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HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE

Bagreeva E.G., Rudaya A.A.

History and modernity of the bankruptcy institution

Purpose: Study of the historical stages of the emergence and development of the bankruptcy institute in Russia and abroad.

Methodology: Historical-legal, comparative and formal legal methods were used.

Results: The article highlights the main stages of the development of the bankruptcy institution: the first is a «tough» period, the time limits of which coincided with the time of the appearance of the first merchants and the emergence of market relations; the second historical stage, called «prudent», the time period of which fell in the middle of the XVI-XVIII centuries; the third stage is «humane» (XVIII-XIX). It was established that there is a close relationship and a logical sequence of these stages, explained by the gradual development and complexity of economic relations with simultaneous improvement in the legislative sphere. Also, during the study, the imperfection of Russian legislation was revealed: the law does not provide a mechanism for preventing the sale and repurposing of scientific and experimental complexes of insolvent organizations, and the bankruptcy institution itself at the moment is not a stable and effective mechanism aimed at improving the management and finance of companies.

Novelty/originality/value: The article examines the process of the institution of bankruptcy, its transition from a tough period to a modern humane one. The authors, using comparative analysis, describe the features of the development of bankruptcy, characteristic of various periods and different countries. It was established that Russian bankruptcy legislation has an unresolved potential for problems that need further study, consideration and consolidation.

Keywords: bankruptcy, historical stages in the development of the institution of bankruptcy, Russian legislation on bankruptcy.

References (transliterated)

1.Ryaxovskaya A.N., Fajnshmidt E.A. Sravnitel`ny`j analiz zarubezhnogo zakonodatel`stva o bankrotstve // E`konomicheskie aspekty` funkcionirovaniya predpriyatij. Mezhdunarodnaya praktika: sbornik nauchny`x trudov. M.: IE`AU, 2005.

2.Istoricheskie e`tapy` razvitiya instituta nesostoya-tel`nosti (bankrotstva) v Rossii i za rubezhom [E`lektron-ny`j resurs]. URL: https://econ.wikireading.ru/43435.

3.Uchebnik po antikrizisnomu upravleniyu. Antikrizisnoe upravlenie: teoriya i praktika: uchebnik / koll. avt.; pod red. A.N. Ryaxovskoj, S.E. Kovana. M.: KNORUS, 2018.

4.Romashova T.V. Periodizaciya i tendencii razvitiya instituta nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstva) // Molodoj ucheny`j. 2015. № 4. S. 473–478.

5.Stanovlenie i razvitie instituta nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstva) v Rossijskoj Federacii [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://advokatmamaev.ru/stati/stanovlenie-i-razvitie-instituta-nesostoyatelnosti-bankrotstva-v-rossiyskoy-federatsii/.

6.Istoriya instituta bankrotstva [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://npsgau.ru/istoriya-instituta-bankrotstva.php.

7.Institut nesostoyatel`nosti (bankrotstva) [E`lektron-ny`j resurs]. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/institut-nesostoyatelnosti-bankrotstva-v-sisteme-grazhdanskogo-prava.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING

Ragulin A.V.

Litigation and social models of the modern Russian advocacy profession: answers and questions to the Vice President of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation

Purpose: To study the problems of the organization and activities of the advocacy profession in the context of the analysis of the publication of the vice-president of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation and the essence of litigation between advocates and corporate governance bodies of the advocacy.

Methodology: The methods of structural and functional analysis, the systemic method, the formal legal method, the method of studying documents, the method of participatory observation were used.

Results: The article discusses in detail the problematic issues related to the «Appeal of 32 advocates» dated March 2, 2019, the acts of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation adopted in connection with it (Clarification 03/19 of the Commission on Ethics and Standards of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation and Resolution of the IX All-Russian Congress of Advocates) and their judicial challenge. Attention is drawn to the fact that when considering the case in the first instance, the court came to erroneous conclusions, and the court’s conclusions do not correspond to the factual circumstances of the case and the evidence supporting them. The lack of motivation of the court decision and the illegality of the composition of the court are substantiated. Also, using specific examples, it has been proved that logical substitutions and misleading are typical techniques of representatives of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the misunderstanding by the vice-president of the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation of the true functions of the advocacy profession and to what negative social models of the modern advocacy are supported by the Federal Chamber of Advocates of the Russian Federation.

Novelty/originality/value: The article is of scientific value, since it is a study of modern problems of the organization of the legal profession.

Keywords: advocacy, advocate, development of advocacy, problems of advocacy, Appeal of 32 advocates.

References (transliterated)

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6.https://pravo.ru/news/226252/.

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8.https://pasmi.ru/archive/234140/.

9.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya. Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019. – 584 s.

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12.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-commissions/interpretation-no-03-19/.

13.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/documents-of-the-congress/resolution-on-the-observance-of-legal-ethics/.

14.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/9603203.

15.https://news.ru/society/svoi-protiv-svoih-advokatam-so-vsej-strany-zapreshayut-obrashatsya-v-policiyu/.

16.https://www.ugpr.ru/news/3847-advokatam-zapretili-donosit-na-kolleg-i-rukovodstvo-pravoohranitelyam.

17.https://pasmi.ru/archive/234140/.

18.https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2019/ 04/18/799592-advokatam-zapretili-zhalovatsya.

19.https://pravo.ru/news/226252/.

20.https://fparf.ru/upload/medialibrary/f1b/Vkh-_-OB840_08_19-ot-09.08.2019.pdf.

21.https://fparf.ru/news/fpa/advokatura-svoy-vybor-sdelala/.

22.https://news.rambler.ru/other/43898062-razoblachenie-advokata-v-bashkirii-mnogoe-izmenit-v-rossii/?updated.

23.https://legal.report/protiv-prezidenta-advokatskoj-palaty-vozbudili-ugolovnoe-delo/.

24.https://pasmi.ru/archive/261688/.

25.http://utro-news.ru/bezzashhitnyj-advokat-jumadilov/.

26.https://tass.ru/proisshestviya/9656531.

27.https://proufu.ru/news/novosti/92693-na_zametku_fsb_kto_pytaetsya_spasti_yumadilovykh/.

28.https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4550791?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop.

29.https://www.mos-gorsud.ru/rs/hamovnicheskij/services/cases/civil/details/a550a937-b683-48ac-8433-d7ec37b505f9?participants=Рамалданов&fbclid=IwAR1kgA8s0l03VLe8EJjTq2_TV4BWRX9fYnOf9MmC6TzkmKjVkEc5iOZJ3uQ.

30.https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43674600.

31.https://legal.report/mosgorsud-razreshil-fpa-nakazyvat-advokatov-za-donosy-na-kolleg/.

32.https://www.mos-gorsud.ru/rs/hamovnicheskij/services/cases/civil/details/a550a937-b683-48ac-8433-d7ec37b505f9.

33.https://www.mos-gorsud.ru/mgs/services/cases/appeal-civil/details/90e78ed9-0d1b-4969-b981-041f45fe2726?participants=Рамалданов.

34.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/9711541.

35.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/9711541?fbclid=IwAR2JiEKrGrkABrW9z9S2YJPA0BGr0I8OFNGUV-3HHKN0YAGtmoZBmQ9p0S8.

36.https://fparf.ru/documents/fpa-rf/the-documents-of-the-council/the-decision-of-the-council-of-the-federal-chamber-of-lawyers-of-the-russian-federation-Altai/?fbclid=IwAR2tog5Rp5K7g8uqBKXTYGhuNF8z0-uauxk5UhPvLbXEiwR-UdQCsrLdCo4.

