, subjects of proof, duty of proof

References

1.Vinogradov V.A. Raspredelenie bremeni dokazy`-vaniya v sude pervoj instancii v rossijskom ugolovnom processe: nauch.-praktich. posob. M.: Znanie-M, 2022.

2.Grigor`ev V.N., Pobedkin A.V., Yashin V.N. Ugolovny`j process: uchebnik. 2-e izd. M.: E`ksmo, 2008.

3.Kurs ugolovnogo processa / pod red. L.V. Golovko. 3-e izd. M.: Status, 2021.

4.Popov A.P., Zinchenko I.A. Definiciya «dokazy`-vanie» v ugolovno-processual`nom prave Rossijskoj Federacii i gosudarstv blizhnego zarubezh`ya // Biblioteka kriminalista. 2018. № 2 (37). S. 328–335.

5.Ugolovno-processual`noe zakonodatel`stvo Soyuza SSR i RSFSR. Teoreticheskaya model` / pod red. i s predisl. V.M. Saviczkogo. M.: Institut gosudarstva i prava AN SSSR, 1990.

6.Ugolovno-processual`noe pravo Rossijskoj Federacii: uchebnik / otv. red.: P.A. Lupinskaya, L.A. Voskobitova. 4-e izd. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2022.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Features of the Classification of Crimes Related to the Illegal Traffic of Firearms Manufactured Through the Use of 3d Modeling and Printing

POPOV Alexander Yurievich

Senior Police Lieutenant, Adjunct of the Department of Criminal Law at the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

117437, Moscow, Akademika Volgina str., 12, Russian Federation

Abstract: The purpose of the article – to consider the problem of qualifying crimes related to the illicit trafficking of weapons made through the use of 3D printing. Comparative legal, formal logical, as well as general scientific methods were used. The article provides characteristics of firearms manufactured using 3D printing, as well as the possibility of resolving issues regarding the classification of crimes related to the recognition of such items as weapons, as well as the possibility of improving legislation regulating the circulation of weapons.

The article has high scientific value, since it is one of the first attempts to consider the possibilities of improving legislation to effectively counter the growing threat of the proliferation of disposable weapons.

Keywords: 3D weapons, illegal weapons trafficking, evidence, standards of proof, digital technologies, transformation of legislation, Darknet, Tor, 3D printing, disposable weapons

References

1.Men`shikov M.D. Sovremennoe sostoyanie zakonodatel`stva v sfere nezakonnogo oborota oruzhiya, boepripasov, vzry`vchaty`x veshhestv i vzry`vny`x ustrojstv // Vestnik nauki. 2019. № 1 (10). S. 37.

2.E`ks-prem`er Yaponii Sindzo Abe` pogib v rezul`tate pokusheniya. Kak proizoshlo napadenie, i kto za nim stoit? [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://lenta.ru/brief/2022/07/08/assasination_abe/.

3.Prikaz MVD Rossii ot 29.06.2005 № 511 (red. ot 30.05.2022) «Voprosy` organizacii proizvodstva sudebny`x e`kspertiz v e`kspertno-kriminalisticheskix podrazdeleniyax organov vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii» (vmeste s «Instrukciej po organizacii proizvodstva sudebny`x e`kspertiz v e`kspertno-kriminalisticheskix podrazdeleniyax organov vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii», «Perechnem rodov (vidov) sudebny`x e`kspertiz, proizvodimy`x v e`kspertno-kriminalisticheskix podrazdeleniyax organov vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii») (Zaregistrirovano v Minyuste Rossii 23.08.2005 № 6931) // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2005. № 191.

4.«Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (red. ot 21.11.2022) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2001. 24 dekabrya. № 52. Ch. I. S. 4921.

5.Metodika ustanovleniya prinadlezhnosti ob``ekta k ognestrel`nomu oruzhiyu. M.: GU E`KCz MVD Rossii, 2000 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://napoleonic.ru/gallery/albums/userpics/10138/metodika%20e`kcz.pdf.

6.«Ugolovny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» ot 13.06.1996 № 63-FZ (red. ot 21.11.2022) // Rossijskaya gazeta. 1996. № 113. 18 iyunya; № 114. 19 iyunya; № 115. 20 iyunya; № 118. 25 iyunya.

7.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 13.12.1996 № 150-FZ (red. ot 25.12.2023) «Ob oruzhii» (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 07.01.2024) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 1996. 16 dekabrya. № 51. St. 5681.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

GALETSKY Vitaly Sergeevich

Candidate of Law, Head of the Legal Department State Government Institution «Moscow Expert Bureau for Quality Control of Works At Municipal Facilities»

101000, Moscow, Maroseika str., 11/4, p. 3, room. 1/2, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article discusses issues related to the specifics of fraud prevention related to illegal actions of persons providing legal assistance, provides a criminological description of such crimes, and makes proposals to improve their prevention activities.

Keywords: Law enforcement agencies, crime prevention, fraud in the provision of legal services, subjects of prevention, mercenary crime

References

1.Vy`yavlenie i rassledovanie prestuplenij, svyazanny`x s protivopravny`mi dejstviyami licz, okazy`vayushhix yuridicheskuyu pomoshh` i konsul`tacionny`e uslugi po pravovy`m i finansovy`m voprosam: metod. rek. / Akademiya upravleniya MVD Rossii. M., 2023. (ne publikovalis`).

2.Dolganov S.I. Preduprezhdenie korporativnogo moshennichestva v sfere bankovskoj deyatel`nosti: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2021. S. 234.

3.Zashhita prav potrebitelej v Rossijskoj Federacii v 2022 godu: Gosudarstvenny`j doklad. M.: Federal`naya sluzhba po nadzoru v sfere zashhity` prav potrebitelej i blagopoluchiya cheloveka, 2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/upload/iblock/b9c/drwsqj910f3ye67b93b37mi1t4jmmerz/GDZPP.pdf.

4.Korzhev M.A. Ponyatie i sistema preduprezhdeniya prestupnosti // Innovacionnaya nauka. 2015. № 7. S. 76.

5.Protokol zasedaniya MRG ot 28.09.2022 № 48 MVD Rossii sovmestno s FSB Rossii, General`noj prokuraturoj Rossijskoj Federacii, SK Rossii, Rosfinmonitoringom, FNS Rossii, Bankom Rossii (ne publikovalsya).

6.Ugolovnoe delo № 1-300/2023 ot 24.03.2023 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http:// sud-voronezh.ru.