37.https://mos-gorsud.ru/rs/hamovnicheskij/services/cases/civil/details/ed6b4c5f-7614-4d1d-9630-498ec95ce10f?participants=Ганжа.

38.https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43674588.

39.https://gorno-altaisky—ralt.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=sud_delo&srv_num=1&name_op=doc&number=24619900&delo_id=1540005&new=0&text_number=1.

40.https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=245934843065483&id=100029469069028.

41.https://www.facebook.com/romanmelnichenko/videos/3391984924197330/.

42.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1456328577911182/.

43.https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43809100.

44.https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2019/ 04/18/799592-advokatam-zapretili-zhalovatsya/.

45.https://pravo.ru/news/210978/.

46.https://tass.ru/obschestvo/9603203.

47.https://news.ru/society/svoi-protiv-svoih-advokatam-so-vsej-strany-zapreshayut-obrashatsya-v-policiyu/.

48.https://news.rambler.ru/other/44940267-sud-ne-razreshil-advokatam-zhalovatsya-na-kolleg-i-rukovodstvo-pravoohranitelyam/.

49.https://www.ugpr.ru/news/3847-advokatam-zapretili-donosit-na-kolleg-i-rukovodstvo-pravoohranitelyam.

50.https://pasmi.ru/archive/234140/.

51.https://www.bfm.ru/news/454554.

52.https://news.rambler.ua/other/43069040-svoi-protiv-svoih-rossiyskim-advokatam-zapretili-zhalovatsya-na-nachalstvo/?updated.

53.https://legal.report/advokaty-prosjat-hamovnicheskij-sud-otmenit-reshenie-fpa-razreshiv-pisat-donosy-drug-na-druga/.

54.Ragulin A.V. Traktat ob Obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature: monografiya. Rossijskaya akademiya advokatury` i notariata, Evrazijskij nauchno-issledovatel`skij institut problem prava, 2019. – 584 s.

55.Mel`nichenko A.V., Ragulin A.V.: Traktat ob obrashhenii 32-x, principax, diskriminacii i demokratii v rossijskoj advokature // Evrazijskaya advokatura. 2019. № 5 (42). S. 7–18.

56.https://www.facebook.com/groups/32lawyers/permalink/758681174537580/.

57.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1333762570167784/.

58.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/.

59.https://ap-rb.ru/about/council_members/council/.

60.https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=525512258242944&id=100023525241219.

61.https://legal.report/glavu-advokatskoj-palaty-s-prokurorskim-proshlym-sudyat-za-torgovlju-statusom/.

62.https://legal.report/prezident-advokatskoj-palaty-zaderzhan-za-torgovlju-advokatskim-statusom/.

63.https://legal.report/zampred-kvalifkomissii-ap-bral-za-advokatskij-status-chetvert-milliona/.

64.https://legal.report/prezidenta-advokatskoj-palaty-opredelili-v-koloniju/.

65.https://ufa.sm.news/chlenov-advokatskoj-palaty-bashkirii-budut-massovo-lishat-statusov-5068/.

66.https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43674588/.

67.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1455296648014375/.

68.https://www.advgazeta.ru/diskussii/diskriminatsiya-ili-zabota-o-kachestve-okazyvaemoy-pomoshchi/.

69.https://legal.report/advokatura-reanimirovat-ili-pogubit/.

70.https://pravorub.ru/articles/1497.html.

71.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1455296648014375/.

72.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1060843174126393/.

73.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1102177013326342.

74.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1339768149567226.

75.https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5a4201f2c5feaf1ea16b8ac9/advokatskie-voiny-bitva-v-mordovii-5e2427f35d636200acbd1325.

76.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1284401365103905/.

77.https://www.facebook.com/groups/i2018/permalink/2629213397362041/.

78.http://i-2018.ru/applications.

79.https://apur.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1029:obrashchenie-v-federalnuyu-palatu-advokatov-rossijskoj-federatsii&catid=88&Itemid=100002.

80.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1264166157127426/.

81.https://www.facebook.com/groups/i2018/permalink/2629203667363014/.

82.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1102186256658751/.

83.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1060843174126393/.

84.http://dostupkpravosudiyu.blogspot.com/2020/03/blog-post_56.html.

85.https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43674588.

86.https://legal.report/advokatura-reanimirovat-ili-pogubit/.

87.https://pravo.ru/review/view/111053/.

88.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1037253556485355/.

89.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1093860744157969/.

90.https://advstreet.ru/article/advokatu-voytsekhu-obnulili-status/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gchjlTzRjc4.

91.https://proufu.ru/news/society/96374-komandirovka_na_malorku_soveshchanie_na_kruiznom_laynere_advokat_bulat_yumadilov_sovershal_poezdki_z/.

92.https://advstreet.ru/article/advokat-valekh-abbasov-otsudil-status/?sphrase_id=1159.

93.https://www.agora.legal/news/2017.10.10/V-Mordovii-sud-priznal-nezakonnym-lishenie-advokata-statusa-za-vneshniy/582.

94.https://proufu.ru/news/society/94993-v_bashkirii_advokaty_zayaviteli_po_delu_yumadilova_soobshchayut_ob_ugrozakh/.

95.https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5a4201f2c5feaf1ea16b8ac9/advokatskie-voiny-volkov-protiv-amelina-5e42ddd0080a7476f0b7946d.

96.https://www.facebook.com/groups/EurasianAdvocacy/permalink/1277748789102496.

97.https://www.facebook.com/groups/32lawyers/permalink/599433237129042/.

98.https://www.advgazeta.ru/projects/ag-rakurs/nizkie-priemy/.

99.https://www.advgazeta.ru/projects/ag-rakurs/prezident-palaty-zamakhnulsya-na-oklad-v-1-rub/.

100.https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/11/11/82691-hronika-pikiruyuschey-advokatury.

101.https://proufu.ru/news/society/79442-prezident_advokatskoy_palaty_rb_bulat_yumadilov_nabrosilsya_na_kollegu_iz_udmurtii/?sphrase_id=82799691.

102.https://fparf.ru/polemic/opinions/isttsy-ne-dokazali-ustanovlenie-zapreta/.

103.https://www.psychologies.ru/standpoint/ne-nujno-vyinosit-sor-iz-izbyi/.

PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING Soloviev A.G.

Discretionary powers and judicial discretion in resolving the issue of termination of criminal prosecution with the imposition of a court fine

Purpose: To identify the correlation and procedural significance of discretionary powers and judicial discretion in relation to ensuring the fairness of a court decision to terminate criminal prosecution with the appointment of a criminal law measure in the form of a court fine.

Methodology: The analysis method and the formal legal method were used.

Results: The conclusions of the author: 1) the close relationship between discretionary powers as the freedom to choose one of the legitimate decisions and judicial discretion as an assessment of its expediency; 2) the court decision as a result of the exercise of discretionary powers and judicial discretion in combination; 3) the importance of taking into account the identity of the accused to ensure the fairness of the court decision to terminate criminal prosecution with the appointment of a court fine.

Novelty/originality/value: The scientific novelty and value of the work are determined by the goal set and the results achieved, namely, the author’s conclusions on the correlation and procedural significance of discretionary powers and judicial discretion in the termination of criminal prosecution with the appointment of a court fine and the role of taking into account the identity of the accused in ensuring the fairness of this decision.

Keywords: court, judicial fine, justice, discretion, judicial discretion, personality, guilty.

References (transliterated)

1.Federal`ny`j konstitucionny`j zakon ot 31.12.1996 № 1-FKZ (red. ot 30.10.2018) «O sudebnoj sisteme Rossijskoj Federacii» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/ cons_doc_LAW_12834//.

2.Kodeks sudejskoj e`tiki (utv. VIII Vserossijskim s``ezdom sudej 19.12.2012) (red. ot 08.12.2016) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_139928/.

3.Ugolovno-processual`ny`j kodeks Rossijskoj Federacii ot 18.12.2001 № 174-FZ (red. ot 15.10.2020) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_34481/.

4.Zakon RF «O statuse sudej v Rossijskoj Federacii» ot 26.06.1992 № 3132-1 (poslednyaya redakciya) [E`lektronny`j resurs] URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_648/.

5.Ivanova M.V. Optimizaciya predelov sudebnogo usmotreniya kak faktor povy`sheniya e`ffektivnosti pravosudiya // Istoricheskie, filosofskie, politicheskie i yuridicheskie nauki, kul`turologiya i iskusstvovedenie. Voprosy` teorii i praktiki: v 2-x ch. Tambov: Gramota, 2012. № 3 (17). Ch. II. C. 67–71.

6.Kopy`lova O.P., Makarova A.I. Postanovlenie sudom spravedlivogo prigovora // PRAVO: istoriya i sovremennost`. 2018. №1. S. 83–89.

7.Makarova Z.V. Spravedlivost` v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve // Vestnik YuUrGU. 2012. № 7. S. 54–56.

8.Nazhimov V.P. Spravedlivost` kak princip pravosudiya i vazhnejshee svojstvo prigovora v SSSR // Princip spravedlivosti pri osushhestvlenii pravosudiya po ugolovny`m delam: mezhvuzovskij tematicheskij sb. nauch. trudov. Kaliningrad, 1989. S. 3–12.

9.Nepomnyashhaya T.V. Naznachenie ugolovnogo nakazaniya: teoriya, praktika, perspektivy`. SPb.: Yurid. centr Press, 2006.

10.Pliev K.A. Problema ocenki lichnosti prestupnika pri naznachenii emu ugolovnogo nakazaniya // Obshhestvo i pravo. 2017. № 4 (62). S. 65–68.

11.Pronin K.V. Diskrecionny`e polnomochiya suda v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve: avtoref. dis. ... kand. yurid. nauk. Saratov, 2010.

12.Sidorov B.V. Sudejskoe usmotrenie: sluzhenie zakonu i sovesti ili stixiya bezzakoniya i korrupcii // Vestnik e`konomiki, prava i sociologii. 2013. № 2. S. 176–181.

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PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATION AND ADVOCACY PROFESSION FUNCTIONING Levushkin A.N., Tatar O.

Content and specifics of contractual obligations in the field of advertising services in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to analyze some trends in the legal regulation of the content and specifics of contractual obligations in the field of advertising services in modern Russia and the Republic of Moldova based on doctrinal views and law enforcement activities.

Methodology: The methodological basis of this work is General scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic, comparative legal method, and others, as well as private scientific methods of research of contractual regulation.

Results: The authors come to the conclusion that the advertising industry is moving rapidly both in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Moldova, and interested entities are actively inventing the latest legal regulation mechanisms and ways to influence consumers of the advertising services market based on contractual obligations. The legislator, following all the changes in various spheres of human society, allowed the regulation of various, new types of contractual relations, through the conclusion of new contracts formed through the principle of freedom of contract and further introduction of these contracts into the General system of civil law contracts, which will allow more legally, effectively and extensively regulate civil law relations and contractual obligations in Russia and Moldova.

Novelty/originality/value: The Article has a high scientific value, since previously the doctrine did not study the content and specifics of contractual obligations in the field of advertising services in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova. Original opinions were expressed regarding the establishment of conditions for various types of contracts for the provision of advertising services in these States.

Keywords: advertising, progress, advertising services, contract, contractual obligations, outdoor advertising.

References (transliterated)

1.Chelcea Septimiu. Psihosociologia publicității: despre reclamele vizuale. Iaşi: Polirom, 2012.

2.Cojocari Eugenia. Publicitatea (reclama) şi rolul ei în dezvoltarea economiei de piaţă // Revista naţională de drept. 2010. № 5–6. P. 46–55.

3.Petre D., Nicola M. Introducere în publicitate. București: Comunicare.ro, 2009.

4.Grazhdanskij kodeks Respubliki Moldova № 1107-XV ot 06.06.2002 // Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova. 2002. № 82–86; 2019. № 66–75.

5.Zakon Respubliki Moldova № 1227 ot 27.06.1997 «O reklame» // Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova. 1997. № 67–68.

6.Ioffe O.S. Izbranny`e trudy` po grazhdanskomu pravu: iz istorii civilisticheskoj my`sli. M.: Statut, 2020.

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8.Levushkin A.N. Organizacionny`e predprinimatel`-skie dogovory` v sisteme norm obyazatel`stvennogo prava i sudebnoj praktike // Zakony` Rossii: opy`t, analiz, praktika. 2018. № 8. S. 30–35.

9.Levushkin A.N., Raxmatullina T.E`. Dogovor na rasprostranenie reklamy`: pravovaya priroda i praktika primeneniya // Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. 2019. № 1. S. 112–121.

10.Puginskij B.I. Kommercheskoe pravo. M.: Yurajt, 2019.

11.Sushkova O.V. Aktual`ny`e problemy` i perspektivy` razvitiya pravovogo regulirovaniya reklamy` lekarstven-ny`x sredstv, medicinskix izdelij i biologicheski aktivny`x dobavok // Vestnik YuUrGU. 2019. № 1. S. 67–76.

12.Tatar O. Ponyatie, predmet i soderzhanie nepoime-novanny`x dogovorov // Legea și viața. 2018. № 8. S. 48–54.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Shevchuk S.S., Petrov N.V.

Legal guarantees of protection of private life of a citizen in the provision of medical services

Purpose: To study the implementation and protection of the right of citizens to medical secrecy, to identify problems and contradictions in the current legislation, to suggest ways to improve and develop it.

Methodology: Both General methods of scientific knowledge and special methods of system, formal-dogmatic, comparative-legal were used.

Results: The article analyzes the legal regime of medical (medical) secrecy, justifies that medical secrecy is an indispensable condition for protecting the social and legal status of the patient. It is established that the right to medical secrecy, which originally arose as an ethical prescription, is transformed into a legal rule that entails legal responsibility for its violation. The authors assume that the observance and protection of medical confidentiality is reduced to preventing illegal invasion of a citizen’s privacy. It is proved that the legal grounds for restricting the right to inviolability of medical confidentiality should be established only by law.

Novelty/originality/value: The Article has a high scientific value, as it is one of the first attempts to identify the legal regime of medical secrecy and its legal regulation in the Russian Federation through the prism of EU practice.

Keywords: personal non-property rights, protection of private life of a citizen, medical secrecy, right to medical secrecy, restrictions on the principle of inviolability of medical secrecy.

References (transliterated)

1.Shevchuk S.S., Petrov N.V. Problemy` ogranicheniya lichny`x neimushhestvenny`x prav grazhdan v sfere okazaniya medicinskix uslug: monografiya. Stavropol`, 2016.

2.Sergeev Yu.D. Vrachebnaya tajna i ee pravovoe obespechenie // Medicinskij vestnik. 2000. № 1.

3.Case C-101/01/ Criminal proceedings against Bodil Lindqvist [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62001CJ0101&from=EN.

4.Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A31995L0046.

5.Regulation (EC) № 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/ publication/0177e751-7cb7-404b-98d8-79a564ddc629/language-en.