7.Otchet po forme federal`nogo statisticheskogo nablyudeniya 4-EGS «Obshhie svedeniya o sostoyanii prestupnosti» za yanvar`–dekabr` 2022 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://crimestat.ru/analytics.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

The Powers of Prosecutors Aimed at Eliminating Violations of Environmental And Environmental Legislation

DEMINA Elizaveta Petrovna

Postgraduate Student of the P. Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

117198, Moscow, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 6, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the powers of prosecutors. The author analyzed how many violations have been detected and eliminated since 2017.

Keywords: environmental protection, ecology, prosecutor's supervision, prosecutor, environmental legislation, violation

References

1.Baturina G.K., Dobreczov D.G., Suslova N.V. Nadzor prokuratury` za ispolneniem zakonov, reguliruyushhix prava cheloveka i grazhdanina v sfere e`kologii // Prokurorskij nadzor za soblyudeniem social`ny`x prav grazhdan: sbornik metodicheskix materialov. M.: Izd-vo Gen. prokuratury` RF, Akademiya Gen. prokuratury` RF, 2013. S. 360–389.

2.Voronin O. V. K voprosu o soderzhanii sovremennogo prokurorskogo nadzora // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo. 2011. № 346. S. 95–97.

3.Dyomina E.P. Osobennosti vzaimodejstvie instituta Upolnomochennogo po pravam cheloveka RF so sledstvenny`m komitetom RF // Zakon i pravo. 2023. № 4. S. 69–72.

4.Matasheva O.D. Mesto prokuratury` v sisteme organov, osushhestvlyayushhix nadzor v sfere e`kologii // Pravovaya iniciativa. 2013. № 3.

5.Sergienko A. Nadzor za ispolneniem zakonodatel`stva ob e`kologicheskoj bezopasnosti // Zakonnost`. 2007. № 8. S. 7–9.

6.Osipov G.I. Deyatel`nost` organov prokuratury` po realizacii e`kologicheskogo zakonodatel`stva dlya obespecheniya e`kologicheskoj bezopasnosti // Grachev V.A., Kudrina I.A., Lopatin V.N. E`kologicheskaya bezopasnost` Rossii: problemy` pravoprimenitel`noj praktiki / red.: V.N. Lopatin. M.: NII problem ukrepleniya zakonnosti i pravoporyadka pri General`noj prokurature Rossijskoj Federacii, 2003.

7.Rizaeva D., Manna A.A.K. Soglasie poterpevshego kak obstoyatel`stvo, isklyuchayushhee prestupnost` deyaniya v anglo-saksonskoj sisteme prava // Pravozashhitnik. 2017. № 2.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Criminal Liability for Self-Harm of Convicted Persons in the Light of the Legal Position of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Some Aspects of Critical Analysis

RAKHIMBERDIN Kuat Khazhumukhanovich

Doctor of Law, Professor of the Department of Jurisprudence of S. Amanzholov East Kazakhstan University, member of the Public Council on the Activities of the Internal Affairs Bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan

070004, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan str., 55, Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to critically analyze the Normative Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 6, 2023 No. 37-NP “On consideration of compliance with the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of part three of Article 428 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 3, 2014 and subparagraph 2) of part two of the article 130 of the Criminal Executive Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 5, 2014, the fundamental principles of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the provisions of the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other international legal acts ensuring human rights and freedoms in conditions of isolation from society, as well as the doctrinally based Normative Resolution of the Constitutional Council of February 27, 2008 No. 2 “On checking the constitutionality of parts one and four of Article 361 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan upon the appeal of the Kapshagai City Court of the Almaty Region, which recognized the criminal liability of the convicted for self-harm, contrary to the constitutional and legal foundations of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Keywords: Constitution, Constitutional Court, self-harm of convicted persons, human rights and freedoms, UN international standards, Republic of Kazakhstan

References

1.Ukaz Prezidenta Respubliki Kazaxstan ot 8 dekabrya 2023 goda «O Plane dejstvij v oblasti prav cheloveka i verxovenstva zakona» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.akorda.kz/ru/o-plane-deystviy-v-oblasti-prav-cheloveka-i-verhovenstva-zakona-811622.

2.Normativnoe postanovlenie ot 27 fevralya 2008 goda № 2 «O proverke konstitucionnosti chastej pervoj i chetvertoj stat`i 361 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RK po obrashheniyu Kapshagajskogo gorodskogo suda Almatinskoj oblasti» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/S080000002_.

3.Raximberdin K.X. Ugolovnaya otvetstvennost` za chlenovreditel`stvo osuzhdyonny`x: rassoglasovanie s Konstituciej Respubliki Kazaxstan // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2019. № 1 (38). S. 73–78.

4.Normativnoe postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda Respubliki Kazaxstan ot 6 dekabrya 2023 goda № 37-NP «O rassmotrenii na sootvetstvie Konstitucii Respubliki Kazaxstan chasti tret`ej stat`i 428 Ugolovnogo kodeksa RK ot 3 iyulya 2014 goda i podpunkta 2) chasti vtoroj stat`i 130 Ugolovno-ispolnitel`nogo kodeksa RK ot 5 iyulya 2014 goda» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/ksrk/documents/details/564719?lang=ru.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

On the Issue of Working Conditions for People with Disabilities

NOVITSKAYA Ludmila Yurevna

Сandidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activity of the Financial University Under the Government of the Russian Federation

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky ave., 49, Russian Federation

Abstract: Inclusive institutions are actively being built in modern society and new practices of helping socially vulnerable segments of the population are emerging. In this regard, the problem of employment and employment of people with disabilities is becoming particularly relevant. Persons with disabilities may experience some difficulties in the presented question due to the fact that certain employers, under various pretexts, may refuse to hire them (or otherwise restrict their rights) due to the physical inability of such people, in their opinion, to various types of activities. It is precisely to protect the rights and legitimate interests of these persons that Russian legislation in the field of regulating the working conditions of persons with disabilities is in force.

Keywords: labor activity, persons with disabilities, legislation, labor protection, employer, employee

References

1.Bezruchkin E.A. Na kakie social`ny`e vy`platy` v 2023 g. vliyaet prozhitochny`j minimum? // Pravovoj al`manax. 2023. № 3(25). S. 49–50.

2.Zakon RF ot 19 aprelya 1991 goda № 1032-1 (red. ot 28.12.2022) «O zanyatosti naseleniya v Rossijskoj Federacii» (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 11.01.2023) // SZ RF. 1996. № 17. St. 1915.