6.Shevchuk S.S. Pravovoj mexanizm ogranicheniya lichny`x neimushhestvenny`x prav grazhdan v sfere zdravooxraneniya: monografiya. Stavropol`: Stavropol`servisshkola, 2004.

7.Shevchuk S.S., Landina O.V. O nekotory`x problemax ogranicheniya sub``ektivny`x grazhdanskix prav v sfere zdravooxraneniya // Leningradskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2015. № 5. C. 102–110.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Chudinovskikh M.V.

Controlling teleworkers: limits, opportunities, judicial practice

Purpose: Research the legality of mechanisms for monitoring the activities of teleworkers in the digital economy.

Methodology: Comparative legal method and analysis of judicial practice, including the practice of the European court of human rights.

Results: The article provides an overview of the theoretical concepts of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of organization of control over the activities of teleworkers. The methods of monitoring are evaluated, and special attention is paid to the possibilities of organizing public and secret surveillance using special software. Based on the analysis of the practice of the European court of human rights, it is concluded that covert surveillance and monitoring of correspondence refers to excessive control that violates human rights and can cause conflicts and legal disputes.

Novelty/originality/value: Based on the synthesis of theoretical and practical research methods, recommendations for the organization of controlling teleworkers are developed.

Keywords: telework, control, digital economy, tracking programs, legality, European court of human rights.

References (transliterated)

1.Chudinovskix M.V. Gosudarstvennaya politika upravleniya distancionnoj zanyatost`yu: opy`t Rossii i SShA // Izvestiya Bajkal`skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2019. № 4. S. 646–652.

2.Handy C. Trust and the virtual organization: How do you manage people whom you do not see? // Harvard Business Review. 1995. № 73. S. 40–50.

3.Dimitrova D. Controlling teleworkers: Supervision and flexibility revisited // New Technology, Work and Employment. 2003. № 18. S. 181–195.

4.Van Ommeren J. Performance management and compensation // Managing telework. Perspectives from human resource management and work psychology. London: Thomas Learning, 2000. S. 149–157.

5.Konobevcev F.D., Laas N.I., Gurova E.V., Romanova I.A. Udalennaya rabota: texnologii i opy`t organizacii // Vestnik GUU. 2019. № 7. S. 9–16.

6.Apellyacionnoe opredelenie Tul`skogo oblastnogo suda ot 26.05.2016 po delu № 33-1715/2016 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

7.Cabeza Pereiro J., Rodríguez Rodríguez E. Is the Employer Entitled to Survey Employee’s Internet Communications in the Workplace? Case of «Barbulescu v. Romania» // Freire F., Rúas Araújo X., Martínez Fernández V., García X. (eds). Media and Metamedia Management. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 503. Springer, 2017.

8.Postanovlenie ESPCh ot 05.09.2017. Delo «Be`rbulesku (Barbulescu) protiv Rumy`nii» (zhaloba № 61496/08) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

9.Informaciya o Postanovlenii ESPCh ot 28.11.2017 po delu «Antovich i Mirkovich (Antovic and Mirkovic) protiv Chernogorii» (zhaloba № 70838/13) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

10.Informaciya o Postanovlenii ESPCh ot 09.01.2018 po delu «Lopes Ribalda i drugie (Lopez Ribalda and Others) protiv Ispanii» (zhaloba № 1874/13) // Byulleten` Evropejskogo Suda po pravam cheloveka. Rossijskoe izdanie. 2018. № 7.

11.Stanev S. Kontrol` za perepiskoj rabotnikov v svete praktiki Evropejskogo suda po pravam cheloveka // Trudovoe pravo. 2018. № 7. S. 63–70.

12.Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 26.10.2017 № 25-P «Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti punkta 5 stat`i 2 Federal`nogo zakona «Ob informacii, informacionny`x texnologiyax i o zashhite informacii» v svyazi s zhaloboj grazhdanina A.I. Sushkova» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru.

HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Rastegari S.

Limits of the restriction of the human right to information in international law

Purpose: To study the limits of restricting access to information. The relevance of the chosen topic is emphasized by the careful attitude of countries to the ways of obtaining information and exchanging data, including on the Internet.

Methodology: Theoretical and legal and comparative-analytical methods were used to study the issues. The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of information turnover on such web resources as Darknet and Deepweb.

Results: The main provisions that should guide the legislative bodies of States and international organizations in order to maintain a balance between the right to receive information and its restriction are presented.

Novelty/originality/value: The paper raises the problems of qualified security of personal information about citizens when they are placed in open and closed access. International, European and Russian legal norms that provide access to information resources and regulate restrictions on obtaining private information are studied.

Keywords: information, personal data, UN conventions, international law, restriction of access to information.

References (transliterated)

1.Vseobshhaya deklaraciya prav cheloveka (prinyata General`noj Assambleej OON 10.12.1948) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_120805/3f30b673efce96c7eae8e3d78c44ad34994ffa3c.

2.Sereda V.V., Karas` A.Yu. Mezhdunarodny`j obmen informaciej v ramkax mezhdunarodno-pravovogo regulirovaniya // Nauchny`e stremleniya. 2015. № 16. S. 54–57.

3.Nugmanov N.A. Mezhdunarodno-pravovoe regulirovanie informacionny`x prav cheloveka i granicy ix vozmozhnogo pravovogo ogranicheniya // European Science. 2016. № 11 (21). S. 48–53.

4.My`lty`kbaev M.Zh. Pravo na dostup k internetu: problemy` mezhdunarodno-pravovogo priznaniya i zashhity` // Voprosy` rossijskogo i mezhdunarodnogo prava. 2019. T. 9. № 3-1. S. 188–193.

5.Stepanov-Egiyancz V.G. Bezopasnoe obrashhenie komp`yuternoj informacii i problemy` mezhdunarodnogo pravotvorchestva // Istoricheskaya i social`no-obrazovatel`naya my`sl`. 2015. T. 7. № 2. S. 164–170.

6.Rekomendaciya CM/Rec(2014)6 Komiteta ministrov gosudarstvam – chlenam Soveta Evropy` k Rukovodstvu po pravam cheloveka dlya internet-pol`zovatelej [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.refworld.org.ru/pdfid/55cb537c4.pdf.

7.Barbashova N.V. Problemy` realizacii prava svobodnogo dostupa k e`kologicheskoj informacii // Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Istoriya i pravo. 2019. T. 9. № 5. S. 58–67.

8.Amerikanskaya Konvenciya o Pravax Cheloveka. Prinyata Mezhamerikanskoj konferenciej po pravam cheloveka 22 noyabrya 1969 g. v San-Xose [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https:// https://www.refworld.org.ru/pdfid/561292294.pdf.

9.Minbaleev A.V. Principy` informacionnogo prava // Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural`skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo. 2015. T. 15. № 1. S. 79–84.

10.Teryoxina A.V. Pravovoe regulirovanie «suverennogo interneta» v sisteme obespecheniya bezopasnosti gosudarstva // Aktual`ny`e problemy` nauki i praktiki: Gatchinskie chteniya–2019: sbornik nauchny`x trudov po materialam VI Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii. 2019. S. 333–336.

11.Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR) [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/18/3a.11.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Garmaev Y.P.

Typical misconceptions about corruption crimes and measures to combat them. Refutation of delusions

Purpose: To improve the efficiency of the implementation of measures to prevent corruption crimes.

Methodology: Analytical, formal-legal, comparative-legal, classification methods, situational, practice-oriented and educational approaches are used.

Results: Three groups of typical misconceptions (and refutations to them) were identified and analyzed:

– on the unlawfulness and punishability of corruption crimes (criminal delusions);

– forensic and operational-search character;

– regarding the defense against charges of corruption and / other crimes.

Generalization, analysis and refutation of typical misconceptions about corruption crimes and measures to combat them will increase the effectiveness of comprehensive, interdisciplinary measures to prevent corruption, anti-corruption education, and anti-corruption compliance.

Novelty/originality/value: In the article, typical misconceptions about corruption crimes and measures to combat them are for the first time classified into three named groups. In the few previous works on a similar topic, only delusions of a criminal law nature were considered.

The originality and value of the proposed approach lies in its interdisciplinarity, as well as in focus on anti-corruption education tools adapted for the population, which can be implemented, among other things, by lawyers in criminal cases.

Keywords: anti-corruption education, prevention of corruption, anti-corruption compliance, fight against corruption, operational investigative activities, typical delusions, protection from accusations of corruption crimes.

References (transliterated)

1.Bezrukova V.S. Osnovy` duxovnoj kul`tury` (e`nciklopedicheskij slovar` pedagoga). Ekaterinburg, 2000 // Oficial`ny`j sajt «Akademik» [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://spiritual_culture.academic.ru/817/Zabluzhdenie.

2.Garmaev Yu.P. Problemy` teorii i praktiki preodoleniya protivodejstviya ugolovnomu presledovaniyu // Aktual`ny`e problemy` bor`by` s prestupnost`yu: voprosy` teorii i praktiki: materialy` XXIII mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (2–3 aprelya 2020 g.): v 2 ch. / otv. red. D.V. Kim; Federal`noe gosudarstvennoe kazennoe obrazovatel`noe uchrezhdenie vy`sshego obrazovaniya «Sibirskij yuridicheskij institut Ministerstva vnutrennix del Rossijskoj Federacii». Krasnoyarsk: SibYuI MVD Rossii, 2020. Ch. 1. S. 185–186.

3.Garmaev Yu.P., Ivanov E`.A., Markunczov S.A. Antikorrupcionny`j komplaens v Rossijskoj Federacii: mezhdisciplinarny`e aspekty`: monografiya. M.: ID Yurisprudenciya, 2020.

4.Kak vy`brat` advokata. Kniga 1: Osnovy` vy`bora v ugolovnom processe: ucheb.-praktich. posob. / koll. avt. pod obshh. red. Yu.P. Garmaeva. M.: TilKom, 2020.

5.Postanovlenie Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda RF ot 16.10.2009 № 19 (red. ot 24.12.2019) «O sudebnoj praktike po delam o zloupotreblenii dolzhnostny`mi polnomochiyami i o prevy`shenii dolzhnostny`x polnomochij». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

6.Postanovlenie Pravitel`stva RF ot 09.01.2014 № 10 «O poryadke soobshheniya otdel`ny`mi kategoriyami licz o poluchenii podarka v svyazi s ix dolzhnostny`m polozheniem ili ispolneniem imi sluzhebny`x (dolzhnostny`x) obyazannostej, sdachi i ocenki podarka, realizacii (vy`kupa) i zachisleniya sredstv, vy`ruchenny`x ot ego realizacii». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

7.Federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 31 maya 2002 goda № 63-FZ «Ob advokatskoj deyatel`nosti i advokature v Rossijskoj Federacii». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

8.Federal`ny`j zakon Rossijskoj Federacii ot 12 avgusta 1995 g. № 144-FZ (red. ot 02.08.2019) «Ob operativno-rozy`sknoj deyatel`nosti». Dostup iz sprav.-pravovoj sistemy` «Konsul`tantPlyus».

9.Yani P.S., Proxorov N.V. Antikorrupcionny`j komplaens v ugolovno-pravovoj sfere: soderzhatel`ny`j e`lement // Rossijskaya yusticiya. 2018. № 9. S. 44–57.

10.Cruz J.M. Police Misconduct and Political Legitimacy in Central America // Journal of Latin American Studies. 2015. № 47(2). R. 251–283.

11.Stinson P.M.Sr., Liederbach J., Buerger M., Steven L. & Brewer Jr. To protect and collect: a nationwide study of profit-motivated police crime. Criminal Justice Studies // A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society. 2018. № 31 (3). R. 310–331.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Markeev A.I., Tsukerblat D.M.

Correlation of law and morality in the activity of a modern judge

Purpose: To consider current issues of professional ethics of Russian judges. To identify the interests of sustainable development of Russia related to the strengthening of the role of moral and ethical components in the activities of modern judges.

Methodology: Methods of structural and functional analysis, system method, formal and legal method, method of studying documents, method of included observation were used.

Results: In all areas of legal activity, there is a restructuring and reinterpretation of many existing, traditional elements of legal proceedings, which are associated with a lot of moral problems. These include the system of interrelationship between impartial justice and professional ethics rules. The classic model of judicial ethics is beginning to be supplemented with new elements, mechanisms, and concepts. From a philosophical point of view, the concept of morality is interpreted as a form of social consciousness, representing a system of moral norms and rules. Of course, the authority of the Law depends directly on those people who represent professionalism and morality. These circumstances currently require increased attention to the formation of personality. Today, no one needs to be convinced that there is a crisis in the moral foundations of modern Russian society and its interconnected legal institutions. This explains the close attention to the activities of the courts, since they affect the interests of all its members in one way or another, and their results directly affect the security of the individual, society and the state, the realization of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests. In this context, the identified cases of corruption, conflicts of interest, other violations of legislation and ethical requirements on the part of individual representatives of the judicial community are quite serious. Attention to them from the population includes primarily law enforcement practice, requires the activation of special commissions to review violations of judicial ethics. The response measures allow us to hope that difficulties in this area will be effectively overcome in the foreseeable future. This will make it possible to fully assert the high and unquestionable authority of judges, as well as their crucial role in society and the state.

Novelty/originality/value: The article has a scientific value, since the authors attempted to show the vectors and possibilities of combining new trends in the development of professional ethics of judges with the conceptual and practical aspects of the formation of the functional purpose of the judiciary. New tendencies, in varying degrees, were developed in the twenty-first century, must be considered when designing and implementing the integration model of sustainable development of Russia, which is directly linked to strengthening the moral and ethical components of modern judges, given their special role in the legal system and in society in general.

Keywords: court, judge, judicial power, ethics, morality, responsibility.

References (transliterated)

1.Montesk`e Sh. Izbranny`e proizvedeniya. M., 1955.

2.Mezhdunarodny`j pakt o grazhdanskix i politicheskix pravax. Prinyat 16 dekabrya 1966 g. Rezolyuciej № 2200 (XXI) na 1496-m plenarnom zasedanii General`noj Assamblei OON // Vedomosti Verxovnogo Soveta SSSR. 1976. № 17. St. 291.

3.O statuse sudej v Rossijskoj Federacii: feder. zakon ot 26 iyunya 1992 g. № 3132-1 [red. ot 02.08.2019] // Rossijskaya gazeta. 1992. 29 iyulya.

4.Lazukova A.Yu., Bozova K.Yu. O moral`nom oblike i e`tike rossijskogo sud`i // Vestnik sovremenny`x issledovanij. 2018. № 5.4 (20). S. 496–498.

5.Axmetshina Yu.V. Pravovaya e`tika yurista i sud`i // Mir nauki, kul`tury`, obrazovaniya. 2018. № 2(69). S. 231–232.

6.Kodeks sudejskoj e`tiki: utverzhden VIII Vserossijskim s``ezdom sudej 19 dekabrya 2012 g. [red. ot 08.12.2016] // Byulleten` aktov po sudebnoj sisteme. 2013. № 2.