3.Zakon goroda Moskvy` № 90 ot 22 dekabrya 2004 goda «O kvotirovanii rabochix mest» // Vestnik Me`ra i Pravitel`stva Moskvy`. 2005. № 3.

4.Zakon Moskovskoj oblasti ot 25 aprelya 2008 goda № 53/2020-OZ «O kvotirovanii rabochix mest» // Ezhednevny`e novosti. Podmoskov`e. 2008. № 93.

5.Konstituciya Rossijskoj Federacii (prinyata vsenarodny`m golosovaniem 12.12.1993) (s uchetom popravok, vnesenny`x Zakonami RF o popravkax k Konstitucii RF ot 30.12.2008 № 6-FKZ, ot 30.12.2008 № 7-FKZ, ot 05.02.2014 № 2-FKZ, ot 01.07.2020 № 11-FKZ, ot 06.10.2022) // Tekst Konstitucii, vklyuchayushhij novy`e sub``ekty` Rossijskoj Federacii – Doneczkaya Narodnaya Respublika, Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika, Zaporozhskaya oblast` i Xersonskaya oblast`, priveden v sootvetstvii s oficial`noj publikaciej na Oficial`nom internet-portale pravovoj informacii (www.pravo.gov.ru) 6 oktyabrya 2022 g.

6.«Kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ob administrativny`x pravonarusheniyax» ot 30 dekabrya 2001 goda № 195-FZ (red. ot 19.10.2023) // SZ RF. 2002. № 1. St. 1.

7.«Trudovoj kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii» ot 30 dekabrya 2001 goda № 197-FZ (red. ot 04.08.2023, s izm. ot 24.10.2023) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 01.09.2023) // SZ RF. 2002. № 1. St. 3.

8.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 24 noyabrya 1995 goda № 181-FZ (red. ot 28.04.2023) «O social`noj zashhite invalidov v Rossijskoj Federacii» // SZ RF. 1995. № 48. St. 4563.

9.«Otpusk v udobnoe vremya», 13 fevralya 2023 g. // Federal`naya sluzhba po trudu i zanyatosti [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/406268627/#review.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Legal Regulation of Adaptive Sports in The People's Republic of China

DOLGOV Alexander Vladimirovich

Postraduate Student of the Moscow State University named after A. S. Griboyedov

115035, Moscow, Kosmodamianskaya nab., 26/55c7, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the features of the construction and content of the system of protection of sports rights of persons with disabilities in the People's Republic of China. An assessment of the effectiveness of legal regulation in the field under consideration is given.

Keywords: adaptive sports; persons with disabilities; disabled; legal regulation; People's Republic of China.

References

1.Putin ukazal na povy`shenie vnimaniya k problemam invalidov v strane // Izvestiya [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://iz.ru/1434849/2022-12-02/putin-ukazal-na-povyshenie-vnimaniia-k-problemam-invalidov-v-strane.

2.Kozhevnikov V.V. K probleme ispol`zovaniya rossijskim zakonodatelem inostrannogo pravotvorcheskogo opy`ta // Prolog: zhurnal o prave. 2017. № 4.

3.Istoriya gosudarstva i prava zarubezhny`x stran: xrestomatiya. T. 3 / sost. A.V. Kirnos, V.A. Kolesnikov, K.A. Sitnikov. Voronezh, 2023.

4.Zakon KNR o zashhite licz s ogranichenny`mi vozmozhnostyami [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gov.cn/guoqing/2021-10/29/content_5647618.htm.

5.Yuan Gang, Kong Weidu. On the Legal Protection of Sports Rights of Persons with Disabilities in China // Prava cheloveka (anglijskaya versiya). 2022. № 4.

6.Yang Kai. On the Construction of Diversified Normative System for Modern Public LegalServices // Law Science. 2022. № 2.

7.Zakone o sporte [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-06/25/content_5697693.htm.

8.Li Yanfang. Study on «Promoting Legislation» // Law Review. 2005. № 3.

9.China issues national fitness plan for 2021–2025 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.china.org.cn/china/2021-08/08/content_77680600.htm.

10.China issues white paper on parasports ahead of Paralympics [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.chinadailyasia.com/article/262043.

11.China's Parasports: Progress and the Protection of Rights [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202203/03/content_WS62206416c6d09c94e48a5d84.html.

12.V Pekine otkry`lsya 8-j s``ezd Vsekitajskoj federacii invalidov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://russian.china.org.cn/china/txt/2023-09/18/content_116693461.htm.

13.China's 11th National Games for Persons with Disabilities kicks off in Xi'an [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://en.people.cn/n3/2021/1023/c90000-9910660.html.

14.V Kitae vy`shla Belaya kniga o parasporte (podrobnaya versiya).

15.http://russian.news.cn/2022-03/03/c_1310497058.htm.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

On the impact of digitalization on the ratio of natural and positive law

BAGREEVA Elena Gennadievna

Doctor of Law, Professor, Professor of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Leading Researcher at the State University of Land Management

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky ave., 49, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article examines the relationship between natural and positive law. The need to ensure universal principles of natural law as a guarantee of the preservation of freedom and rights of citizens in the era of digital transformation is discussed.

Keywords: digital environment, positive law, natural law, sustainable development, social control

References

1.Sannikova L.V., Xaritonova Yu.S. Transformaciya prava v cifrovuyu e`poxu: vzglyad v budushhee // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2019. № 9. S. 87–96.

2.Marty`shin O.V. Metafizicheskie koncepcii prava // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2020. № 2.

3.Dabosin P.S. «Kriticheskaya» teoriya obshhestva i gosudarstva Yu. Xabermasa: metod. aspekt. Izhevsk: Izd-vo Udmurt. gos. un-ta, 2001.

4.Gajvoronskaya Ya.V. Neskromnoe obayanie cifro-vizacii // Pravovaya paradigma. 2019. T. 18. № 4. S. 40–47.

5.Agafonova M. Social`ny`j rejting: kakim on budet v Rossii i kak ustroen v Kitae? // Kompaniya Afisha [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://daily.afisha.ru/relationship/26328-socialnyy-reyting-kakim-on-budet-v-rossii-i-kak-ustroen-v-kitae/.

6.Il`in I.A. O sushhnosti pravosoznaniya // Teoriya prava i gosudarstva. M., 2008.

7.Leont`ev D.A. Cennost` kak mezhdisciplinarnoe ponyatie: Opy`t mnogomernoj rekonstrukcii // Sovremenny`j socioanaliz. Vy`p. VI. M., 1996.

8.Malaxov V.P., Aznagulova G.M. Problema pravoponimaniya v usloviyax cifrovoj real`nosti // Vestnik MGPU. Yuridicheskie nauki. 2021. № 2(42). S. 42.

9.Polyakova T.A. Transformaciya prava v cifrovuyu e`poxu: monografiya / Altajskij gosudarstvenny`j universitet; pod red. A.A. Vasil`eva. Barnaul: Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 2020.

10.Shershenevich G.F. Istoriya filosofii prava. SPb., 1999. S. 20–21.

11.Shershenevich G.F. Izbrannoe: v 6 tt. T. 4. M.: Statut, 2016. S. 15–16.

12.Gajvoronskaya Ya.V., Miroshnichenko O.I. Pravovy`e problemy` cifrovizacii: teoretiko-pravovoj aspekt // Pravovaya paradigma. 2019. T. 18. № 4. S. 27–34.

13.Kant I. Osnovy` metafiziki nravstvennosti // Kant I. Izbrannoe: v 3 tt. T. 1. O vospitanii razuma. Kaliningrad, 1995. S. 98–179.

14.Glushkova S.I., Letunov E.D. Razvitie prav cheloveka v usloviyax cifrovizacii obshhestva: sovremenny`e tendencii v cifrovoj real`nosti // Teorii i problemy` politicheskix issledovanij. 2021. T. 10. № 5A. S. 11–27.

15.Zor`kin V.D. Filosofiya prava: proshloe, nastoyashhee i budushhee // Filosofiya prava v nachale XXI stoletiya cherez prizmu konstitucionalizma i konstitucionnoj e`konomiki. M.: Letnij sad, 2010. S. 28–45.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

On the Issue of Digitalization of Russian Universities – the Legal Aspect

VASILYEVA Oxana Nikolaevna

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Legal Regulation of Economic Activity of the Financial University Under the Government of the Russian Federation

125167, Moscow, Leningradsky ave., 49, Russian Federation

Abstract: The spread of digital technologies leads to qualitative changes in all significant areas, including science and higher education. The author analyzes the Strategy of digital transformation of science and higher education, approved by the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. As the analysis of the digital transformation (digitalization) strategy in the field of education shows, educational organizations use a number of digital tools in their activities – digital educational services, high-tech educational solutions, case technologies, remote and Internet-oriented technologies, adaptive learning system technologies, personalized training technologies and others.

Keywords: entrepreneurial universities, digital platforms, strategy, legal regulation, digital transformation, education

References

1.Vasil`eva O.N. K voprosu o roli predprinimatel`skix universitetov v povy`shenii konkurentosposobnosti strany` // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 4 (63). S. 110–112.

2.Vasil`eva O.N. Pravovaya osnova ispol`zovaniya intellektual`no-orientirovanny`x texnologij // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 6 (65). S. 146.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

Prospects for Improvement of art. 333 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in Relation to Peremptory (Legal) Penalties

KULIKOV Vsevolod Valeryevich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Civil and Business Law of All-Russian State University of Justice (RPA of the Ministry of Justice of Russia)

117638, Moscow, Azovskaya St., 2, Building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: This article considers issues related to the possibility of reducing the penalty established on the basis of the law in relation to entrepreneurial legal relations and legal relations involving consumers (individuals). Based on the analysis of the current provisions of the law, by-laws, as well as the existing law enforcement practice, possible ways to improve the normative regulation of this issue are proposed.

Keywords: civil legal relations, forfeit, legal forfei, methods of ensuring fulfillment of obligations, entrepreneurial legal relations, consumers, protection of consumer rights, protection of violated rights, Civil Code of the Russian Federation

References

1.Gavrilov E`. O neustojke i procentax za neispolnenie denezhnogo obyazatel`stva posle prinyatiya izmenenij v obshhuyu chast` obyazatel`stvennogo prava // Xozyajstvo i pravo. 2015. № 6.

2.Peremena licz v obyazatel`stve i otvetstvennost` za narushenie obyazatel`stva: kommentarij k stat`yam 330–333, 380–381, 382–406.1 Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii / A.G. Arxipova, V.V. Bajbak, S.A. Gromov i dr.; otv. red. A.G. Karapetov. M.: M-Logos, 2022.

3.Pravo i e`konomicheskaya deyatel`nost`: sovremenny`e vy`zovy`: monografiya / E.G. Azarova, A.A. Ayurova, M.K. Belobabchenko i dr.; otv. red. A.V. Gabov. M.: IZiSP; Statut, 2015.

4.Sinicyn S.A. Pravo suda na snizhenie vzy`skivaemoj neustojki: pravovaya priroda, usloviya i oblast` prakticheskogo primeneniya v sovremenny`x usloviyax // Advokat. 2015. № 4.

5.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 1994. 5 dekabrya. № 32. St. 3301.

6.Punkt 78 Postanovleniya Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 24.03.2016 № 7 «O primenenii sudami nekotory`x polozhenij Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii ob otvetstvennosti za narushenie obyazatel`stv» // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda RF. 2016. № 5. Maj.

7.«Obzor sudebnoj praktiki po sporam, svyazanny`m s dogovorami perevozki gruza i transportnoj e`kspedicii» // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda RF. 2018. № 10. Oktyabr`.

8.Postanovlenie Plenuma VAS RF ot 06.10.2005 № 30 «O nekotory`x voprosax praktiki primeneniya Federal`nogo zakona «Ustav zheleznodorozhnogo transporta Rossijskoj Federacii» // Vestnik VAS RF. 2006. № 1.

9.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 28.06.2012 № 17 «O rassmotrenii sudami grazhdanskix del po sporam o zashhite prav potrebitelej» // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda RF. 2012. № 9. Sentyabr`.

10.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po grazhdanskim delam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 09.11.2021 № 5-KG21-123-K2, 2-1536/2020. Dokument opublikovan ne by`l. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

11.Opredelenie Sudebnoj kollegii po grazhdanskim delam Verxovnogo Suda Rossijskoj Federacii ot 03.08.2021 № 5-KG21-70-K2. Dokument opublikovan ne by`l. Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

12.Zakon RF ot 07.02.1992 № 2300-1 «O zashhite prav potrebitelej» // Vedomosti SND i VS RF. 1992. 9 aprelya. № 15. St. 766.