7.Muratov R.E. E`tika sud`i kak e`lement professional`noj pravovoj kul`tury` // Innovacii i investicii. 2014. № 10. S. 228–233.

8.Kornakov S V. Osnovaniya professional`noj e`tiki sud`i // Sibirskie ugolovno-processual`ny`e i kriminalisticheskie chteniya. 2013. № 1(4). S. 64–68.

9.Sharueva N.V. Sudejskaya e`tika kak e`lement professional`noj kul`tury` sud`i // Monitoring pravoprimeneniya. 2019. № 2(31). S. 16–19.

10.Sosedov E.A. O prichinax otkaza v naznachenii (perenaznachenii) rukovoditelej sudov, sudej i rabotnikov apparatov sudov Rossijskoj Federacii v 2018 g. // Sud`ya. 2019. № 9. S. 10–19.

11.Luzin L. Razgovor s sud`ej // Chelyabinskij rabochij [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.chel-oblsud.ru/index.php?html=smi_chr_30_07_03&mid=50.

12.Loktionova M. Narkotiki i vzyatki: chto natvorili sud`i v 2020 godu [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.gazeta.ru/social/2020/05/25/13095871.shtml.

13.Pavlova Z. Verxovny`j Cud RF ukazal, kakie oshibki i narusheniya mogut stat` osnovaniyami dlya prekrashheniya polnomochij sudej [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.advgazeta.ru/obzory-i-analitika/vs-ukazal-kakie-oshibki-i-narusheniya-mogut-stat-osnovaniyami-dlya-prekrashcheniya-polnomochiy-sudey.

14.O rabote Komissii Soveta sudej Rossijskoj Federacii po e`tike v 2018 godu // Sud`ya. 2019. № 1. S. 48–50.

15.Ob organax sudejskogo soobshhestva v Rossijskoj Federacii: feder. zakon ot 14 marta 2002 g. № 30-FZ [red. ot 26.07.2019] // Sobranie zakonodatel`stva RF. 2002. № 11. St. 1022.

16.Ob otkry`tosti i glasnosti sudoproizvodstva i o dostupe k informacii o deyatel`nosti sudov: Post. Plenuma Verxovnogo Suda ot 13 dekabrya 2012 g. № 35 // Byulleten` Verxovnogo Suda RF. 2013. № 3.

17.Ob utverzhdenii Reglamenta razmeshheniya informacii o deyatel`nosti federal`ny`x sudov obshhej yurisdikcii, federal`ny`x arbitrazhny`x sudov, mirovy`x sudej i organov sudejskogo soobshhestva v informacionno-telekommunikacionnoj seti «Internet» i Reglamenta razmeshheniya informacii o deyatel`nosti Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verxovnom Sude Rossijskoj Federacii, upravlenij Sudebnogo departamenta v sub``ektax Rossijskoj Federacii v informacionno-telekommunikacionnoj seti «Internet»: Prikaz Sudebnogo departamenta pri Verxovnom Sude Rossijskoj Federacii ot 2 noyabrya 2015 g. № 335 [red. ot 19.02.2020] // Byulleten` aktov po sudebnoj sisteme. 2019. № 1.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Smirnov A.I.

Foreign experience of law enforcement agencies in ensuring the economic security of business entities (countering transnational crime)

Purpose: To consider the practice of participation of law enforcement agencies of foreign countries in ensuring the economic security of business structures, including through participation in the fight against cross-border crime.

Methodology: The article used general scientific (systemic, structural and functional) and specific scientific (synthesis, analysis, comparison) methods.

Results: It is stated that in developed economies, law enforcement agencies primarily create conditions for the safe functioning of entrepreneurs, focusing on preventive work, education and general prevention of economic crime. The high expected efficiency in ensuring economic security lies in the interaction of law enforcement agencies and corporate security services. The task of countering cross-border crime is changing dramatically in the digital era, and law enforcement agencies are building preventive work in different ways, forming a unique experience that is useful for reception in our country.

Novelty/originality/value: Recommendations are presented on the reception of the best foreign experience in the Russian practice of law enforcement work in the direction.

Keywords: economic security of business entities, cybersecurity, transnational crime, law enforcement agencies, prevention of economic crimes, digital economy, law enforcement agencies of foreign countries.

References (transliterated)

1.Blažič B.J., Klobučar T. Removing the barriers in cross-border crime investigation by gathering e-evidence in an interconnected society // Information & Communications Technology Law. 2020. T. 29. № 1. S. 66–81.

2.Díez C.G.J., Herlin-Karnell E. Prosecuting EU Financial Crimes: The European Public Prosecutor’s Office in Comparison to the US Federal Regime // German Law Journal. 2018. T. 19. № 5. S. 1191–1220.

3.Rice L. Junior partners or equal partners? Civilian investigators and the blurred boundaries of police detective work // Policing and society. 2019. S. 1–16.

4.Meerts C. Corporate Investigations: Beyond Notions of Public–Private Relations // Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 2020. T. 36. № 1. S. 86–100.

5.Osmanov Zh.D., Moiseev P.S. Osobennosti obespecheniya e`konomicheskoj bezopasnosti v zarubezhny`x stranax // Social`no-e`konomicheskie yavleniya i processy`. 2015. № 11. S. 99–104.

6.Dupont B. Bots, cops, and corporations: on the limits of enforcement and the promise of polycentric regulation as a way to control large-scale cybercrime // Crime, law and social change. 2017. T. 67. № 1. S. 97–116.

7.Yakhlef S. Cross-Border Police Collaboration: Building Communities of Practice in the Baltic Sea Area. L.: Routledge, 2020.

8.Vervaele J.A.E. The European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO): Introductory Remarks // Shifting Perspectives on the European Public Prosecutor’s Office. TMC Asser Press, The Hague, 2018. S. 11–19.

9.Elliott L. Fighting transnational environmental crime // Journal of International Affairs. 2012. S. 87–104.

10.Sallavaci O. Strengthening cross-border law enforcement cooperation in the EU: the Prüm network of data exchange // European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research. 2018. T. 24. № 3. S. 219–235.

11.Lukaczkij A., Okulesskij V. Celenapravlenny`e ataki: iz zhizni nevidimok // Bezopasnost` delovoj informacii. 2014. № 6. S. 4.

12.Finklea K.M., Theohary C.A. Cybercrime: Conceptual issues for congress and US law enforcement. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2015.

JUSTICE AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITY IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

Bulakh D.B.

Prospects of judicial law-making in russian law

Purpose: The study of the prospects for the development of judicial lawmaking consists in the need to substantiate the theoretical and applied ideas about the essence, content, nature and functional purpose of judicial practice in modern lawmaking, to clarify their mutual influence and improvement.

Methodology: The study used the method of comparative analysis, systematization and generalization.

Results: In the process of studying the designated topic, it was found that the problem of the role of judicial practice in lawmaking has an increased scientific interest, since its study allows you to establish and analyze the patterns of judicial practice in the context of its impact on modern lawmaking. Considering that judicial practice as an object of scientific knowledge has an interdisciplinary character, it is especially important to clarify the theoretical and applied aspects of the role of judicial practice in modern law-making.

In addition, this study confirms that the scientific analysis of the theoretical and applied aspects of the role of judicial practice in the lawmaking of the Russian Federation is determined by the state of the effectiveness of legal regulation, needs to be improved, including through their synchronization and strengthening the relationship between lawmaking and judicial practice.