13.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 31.12.2021 № 2606 «Ob utverzhdenii Pravil okazaniya uslug svyazi po peredache danny`x» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2022. 17 yanvarya. № 3. St. 578.

14.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 08.11.2007 № 259-FZ «Ustav avtomobil`nogo transporta i gorodskogo nazemnogo e`lektricheskogo transporta» // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2007. 17 noyabrya. № 258.

15.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 27.07.2010 № 190-FZ «O teplosnabzhenii» // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2010. 30 iyulya. № 168.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

Relevance and Possibilities of Using Foreign Experience in Legal Regulation and Governance of State Joint-Stock Companies

YAKOVLEV Alexander Yurievich

Doctor of Political Sciences, Leading Researcher of Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences

117218, Moscow, Nakhimovsky prospect, 32, Russian Federation

Abstract: The Russian legal system and the procedure for governing joint-stock companies with state participation are not without flaws. Their refinement can be facilitated by using foreign experience that has shown its effectiveness. This will reduce resource and time costs for modernization activities.

Keywords: joint-stock company, joint-stock company with state participation, state joint-stock company, legal regulation, comparativistics

References

1.Grazhdanskij kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii (chast` pervaya) ot 30.11.1994 № 51-FZ [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

2.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 26.12.1995 № 208-FZ «Ob akcionerny`x obshhestvax» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

3.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 03.12.2004 № 738 «Ob upravlenii naxodyashhimisya v federal`noj sobstvennosti akciyami akcionerny`x obshhestv i ispol`zovanii special`nogo prava na uchastie Rossijskoj Federacii v upravlenii akcionerny`mi obshhestvami («zolotoj akcii»)» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

4.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva Moskvy` ot 03.07.2007 № 576-PP «O poryadke vzaimodejstviya organov ispolnitel`noj vlasti goroda Moskvy` pri realizacii prav akcionera…» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

5.Pis`mo Banka Rossii ot 10.04.2014 № 06-52/2463 «O Kodekse korporativnogo upravleniya» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

6.Aminov D.I., Baczanova T.A., Zajceva-Savkovich E.V., Opokin A.B. Pravovaya ocenka nerassmotreniya sudom xodatajstv storon v grazhdanskom processe // Vestnik e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti. 2019. № 3. S. 320–322.

7.Vechernin D.S. E`volyuciya instituta ocenki reguliruyushhego vozdejstviya: problemy` i perspektivy` // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Yurisprudenciya. 2014. № 4. S. 22–28.

8.Glazunova I.V. Delegirovanie polnomochij mezhdu organami ispolnitel`noj vlasti i organami mestnogo samoupravleniya // Aktual`ny`e voprosy` sovremennoj e`konomiki. 2022. № 12. S. 291–299.

9.Glazunova I.V. Peredacha polnomochij kak instrument realizacii upravlencheskix funkcij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` nauki administrativnogo prava i administrativnogo processa // Lazarevskie chteniya–2023: sbornik nauchny`x trudov po materialam mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. M., 2023. S. 39–47.

10.Glazunova I.V. Problemny`e voprosy` publichno-pravovoj otvetstvennosti yuridicheskogo licza // Sibirskoe yuridicheskoe obozrenie. 2019. № 4. S. 512–517.

11.Egorov A.V. K voprosu o ponyatii sravnitel`nogo prava // Zhurnal zarubezhnogo zakonodatel`stva i sravnitel`nogo pravovedeniya. 2017. № 2. S. 12–16.

12.Ershova I.V., Trofimova E.V. Special`ny`j pravovoj rezhim malogo i srednego biznesa v kontekste poiska perspektivny`x napravlenij podderzhki iny`x segmentov otechestvennoj e`konomiki // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2023. № 2. S. 103–115.

13.Kodaneva S.I. Proshloe, nastoyashhee i budushhee sravnitel`nogo pravovedeniya // Social`ny`e i gumanitarny`e nauki. Otechestvennaya i zarubezhnaya literatura. Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2019. № 3. S. 28–35.

14.Mandrik A.E. Pravovy`e problemy` uchastiya predstavitelej gosudarstva v organax upravleniya bankov Respubliki Belarus` // Aktual`ny`e problemy` grazhdanskogo prava. 2022. № 1. S. 204–218.

15.Pavlov A.Yu., Danilov I.A. O kriteriyax subsidiarnoj otvetstvennosti // Yuridicheskij mir. 2022. № 3. S. 48–49.

16.Petuxov S.V., Racheeva Yu.V. Subsidiarnaya otvetstvennost` kontroliruyushhix licz v kontekste principa pravovoj opredelennosti // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 3. S. 62–65.

17.Smotriczkaya I.I., Anchishkina O.V., Cherny`x S.I. Problemy` i strategicheskie zadachi razvitiya instituta obshhestvenny`x zakupok // Problemy` prognozirovaniya. 2017. № 5. S. 70–78.

18.Smotriczkaya I.I., Frolova N.D. Osobennosti razvitiya instituta korporativnogo upravleniya v rossijskoj e`konomike // Obshhestvo i e`konomika. 2023. № 3. S. 5–16.

19.Smotriczkaya I.I., Frolova N.D. Upravlenie v kompaniyax s gosudarstvenny`m uchastiem: e`mpiricheskij analiz s uchetom otraslevy`x e`ffektov // Menedzhment i biznes-administrirovanie. 2022. № 2. S. 100–112.

20.Spirin M.Yu. Ob e`lementax struktury` sravnitel`nogo pravovedeniya kak nauki // Yuridicheskij vestnik Samarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2015. № 3. S. 33–36.

21.Shitkina I.S. Vliyanie sankcij i antisankcionny`x mer na razvitie korporativnogo zakonodatel`stva, praktiki ego primeneniya i nauchnoj doktriny` // Zakon. 2023. № 1. S. 164–175.

22.Yakovlev A.Yu. Problemy` primeneniya prava i funkcionirovaniya institutov upravleniya gosudarstvenny`mi akcionerny`mi obshhestvami // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2023. № 5. S. 114–118.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

Modernization of International Commercial Agreements in Modern Times

PSHENICHNAYA Nina Yurievna

Postgraduate Student of Private International Law Department at the Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation

119285, Moscow, Vorobyovskoe highway, 6а, Russian Federation

Abstract: Man-made accidents and catastrophes, financial crises, deterioration of relations between the Russian Federation and Western countries, the subsequent Ukrainian crisis and the introduction of sanctions restrictions by various foreign states against the Russian Federation in connection with it, the Covid-19 pandemic declared by the World Health Organization became the reasons for the dynamic modification of such contractual clauses such as force majeure, currency clauses, arbitration clauses, as well as the introduction of clauses not previously used in contracts: COVID-19 clause, sanctions clause.