Novelty/originality/value: The relevance of the topic of this study is confirmed by the existing position of scientific clarification of the role of judicial practice in national lawmaking.

Keywords: judicial lawmaking, precedent, sources of law, doctrine, legislation, application of law, judicial authorities.

References (transliterated)

1.Aktual`ny`e problemy` pravotvorchestva: ucheb. posob. / N.N. Chernogor, M.V. Zaloilo. M., 2018.

2.Kornev A.V. Raz``yasneniya plenumov vy`sshix sudov po voprosam sudebnoj praktiki kak specificheskij istochnik sovetskogo prava // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2015. № 5. S. 42–46.

3.Marchenko M.N. Sudebnoe pravotvorchestvo i sudejskoe pravo: ucheb. posob. 2-e izd., pererab. i dop. M.: Prospekt, 2017.

4.Pirmaev E.V., Minnikes I.A. Problemy` e`ffektivnosti sudebnogo tolkovaniya // Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii. 2017. № 3 (82). S. 111–117.

5.Pirmaev E.V., Minnikes I.A. Sudebnoe tolkovanie: osnovny`e teoreticheskie xarakteristiki // Akademicheskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2016. № 3(65). S. 13–20.

6.Sinyukov S.V. O ponyatii pravotvorchestva // Izvestiya Saratovskogo universiteta. E`konomika. Upravlenie. Pravo. T. 11. Saratov, 2020. S. 114–117.

7.Udodova M.A. Mexanizm vozdejstviya sudebnoj praktiki na zakonodatel`stvo: k postanovke problemy` v sovremennoj teorii pravotvorchestva // Aktual`ny`e problemy` rossijskogo prava. 2018. № 6. S. 40–48.

8.Chechel`niczkij I.V. Spravedlivost` i pravotvorchestvo: monografiya. M.: Prospekt, 2017.

9.Pertegas M., Marshall B. Party Autonomy and its Limits: Convergence Through the New Hague Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts // Brooklyn Journal of International Law. 2014. Vol. 39. № 3. P. 975–1003.

10.Yeshnah D. Rampall & Ronan Feehily. The Sanctity of Party Autonomy and the Powers of Arbitrators to Determine the Applicable Law: The Quest for an Arbitral Equilibrium // Harvard Negotiation Law Review. 2018. Vol. 23. P. 345–404.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

Goltsov A.T.

Institutional factor as an essential condition for socio-economic interaction in a state-organized society

Purpose: Research of the influence of the institutionality factor on the socio-economic, political and legal space in a state-organized society.

Methodology: General scientific and private scientific methods were used.

Results: The article is devoted to topical issues of organization of socio-economic and political-legal interaction of institutions – real agents of the socio-political structure. The author considers the institutional factor from a certain angle: from the point of view of its fundamental importance for the organization of the named socio-economic and political interaction. As a result of the research, a number of important theoretical and practical conclusions were formulated. The specifics of the construction and functioning of organizations (institutions) – the main polygon of economic and social policy – depend not only on cultural or socio-economic conditions, but also on broader ones – administrative, political, and state-legal. Social institutions may find themselves in a position where they are actually pushed out of the field of «political discussion», pushed away from the discussion and solution of problems of the greatest social significance. Social and political institutions are not only directly affected by the social environment, but also by the processes that take place in them, they have an impact on the socio-political system. Its development is largely determined by the quality and nature of their functioning and interaction. Satisfaction of general social needs is determined directly or indirectly by the role of the institutional factor as an integrative component of the entire social structure.

Novelty/originality/value: The Article has a high degree of scientific value, as it is an original attempt to study the impact of the principles of criminal proceedings on its purpose (goals, objectives).

Keywords: institute, social organization, state, bar, civil society, law.

References (transliterated)

1.Iyan Makkaj. Pravo i e`konomika dlya kontinen-tal`noj pravovoj tradicii. M., 2019.

2.Nort Duglas. Nasilie i social`ny`e poryadki. M., 2011.

3.Prava cheloveka i social`no-politicheskie processy` v postkommunisticheskoj Rossii / otv. red. I.B. Mixajlovskaya. M., 1997.

4.Prigozhin A.I. Sociologiya organizacij. M., 2015.

5.Spiridonov L.I. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava. M., 2001.

6.Sudebnaya vlast` / pod red. I.L. Petruxina. M., 2003.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

Bagreeva E.G., Vakhturov E.V.

Change of legal consciousness in pandemic conditions

Purpose: Revealing the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the legal consciousness of Russian citizens.

Methodology: Historical-legal and formally-legal method was used.

Results: The article is devoted to identifying the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the legal consciousness of Russian citizens. In the conditions of self – isolation, the impossibility of people’s existence in the usual rhythm and established way of life led to significant changes in their consciousness, and as a result- in their legal consciousness. The authors used the A. Maslow model to analyze the current «pyramid of needs». It is noted that as a result of the transformation, basic, and above all, physiological needs came first, while social and spiritual ones took a back seat. In the context of the pandemic, the level of trust in the government and the state has also changed. The decline in the level of legal awareness is due in some cases to the destruction of social values, which led to an increase in the number of offenses. The danger of distortion of legal consciousness is the development of legal nihilism, which is a threat to the sustainable development of the state in a pandemic.

Novelty/originality/value: Article possesses the scientific value as is one of the first attempts to consider the crisis of legal consciousness in the context of the coronavirus pandemic through the prism of the transformation of the pyramid of needs.

Keywords: coronavirus pandemic, sense of justice, trust in government, legal nihilism.

References (transliterated)

1.Burikova I.S. Psixologiya pravosoznaniya cheloveka v usloviyax global`ny`x izmenenij [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.cspdom.ru/public-analit/ppsychology/psy-pravosoznanie.

2.Bagreeva E.G., Mantarova A.I. Kriminologicheskij analiz i tendencii prestupnosti v period i posle pandemii v Rossijskoj Federacii i Respublike Bolgariya // Vestnik Moskovskogo oblastnogo universiteta. 2020. № 3. S. 93.

3.COVID-19. Mery` Pravitel`stva po bor`be s koronavirusnoj infekciej i podderzhke e`konomiki [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://government.ru/rugovclassifier/883/events/.

4.Vilovaty`x A. Veroyatny`e posledstviya pandemii novogo koronavirusa [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://riss.ru/article/3719/.

5.Agranovich M.L. Organizaciya obrazovaniya v usloviyax pandemii. Opy`t stran OE`S [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://firo.ranepa.ru/novosti/105-monitoring-obrazovaniya-na-karantine/789-agranovich-ekspertiza/.

6.Il`in I.A. O sushhnosti pravosoznaniya // Il`in I.A. Sobr. soch.: v 10 t. T. 4. M., 1994. S. 168–169.

7.Astafurova E. Uroven` doveriya k gosudarstvu u rossiyan upal do 61 % vo vremya krizisa iz-za pandemii // Otkry`ty`e media [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://openmedia.io/news/n1/uroven-doveriya-k-gosudarstvu-u-rossiyan-upal-do-61-vo-vremya-krizisa-iz-za-pandemii/.

8.V Rossii rastet nedoverie k vlasti, no kak v Amerike poka ne budet [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://newdaynews.ru/moscow/694011.html.

9.Teren`t`ev I. Za vremya pandemii i samoizolyacii v Rossii vy`roslo chislo iznasilovanij, ubijstv i «p`yany`x» prestuplenij // Otkry`ty`e media [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://openmedia.io/news/n4/za-vremya-pandemii-i-samoizolyacii-v-rossii-vyroslo-chislo-iznasilovanij-ubijstv-i-pyanyx-prestuplenij.