Keywords: modification of contract clauses, force majeure, currency clause, arbitration clause, COVID-19 clause, sanctions clause

References

1.Ershova I.V., En`kova E.E. Sankcionny`j komplaens, ili vnutrifirmennoe upravlenie riskami ot restrikcij // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2022. № 17(8). S. 93–103.

2.Shuvalov I.I. Pravovoe regulirovanie predprinima-tel`skoj deyatel`nosti v period social`no-e`konomicheskogo krizisa: teoriya i praktika: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. M., 2022. S. 16.

3.Sokolov A.K. Nekotory`e osobennosti normativnogo pravovogo regulirovaniya osushhestvleniya predprinimatel`skoj deyatel`nosti v Rossijskoj Federacii v usloviyax nedruzhestvenny`x dejstvij inostranny`x gosudarstv // Predprinimatel`skoe pravo. 2023. № 2.

4.Keshner M.V. E`konomicheskie sankcii v sovremennom mezhdunarodnom prave: monografiya. M.: Prospekt, 2015.

5.Aksenov A.G. Pravovoe regulirovanie mezhduna-rodny`x kommercheskix kontraktov v usloviyax e`konomi-cheskix sankcij // Vestnik arbitrazhnoj praktiki. 2020. № 5.

6.Primakov D.Ya. Sankcionny`j komplaens // E`konomicheskie sankcii protiv Rossii: pravovy`e vy`zovy` i perspektivy`: sb. statej / pod red. S.V. Glandina, M.G. Doraeva. M.: Infotropik Media, 2018. S. 2–23.

7.Zaginajko Yu.D. Sankcii SShA i Evropejskogo soyuza kak osnovanie neispolneniya obyazatel`stva: voprosy` sudebnoj praktiki // Arbitrazhny`e spory`. 2023. № 2.

8.Starzheneczkij V.V., Ochirova S.B. Vliyanie sankcij na razreshenie vneshnee`konomicheskix sporov: soxranenie status quo ili poisk al`ternativny`x yurisdikcij? // Mezhdunarodnoe pravosudie. 2020. № 4.

9.Belyaeva O. Fors-mazhornaya transformaciya zakupochny`x otnoshenij i ee posledstviya // Progoszakaz.rf. 2023. № 4.

10.«Obzor po otdel`ny`m voprosam sudebnoj praktiki, svyazanny`m s primeneniem zakonodatel`stva i mer po protivodejstviyu rasprostraneniyu na territorii Rossijskoj Federacii novoj koronavirusnoj infekcii (COVID-19) № 1» (utv. Prezidiumom Verxovnogo Suda RF 21.04.2020).

11.Vilkova N.G. Novoe liczo fors-mazhora XXI veka: novy`e obstoyatel`stva, novy`e posledstviya, novy`e rekomendacii // Tretejskij sud. 2022. № 1.

12.Komarov A.S. Pravovy`e posledstviya pandemii s pozicii primeneniya transnacional`ny`x norm, reguliruyushhix mezhdunarodny`e kommercheskie dogovory` // Grazhdanskoe pravo social`nogo gosudarstva: sbornik statej, posvyashhenny`j 90-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya professora A.L. Makovskogo (1930–2020) / otv. red.: V.V. Vitryanskij, E.A. Suxanov. M.: Statut, 2020.

13.Zasemkova O.F. Mezhdunarodny`j arbitrazh v usloviyax antirossijskix sankcij: voprosy`, postavlenny`e praktikoj // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2023. № 8.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

Public-Private Partnership is a Form of Interaction Between the State and Business in the Sustainable Development Economy Model

ILYIN Alexander Yuryevich

Candidate of Law, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of State Law and Criminal Law Disciplines of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Associate Professor of the Department of State Law Disciplines of the Russian Technological University RTU – MIREA.

117997, Moscow, Stremyanny Lane, 38, Russian Federation

Abstract: At the present stage of the development of the country's economy, the issue of interaction between the state and business is of particular importance for the whole society and its development. This circumstance is due to the fact that the role of each participant in this symbiosis for the economy of society is great, and the state and business structures have a direct impact on the level of well-being of the whole country and individually of each individual.

The article examines the process of interaction between the state and business, which is implemented on the basis of ongoing economic relations through public-private partnership.

Keywords: state, government, society, business, economy, partnership, patronage, legal relations

References

1.Asaul V.V., Krishtal` V.V. Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe partnerstvo kak mexanizm privlecheniya infrastrukturny`x investicij: problemy` vnedreniya i snizheniya riskov // Vestnik grazhdanskix inzhenerov. 2020. № 5 (82). S. 223–233.

2.Balashov A.M. Gosudarstvenno-chastnoe partnerstvo kak e`ffektivny`j mexanizm vzaimodejstviya biznesa i gosudarstva // Teoreticheskaya e`konomika. 2022. № 6. S. 47–53.

3.Gosudarstvo i biznes: osnovy` vzaimodejstviya: uchebnik / M.E. Kosov, A.V. Sigarev, O.N. Dolina i dr. M.: INFRA-M, 2022.

4.Lokshin N.V. Modeli mexanizma finansirovaniya proektov gosudarstvenno-chastnogo partnerstva i osobennosti ix funkcionirovaniya // Gosudarstvennaya sluzhba. 2020. T. 22. № 4 (126). S. 17–26.

5.Vzaimodejstvie biznesa i organov vlasti: uchebnik i praktikum dlya vuzov / E.I. Markovskaya i dr.; pod red. E.I. Markovskoj. 2-e izd. M.: Yurajt, 2023.

6.Seliverstov M.A. Problemy` razvitiya simbioza chastnogo biznesa i gosudarstvennogo upravleniya // Mir i Rossiya v usloviyax novoj real`nosti: materialy` XX Vserossijskoj ochnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. Voronezh, 2023. S. 257–261.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

The Place and Role of The Government of the Russian Federation in the System of Executive Authorities

NIKITIN Egor Andreevich

Magistrate Student of the Institute of Public Administration and Management of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation

119571, Moscow, Vernadsky Ave., 82, building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article is devoted to topical aspects that determine the place and role of the Government of the Russian Federation in the system of executive authorities and directly in the unified system of public power. Separate legal problems related to the understanding of the system of public power are considered, attention is drawn to the presence of certain difficulties in determining the place of the Government of the Russian Federation in this system, in terms of complicating the process of its interaction with other authorities. The author proposes a definition of the system of public power in the context of modern challenges. The article also analyzes the new facets of the relationship between the President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation, due to the results of the constitutional reform in 2020.