10.V Kazani vo vremya samoizolyacii vy`roslo chislo ubijstv i grabezhej magazinov [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://rt.rbc.ru/tatarstan/13/04/2020/5e94262f9a79478528e93839/.

11.Evropol ukazal na rezkij rost svyazanny`x s pandemiej koronavirusa prestuplenij [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.dw.com/ru/evropol-ukazal-na-rezkij-rost-svyazanny`x-s-pandemiej-koronavirusa-prestuplenij/a- 52935695/.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

Vorobyova M.N.

On the concept of constitutional and legal fictions in the Federal structure of the Russian Federation

Purpose: The article is devoted to the study of constitutional and legal fictions in the federal structure of the Russian Federation.

Methodology: The research methodology is based on formal legal methods, the method of comparison, analysis and generalization.

Results: The author comes to the conclusion that there is no definition of the concept of «constitutional and legal fictions in the federal structure of the Russian Federation». The necessity of forming a definition of «constitutional and legal fiction in the federal structure of the Russian Federation» in the science of constitutional law is substantiated.

Novelty/originality/value: The article attempts to investigate constitutional and legal fictions in the federal structure of the Russian Federation. The author offers a definition of the concept of «constitutional and legal fictions in the federal structure of the Russian Federation».

Keywords: constitutional and legal fictions in the Federal structure of the Russian Federation, scientific approaches, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Federal structure, federalism.

References (transliterated)

1.Vorob`eva M.N. Osnovny`e podxody` k opredeleniyu pravovoj prirody` fikcii // Vestnik Altajskoj Akademii e`konomiki i prava. Barnaul, 2015. Vy`p. 4. № 42.

2.Dushakova L.A. Pravovy`e fikcii: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Rostov n/D, 2004.

3.Isaev I.A. Yuridicheskaya fikciya kak forma zapolneniya pravovy`x probelov // Istoriya gosudarstva i prava. 2011. № 22.

4.Ishigilov I.L. Ponyatie yuridicheskix fikcij // Sibirskij yuridicheskij vestnik. 2007. № 1.

5.Kim Yu.V. Fikcii v konstitucionnom prave: proisxozhdenie, sushhnost`, znachenie. Kemerovo, 2014.

6.Lazarev V.V., Lipen` S.V. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: uchebnik dlya vuzov. M., 2004.

7.Marchenko M.N. Teoriya gosudarstva i prava: kurs lekcij. M., 1996.

8.Tanimov O.V. Yuridicheskie fikcii i problemy` ix primeneniya v informacionnom prave: dis. … kand. yurid. nauk. Saransk, 2004.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LAW SCIENCE AND PRACTICE

Kazachenok O.P.

Digitalization of banking services in the transition to industry 4.0 on the example of remote mortgages

Purpose: To study of digitalization of banking services in the transition to remote mortgage transactions and the formation of legal regulation of digitalization of banking services that is impossible without fixing approaches to identification that should protect against fraud and increase the availability of its use by users.

Methodology: Dialectical research method, which involves a comprehensive and objective study of the phenomenon, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis was used.

Results: Coronacrisis the beginning of 2020 has become a powerful catalyst in speeding up the formation of conditions for transition to industry 4.0., having formed the sharp increase in demand for digitalization of all services, including banking, which forced the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to take urgent measures, including through the effective abolition of liability for violation of statutory requirements for the personal presence of people when opening accounts, which allowed banks to begin remote execution of mortgage loans. The formation of legal regulation of digitalization of banking services is impossible without fixing new approaches to identification and making changes to the legislation on countering the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism.

Novelty/originality/value: Article has a high scientific value, since it defines digitalization as an innovation in the banking system associated with the transition to remote transaction conclusion and consideration of approaches to identification and amendments to the legislation on combating fraud.

Keywords: digitalization, banking services, industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution, coronocrisis, mortgage lending, remote mortgage lending, electronic digital signature, identity identification.

References (transliterated)

1.Gutorovich O.V. Chetvertaya promy`shlennaya re-volyuciya i ee vozmozhny`e posledstviya // Diskurs. 2018. № 6. S. 15–19.

2.Zobova E.P. O novshestvax zakonodatel`stva, pri-nyaty`x v kanun 2020 goda // Aktual`ny`e voprosy` buxgalterskogo ucheta i nalogooblozheniya. 2020. № 2. S. 10–20.

3.Kazachenok O.P. Nesootvetstvie dejstvuyushhego zakonodatel`stva potrebnostyam informacionnogo obshhestva na primere zajma e`lektronny`x denezhny`x sredstv // Zakony` Rossii: opy`t, analiz, praktika. 2017. № 10. S. 47–50.

4.Lisachenko A.V. Identifikaciya sub``ektov grazhdanskix pravootnoshenij: novy`e problemy` i nekotory`e resheniya // Rossijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2019. № 5. S. 91–99.

5.Mextiev E`. Novy`e normy` regulirovaniya dlya razvitiya e-finansov [Interv`yu s E. Chajkovskoj] // Bankovskoe obozrenie. 2018. № 9. S. 46–49.

6.Opy`xtina E.G. Razvitie zakonodatel`stva o kredit-ny`x organizaciyax na sovremennom e`tape // Yurist. 2019. № 8. S. 50–56.

7.Popov S.S. Sistema e`lektronnoj podpisi v sovremennom dokumentooborote // Molodoj ucheny`j. 2019. № 6 (244). S. 86–88 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/244/56451/.

8.Ragimova S. Cifrovaya industriya 4.0 // Forbes [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://www.forbes.ru/brandvoice/sap/345779-chetyre-nol-v-nashu-polzu.

9.Ruzakova O.A. Voprosy` cifrovizacii prav v bankovskoj sfere v sootvetstvii s Federal`ny`m zakonom «O vnesenii izmenenij v chasti pervuyu, vtoruyu i stat`yu 1124 chasti tret`ej Grazhdanskogo kodeksa Rossijskoj Federacii» // Bankovskoe pravo. 2019. № 4. S. 29–35.

10.Tarasenko O.A. Cifrovoe preobrazovanie bankovskoj i platezhnoj sistem Rossii // Predprinimatel`skoe pravo. 2019. № 3. S. 3–10.

11.Xomenko E.G. Ot tradicionny`x perevodov denezhny`x sredstv v nacional`noj platezhnoj sisteme k cifrovy`m: osobennosti pravovogo regulirovaniya // Predprinimatel`skoe pravo. 2019. № 3. S. 17–22.

12.Chedzhemov S.R., Zoloeva Z.T. Biometricheskie personal`ny`e danny`e cheloveka – sredstvo zashhity` ego prav ili total`nogo kontrolya gosudarstva nad lichnost`yu? // Konstitucionnoe i municipal`noe pravo. 2019. № 11. S. 39–43.

13.https://regulation.gov.ru/projects#npa=95766.

14.Finansovy`j pul`s. Ezhenedel`ny`j analiticheskij obzor ot 10 aprelya 2020 g. // Bank Rossii: oficial`ny`j sajt. 2020 [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: http://www.cbr.ru.

15.Sberbank nachal vy`davat` ipoteku na domu // RBK [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://realty.rbc.ru/news/5e959e969a7947348a7e384c.

16.E`lektronnaya krazha. V Rossii vpervy`e poxitili kvartiru cherez Internet [E`lektronny`j resurs]. URL: https://news.mail.ru/economics/37375662/?frommail=1.

REVIEWS

Book review: Svirin Yu.A. Actual problems

of civil procedural law. Textbook for graduate students (Moscow: Prometheus, 2021)