Keywords: state authorities, executive power, unity of the system of public power, Government of the Russian Federation, President of the Russian Federation

References

1.Avak`yan S.A. Predstavitel`stvo v konstitucionnom prave: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: monografiya. M.: Yusticinform, 2022.

2.Alekseeva T.M. Otdel`ny`e aspekty` deyatel`nosti publichnoj vlasti na federal`noj territorii // Mirovoj sud`ya. 2022. № 1. S. 18–23.

3.Dzidzoev R.M. Prezident Rossijskoj Federacii i Pravitel`stvo Rossijskoj Federacii: novy`e grani vzaimootnoshenij // Zhurnal rossijskogo prava. 2021. № 5. S. 43–54.

4.Kireeva E.Yu., Nudnenko L.A., Txabisimova L.A. Tendencii pravovoj reglamentacii vzaimodejstviya Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii s Pravitel`stvom Rossijskoj Federacii // Konstitucionnoe i municipal`noe pravo. 2020. № 10. S. 37–40.

5.Komarova V.V. Konstitucionnaya reforma 2020 g. v Rossii (nekotory`e aspekty`) // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2020. № 8. S. 22–31.

6.Chirkin V.E. Konstitucionnoe pravo: kurs dlya prepodavatelej, aspirantov i magistrantov. M.: Norma: INFRA-M, 2013.

7.Korsun K.I. Sistema edinoj publichnoj vlasti v Rossijskoj Federacii: konstitucionnoe tolkovanie i real`naya praktika // Vestnik Sibirskogo yuridicheskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2021. № 3 (44). S. 133–139.

8.Sokolova A.Yu. Konstitucionno-pravovoj mexanizm realizacii polnomochij organami gosudarstvennoj vlasti sub``ektov Rossijskoj Federacii v sfere migracii // Obrazovanie. Nauka. Nauchny`e Kadry`. 2022. № 4. C. 142–145.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

Features of State Legal Coercion in Political Regimes

RYZHENKOV Ruslan Andreevich

Postgraduate Student of Moscow University named after A.S. Griboedov

111024, Moscow, shosse Enthusiastov, 21, Russian Federation

Abstract: Constitution of the Russian Federation determined the legal limits of state coercion in relation to society and citizens. In accordance with the norms of international documents, coercive measures can be applied only on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law. The implementation of coercion in legal forms is its key characteristic. The procedural form gives transparency to coercive measures and ensures public control.

The article analyzes the problem of how the metamorphoses of political regimes take hybrid forms and are disguised, presenting the visible legitimacy of democratic forms and institutions. At the same time, authoritative coercive measures can manifest themselves both in accordance with legal imperatives and in the form of arbitrariness, ignoring legal requirements and public institutions.

Keywords: state coercion, legal norms, hybrid forms, political regime

References

1.Konstituciya RF. Prinyata vsenarodny`m goloso-vaniem 12 dekabrya 1993 g. (s izmeneniyami, odobren-ny`mi v xode obshherossijskogo golosovaniya 1 iyulya 2020 g.) // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru/.

2.Vershinina S.I. Funkcii gosudarstvennogo prinuzhdeniya // Vektor nauki TGU. 2011. № 1(15). S. 120–122.

3.Latushkin M.A. Problemy` klassifikacii gosudarstvenno-pravovogo prinuzhdeniya // Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Yurisprudenciya. 2010. № 1(12). S. 1–7.

4.Sheveleva S.V. Vidy` mer pravovogo prinuzhdeniya // Probely` v rossijskom zakonodatel`stve. 2010. № 3. S. 11–34.

5.Chashnikov V.A. Soderzhanie i priznaki gosudarstvenno-pravovogo prinuzhdeniya // Obrazovanie i pravo. 2014. № 10(50). C. 197–205.

6.Cygankova E.A. Prinuzhdenie kak metod osushhestvleniya gosudarstvennoj vlasti: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2010.

7.Kazakov V.N., Annenkov A.Yu. Gosudarstvenno-pravovoe prinuzhdenie kak metod realizacii funkcij sovremennogo gosudarstva // Izvestiya TulGU. E`konomicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki. 2017. № 4–2. S. 15–22.

8.Zharenov I.P. Gosudarstvennoe prinuzhdenie v usloviyax demokratizacii obshhestva: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. M., 2006.

9.Lapina M.A., Karpuxin D.V. Konstrukciya sostavov pravonarusheniĭ i mery` gosudarstvennogo prinuzhdeniya v administrativnom i byudzhetnom zakonodatel`stve // Administrativnoe i municipal`noe pravo. 2015. № 1. S. 43–54.

10.Ovsepyan Zh.I. Gosudarstvennoe prinuzhdenie kak pravovaya kategoriya (teoreticheskaya formula otnosheniya prinuzhdeniya k gosudarstvu i pravu) // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2007. № 12. S. 5–14.

11.Kushnarenko I.A., Malaraeva Yu.M. Nravstvenny`e osnovaniya pravovogo prinuzhdeniya // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta MVD Rossii. 2013. № 6. S. 238–243.

12.Rogov A.P. Osobennosti gosudarstvennogo prinuzhdeniya v pravovom gosudarstve: avtoref. dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2013.

13.Rogov A.P. Pravovoe gosudarstvo i gosudarstvennoe prinuzhdenie // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. Novaya seriya. Seriya: E`konomika. Upravlenie. 2011. № 2. S. 104–108.

14.Oleĭnikov S.N. K atributam pravovoj prirody` publichnoj vlasti // E`lektronny`j innovacionny`j vestnik. Periodicheskij zhurnal nauchny`x trudov. 2021. № 1(18). S. 21–23.

15.Latushkin M.A. Obespechenie zakonnosti primeneniya mer gosudarstvenno-pravovogo prinuzhdeniya: teoretiko-pravovoj aspekt: dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2011.

16.Sirenko B.N., Nelina M.V. Administrativnoe prinuzhdenie v deyatel`nosti organov gosudarstvennoj sluzhby` // Aktual`ny`e problemy` pravovogo, e`konomicheskogo i social`no-psixologicheskogo znaniya: teoriya i praktika: Materialy` IV Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii: v 3 t. T. 1. Doneczk, 2021. S. 812–816.

17.Makarejko N.V. Gosudarstvennoe prinuzhdenie v mexanizme obespecheniya e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti: teoreticheskie i prikladny`e problemy`: dis. ... d-ra yurid. nauk. N. Novgorod, 2016.

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20.Starostin S.A. Administrativno-pravovoe prinuzhdenie: problemy` teorii // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O.E. Kutafina (MGYuA). 2021. № 6. S. 48–55.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

On the Issue of Improving Legal Regulation of Digital Financial Assets in Russia

RUSTAMOV Pavel Anvarovich

Postgraduate Student of the Department of Law Institute of Economics, Management and Law Moscow City Pedagogical University

119017, Moscow, Novokuznetsk str., 16, p. 10, Russian Federation

Abstract: The author comes to the conclusion that since a new object of law is being studied, only practical activities related to DFA allow one to reason and analyze the legal reality arising regarding DFA with a certain certainty. Therefore, at present, one can only speculate on possible options for using DFAs, but based on the logic of the legislator regarding digital currency, DFAs will represent full-fledged property rights that will not be questioned by both law enforcers and the public.

Keywords: digital financial assets, digital currency, legal regulation, property rights, funds

References

1.Abramova E.N. K voprosu o ponyatii kriptovalyuty`: problemy` terminologii i formirovaniya definicii // Bankovskoe pravo. 2021. № 2. S. 19–27.

2.Vajpan V.A. Cifrovaya e`konomika i pravo // Sovremenny`e informacionny`e texnologii i pravo: monografiya / Moskovskij gosuniversitet im. M.V. Lomonosova; otv. red. E.B. Lauts. M.: Statut, 2019. S. 12–13.

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4.Kostikova E.G. Kriptovalyuty` v finansovoj sisteme Rossii: novy`e podxody` k pravovomu regulirovaniyu // Bezopasnost` biznesa. 2022. № 4. S. 41–47.

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6.Ry`bakova S.V. Pravovaya legitimaciya cifrovoj valyuty` (kriptovalyuty`) v aspekte pravoobrazuyushhego usloviya transformacii pravosub``ektnosti kreditny`x organizacij // Finansovoe pravo. 2022. № 2. S. 9–13.

7.Slovar` inostranny`x slov. 18-e izd., ster. M., 1989. S. 432.

8.Tixomirov Yu.A. Pravovoe regulirovanie: teoriya i praktika. M.: Formula prava, 2010.

9.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 07.05.2018 № 204 (red. ot 21.07.2020) «O nacional`ny`x celyax i strategicheskix zadachax razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2024 goda» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2018. 14 maya. № 20. St. 2817.

10.Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 21.07.2020 № 474 «O nacional`ny`x celyax razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii na period do 2030 goda» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2020. 27 iyulya. № 30. St. 4884.

11.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 31.07.2020 № 259-FZ (red. ot 14.07.2022) «O cifrovy`x finansovy`x aktivax, cifrovoj valyute i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel`ny`e zakonodatel`ny`e akty` Rossijskoj Federacii» (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 01.12.2022) // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2020. 3 avgusta. № 31. Ch. I. St. 5018.

12.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 24 iyulya 2023 g. № 339-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v stat`i 128 i 140 chasti pervoj, chast` vtoruyu i stat`i 1128 i 1174 chasti tret`ej Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva Rossijskoj Federacii. 2023. 31 iyulya. № 31. Ch. III. St. 5765.

13.Frolov I.V. Kriptovalyuta kak cifrovoj finansovy`j aktiv v rossijskoj yurisdikcii: k voprosu o veshhnoj ili obyazatel`stvennoj prirode // Pravo i e`konomika. 2019. № 6. S. 5–17.

14.Chawki M. Cybercrime and the Regulation of Cryptocurrencies // Advances in Information and Communication: Proceedings of the 2022 Future of Information and Communication Conference (FICC). Vol. 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. P. 694–713.

POLICY AND ECONOMY OF EURASIA

Legal Regulation of the Status of a «Social Enterprise»

BIRICH Alexey Andreevich

Postgraduate Student of All-Russian State University of Justice

117638, Moscow, Azovskaya str., 2, building 1, Russian Federation

Abstract: The article examines the main sources of normative regulation of such a legal category as «Social entrepreneurship» and draws a conclusion about the significance of the category under consideration in the system of implementing state support for entrepreneurship.

Keywords: small and medium-sized businesses, social entrepreneurship, state support for entrepreneurship

References

1.Atanasova A.A. Social`noe predprinimatel`stvo v sovremennoj Rossii: faktory` stanovleniya (na primere prirodooxrannoj deyatel`nosti) / VKR. FGBUN FNISCz RAN. M., 2018.

2.Zakon Kemerovskoj oblasti ot 26.11.2008 № 99-OZ «O nalogovy`x stavkax pri primenenii uproshhennoj sistemy` nalogooblozheniya» // Zakonodatel`ny`j vestnik Soveta narodny`x deputatov Kemerovskoj oblasti. 2008. № 80. 15 dekabrya.

3.Oficial`ny`j sajt Federal`noj nalogovoj sluzhby`, Ediny`j reestr sub``ektov malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rmsp.nalog.ru/search.html?mode=extended.

4.Prikaz Ministerstva e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii ot 29.11.2019 № 773 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka priznaniya sub``ekta malogo ili srednego predprinimatel`stva social`ny`m predpriyatiem i Poryadka formirovaniya perechnya sub``ektov malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva, imeyushhix status social`nogo predpriyatiya» // Oficial`ny`j internet-portal pravovoj informacii http://pravo.gov.ru.

5.Prikaz Ministerstva e`konomicheskogo razvitiya Rossijskoj Federacii ot 26.03.2021 № 142.

6.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 26.07.2019 № 245-FZ «O vnesenii izmenenij v Federal`ny`j zakon «O razvitii malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva v Rossijskoj Federacii» v chasti zakrepleniya ponyatij «social`noe predprinimatel`stvo», «social`noe predpriyatie».

7.Federal`ny`j zakon ot 24.07.2007 № 209-FZ «O razvitii malogo i srednego predprinimatel`stva v Rossijskoj Federacii» // Rossijskaya gazeta. 2007. № 164. 31 iyulya.

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